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Rigby M, Park S, Saito T, Western LM, Redington AL, Fang X, Henne S, Manning AJ, Prinn RG, Dutton GS, Fraser PJ, Ganesan AL, Hall BD, Harth CM, Kim J, Kim KR, Krummel PB, Lee T, Li S, Liang Q, Lunt MF, Montzka SA, Mühle J, O'Doherty S, Park MK, Reimann S, Salameh PK, Simmonds P, Tunnicliffe RL, Weiss RF, Yokouchi Y, Young D. Increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern China based on atmospheric observations. Nature 2019; 569:546-550. [PMID: 31118523 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer relies on the continued decline in the atmospheric concentrations of ozone-depleting gases such as chlorofluorocarbons1. The atmospheric concentration of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), the second-most abundant chlorofluorocarbon, has declined substantially since the mid-1990s2. A recently reported slowdown in the decline of the atmospheric concentration of CFC-11 after 2012, however, suggests that global emissions have increased3,4. A concurrent increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern Asia contributes to the global emission increase, but the location and magnitude of this regional source are unknown3. Here, using high-frequency atmospheric observations from Gosan, South Korea, and Hateruma, Japan, together with global monitoring data and atmospheric chemical transport model simulations, we investigate regional CFC-11 emissions from eastern Asia. We show that emissions from eastern mainland China are 7.0 ± 3.0 (±1 standard deviation) gigagrams per year higher in 2014-2017 than in 2008-2012, and that the increase in emissions arises primarily around the northeastern provinces of Shandong and Hebei. This increase accounts for a substantial fraction (at least 40 to 60 per cent) of the global rise in CFC-11 emissions. We find no evidence for a significant increase in CFC-11 emissions from any other eastern Asian countries or other regions of the world where there are available data for the detection of regional emissions. The attribution of any remaining fraction of the global CFC-11 emission rise to other regions is limited by the sparsity of long-term measurements of sufficient frequency near potentially emissive regions. Several considerations suggest that the increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern mainland China is likely to be the result of new production and use, which is inconsistent with the Montreal Protocol agreement to phase out global chlorofluorocarbon production by 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rigby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - S Park
- Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - T Saito
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - L M Western
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - X Fang
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Henne
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - R G Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - G S Dutton
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P J Fraser
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | - A L Ganesan
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - B D Hall
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C M Harth
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Kim
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - K-R Kim
- Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - P B Krummel
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | - T Lee
- Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - S Li
- Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Q Liang
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M F Lunt
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S A Montzka
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S O'Doherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M-K Park
- Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - S Reimann
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - P K Salameh
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P Simmonds
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - R F Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Y Yokouchi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - D Young
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Joint Application of Concentration and δ18O to Investigate the Global Atmospheric CO Budget. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6050547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pan XL, Kanaya Y, Wang ZF, Tang X, Takigawa M, Pakpong P, Taketani F, Akimoto H. Using Bayesian optimization method and FLEXPART tracer model to evaluate CO emission in East China in springtime. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:3873-3879. [PMID: 24288059 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is of great interest as a restriction factor for pollutants related to incomplete combustions. This study attempted to evaluate CO emission in East China using the analytical Bayesian inverse method and observations at Mount Hua in springtime. The mixing ratio of CO at the receptor was calculated using 5-day source-receptor relationship (SRR) simulated by a Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model (FLEXPART) and CO emission flux. The stability of the inversion solution was evaluated on the basis of repeated random sampling simulations. The inversion results demonstrated that there were two city cluster regions (the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the low reaches of the Yangtze River Delta) where the difference between a priori (Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B, INTEX-B) and a posteriori was statistically significant and the a priori might underestimate the CO emission flux by 37 %. A correction factor (a posteriori/a priori) of 1.26 was suggested for CO emission in China in spring. The spatial distribution and magnitude of the CO emission flux were comparable to the latest regional emission inventory in Asia (REAS2.0). Nevertheless, further evaluation is still necessary in view of the larger uncertainties for both the analytical inversion and the bottom-up statistical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Pan
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan,
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Hu L, Millet DB, Kim SY, Wells KC, Griffis TJ, Fischer EV, Helmig D, Hueber J, Curtis AJ. North American acetone sources determined from tall tower measurements and inverse modeling. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2013; 13:3379-3392. [PMID: 33719355 PMCID: PMC7954043 DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-3379-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We apply a full year of continuous atmospheric acetone measurements from the University of Minnesota tall tower Trace Gas Observatory (KCMP tall tower; 244 m a.g.l.), with a 0.5° × 0.667° GEOS-Chem nested grid simulation to develop quantitative new constraints on seasonal acetone sources over North America. Biogenic acetone emissions in the model are computed based on the MEGANv2.1 inventory. An inverse analysis of the tall tower observations implies a 37% underestimate of emissions from broadleaf trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and an offsetting 40% overestimate of emissions from needleleaf trees plus secondary production from biogenic precursors. The overall result is a small (16%) model underestimate of the total primary + secondary biogenic acetone source in North America. Our analysis shows that North American primary + secondary anthropogenic acetone sources in the model (based on the EPA NEI 2005 inventory) are accurate to within approximately 20%. An optimized GEOS-Chem simulation incorporating the above findings captures 70% of the variance (R = 0.83) in the hourly measurements at the KCMP tall tower, with minimal bias. The resulting North American acetone source is 11 Tg a-1, including both primary emissions (5.5 Tg a-1) and secondary production (5.5 Tg a-1), and with roughly equal contributions from anthropogenic and biogenic sources. The North American acetone source alone is nearly as large as the total continental volatile organic compound (VOC) source from fossil fuel combustion. Using our optimized source estimates as a baseline, we evaluate the sensitivity of atmospheric acetone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) to shifts in natural and anthropogenic acetone sources over North America. Increased biogenic acetone emissions due to surface warming are likely to provide a significant offset to any future decrease in anthropogenic acetone emissions, particularly during summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Hu
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - D. B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - S. Y. Kim
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - K. C. Wells
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - T. J. Griffis
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - E. V. Fischer
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D. Helmig
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Colorado, USA
| | - J. Hueber
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Colorado, USA
| | - A. J. Curtis
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Colorado, USA
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Hooghiemstra PB, Krol MC, Bergamaschi P, de Laat ATJ, van der Werf GR, Novelli PC, Deeter MN, Aben I, Röckmann T. Comparing optimized CO emission estimates using MOPITT or NOAA surface network observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Verma RL, Kondo Y, Oshima N, Matsui H, Kita K, Sahu LK, Kato S, Kajii Y, Takami A, Miyakawa T. Seasonal variations of the transport of black carbon and carbon monoxide from the Asian continent to the western Pacific in the boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Verma
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Y. Kondo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - N. Oshima
- Meteorological Research Institute; Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - H. Matsui
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Kita
- Faculty of Science; Ibaraki University; Mito Japan
| | - L. K. Sahu
- Physical Research Laboratory; Ahmedabad India
| | - S. Kato
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Urban Environmental Sciences; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Y. Kajii
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Urban Environmental Sciences; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Tokyo Japan
| | - A. Takami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba Japan
| | - T. Miyakawa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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Fortems-Cheiney A, Chevallier F, Pison I, Bousquet P, Szopa S, Deeter MN, Clerbaux C. Ten years of CO emissions as seen from Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Hirao S, Yamazawa H, Moriizumi J. Inverse modeling of Asian (222)Rn flux using surface air (222)Rn concentration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2010; 101:974-984. [PMID: 20727628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
When used with an atmospheric transport model, the (222)Rn flux distribution estimated in our previous study using soil transport theory caused underestimation of atmospheric (222)Rn concentrations as compared with measurements in East Asia. In this study, we applied a Bayesian synthesis inverse method to produce revised estimates of the annual (222)Rn flux density in Asia by using atmospheric (222)Rn concentrations measured at seven sites in East Asia. The Bayesian synthesis inverse method requires a prior estimate of the flux distribution and its uncertainties. The atmospheric transport model MM5/HIRAT and our previous estimate of the (222)Rn flux distribution as the prior value were used to generate new flux estimates for the eastern half of the Eurasian continent dividing into 10 regions. The (222)Rn flux densities estimated using the Bayesian inversion technique were generally higher than the prior flux densities. The area-weighted average (222)Rn flux density for Asia was estimated to be 33.0 mBq m(-2) s(-1), which is substantially higher than the prior value (16.7 mBq m(-2) s(-1)). The estimated (222)Rn flux densities decrease with increasing latitude as follows: Southeast Asia (36.7 mBq m(-2) s(-1)); East Asia (28.6 mBq m(-2) s(-1)) including China, Korean Peninsula and Japan; and Siberia (14.1 mBq m(-2) s(-1)). Increase of the newly estimated fluxes in Southeast Asia, China, Japan, and the southern part of Eastern Siberia from the prior ones contributed most significantly to improved agreement of the model-calculated concentrations with the atmospheric measurements. The sensitivity analysis of prior flux errors and effects of locally exhaled (222)Rn showed that the estimated fluxes in Northern and Central China, Korea, Japan, and the southern part of Eastern Siberia were robust, but that in Central Asia had a large uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Hirao
- Department of Energy Engineering and Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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9
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Gonzi S, Palmer PI. Vertical transport of surface fire emissions observed from space. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Yashiro H, Sugawara S, Sudo K, Aoki S, Nakazawa T. Temporal and spatial variations of carbon monoxide over the western part of the Pacific Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Choi EM, Kim SH, Holsen TM, Yi SM. Total gaseous concentrations in mercury in Seoul, Korea: Local sources compared to long-range transport from China and Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:816-822. [PMID: 19110355 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Total gaseous mercury (TGM) and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured every 5min and hourly, respectively, in Seoul, Korea, from February 2005 through December 2006. The mean concentrations of TGM and CO were 3.44+/-2.13ngm(-3) and 613+/-323ppbv, respectively. TGM and CO concentrations were highest during the winter and lowest during the summer. In total, 154 high TGM concentration events were identified: 86 were classified as long-range transport events and 68 were classified as local events. The TGM and CO concentrations were well correlated during all long-range transport events and were weakly correlated during local events. Five-day backward trajectory analysis for long-range transport events showed four potential source regions: China (79%), Japan (13%), the Yellow Sea (6%), and Russia (2%). Our results suggest that measured DeltaTGM/DeltaCO can be used to identify long-range transported mercury and to estimate mercury emissions from long-range transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Seoul National University, Yeongon-dong, Chongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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12
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Kopacz M, Jacob DJ, Henze DK, Heald CL, Streets DG, Zhang Q. Comparison of adjoint and analytical Bayesian inversion methods for constraining Asian sources of carbon monoxide using satellite (MOPITT) measurements of CO columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Voukides AC, Konrad KM, Johnson RP. Competing Mechanistic Channels in the Oxidation of Aldehydes by Ozone. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2108-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8026593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C. Voukides
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824
| | - Kaleen M. Konrad
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824
| | - Richard P. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824
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14
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Strode SA, Jaeglé L, Jaffe DA, Swartzendruber PC, Selin NE, Holmes C, Yantosca RM. Trans-Pacific transport of mercury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Wang L, Hao J, He K, Wang S, Li J, Zhang Q, Streets DG, Fu JS, Jang CJ, Takekawa H, Chatani S. A modeling study of coarse particulate matter pollution in Beijing: regional source contributions and control implications for the 2008 Summer Olympics. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2008; 58:1057-1069. [PMID: 18720655 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.58.8.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the last 10 yr, Beijing has made a great effort to improve its air quality. However, it is still suffering from regional coarse particulate matter (PM10) pollution that could be a challenge to the promise of clean air during the 2008 Olympics. To provide scientific guidance on regional air pollution control, the Mesoscale Modeling System Generation 5 (MM5) and the Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) air quality modeling system was used to investigate the contributions of emission sources outside the Beijing area to pollution levels in Beijing. The contributions to the PM10 concentrations in Beijing were assessed for the following sources: power plants, industry, domestic sources, transportation, agriculture, and biomass open burning. In January, it is estimated that on average 22% of the PM10 concentrations can be attributed to outside sources, of which domestic and industrial sources contributed 37 and 31%, respectively. In August, as much as 40% of the PM10 concentrations came from regional sources, of which approximately 41% came from industry and 31% from power plants. However, the synchronous analysis of the hourly concentrations, regional contributions, and wind vectors indicates that in the heaviest pollution periods the local emission sources play a more important role. The implications are that long-term control strategies should be based on regional-scale collaborations, and that emission abatement of local sources may be more effective in lowering the PM10 concentration levels on the heavy pollution days. Better air quality can be attained during the Olympics by placing effective emission controls on the local sources in Beijing and by controlling emissions from industry and power plants in the surrounding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Liang Q, Stolarski RS, Douglass AR, Newman PA, Nielsen JE. Evaluation of emissions and transport of CFCs using surface observations and their seasonal cycles and the GEOS CCM simulation with emissions-based forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Wang JS, McElroy MB, Logan JA, Palmer PI, Chameides WL, Wang Y, Megretskaia IA. A quantitative assessment of uncertainties affecting estimates of global mean OH derived from methyl chloroform observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Craig L, Brook JR, Chiotti Q, Croes B, Gower S, Hedley A, Krewski D, Krupnick A, Krzyzanowski M, Moran MD, Pennell W, Samet JM, Schneider J, Shortreed J, Williams M. Air pollution and public health: a guidance document for risk managers. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:588-698. [PMID: 18569631 DOI: 10.1080/15287390801997732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This guidance document is a reference for air quality policymakers and managers providing state-of-the-art, evidence-based information on key determinants of air quality management decisions. The document reflects the findings of five annual meetings of the NERAM (Network for Environmental Risk Assessment and Management) International Colloquium Series on Air Quality Management (2001-2006), as well as the results of supporting international research. The topics covered in the guidance document reflect critical science and policy aspects of air quality risk management including i) health effects, ii) air quality emissions, measurement and modeling, iii) air quality management interventions, and iv) clean air policy challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Craig
- Network for Environmental Risk Assessment and Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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19
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Bian H, Chin M, Kawa SR, Duncan B, Arellano A, Kasibhatla P. Sensitivity of global CO simulations to uncertainties in biomass burning sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Sawa Y, Tanimoto H, Yonemura S, Matsueda H, Wada A, Taguchi S, Hayasaka T, Tsuruta H, Tohjima Y, Mukai H, Kikuchi N, Katagiri S, Tsuboi K. Widespread pollution events of carbon monoxide observed over the western North Pacific during the East Asian Regional Experiment (EAREX) 2005 campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Wuebbles DJ, Lei H, Lin J. Intercontinental transport of aerosols and photochemical oxidants from Asia and its consequences. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 150:65-84. [PMID: 17714840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The intercontinental transport of aerosols and photochemical oxidants from Asia is a crucial issue for air quality concerns in countries downwind of the significant emissions and concentrations of pollutants occurring in this important region of the world. Since the lifetimes of some important pollutants are long enough to be transported over long distance in the troposphere, regional control strategies for air pollution in downwind countries might be ineffective without considering the effects of long-range transport of pollutants from Asia. Field campaigns provide strong evidence for the intercontinental transport of Asian pollutants. They, together with ground-based observations and model simulations, show that the air quality over parts of North America is being affected by the pollutants transported from Asia. This paper examines the current understanding of the intercontinental transport of gases and aerosols from Asia and resulting effects on air quality, and on the regional and global climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Wuebbles
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 105 S. Gregory Street, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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22
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Hyer EJ, Allen DJ, Kasischke ES. Examining injection properties of boreal forest fires using surface and satellite measurements of CO transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Generoso S, Bey I, Attié JL, Bréon FM. A satellite- and model-based assessment of the 2003 Russian fires: Impact on the Arctic region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Xiao Y, Jacob DJ, Turquety S. Atmospheric acetylene and its relationship with CO as an indicator of air mass age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Miller CE, Crisp D, DeCola PL, Olsen SC, Randerson JT, Michalak AM, Alkhaled A, Rayner P, Jacob DJ, Suntharalingam P, Jones DBA, Denning AS, Nicholls ME, Doney SC, Pawson S, Boesch H, Connor BJ, Fung IY, O'Brien D, Salawitch RJ, Sander SP, Sen B, Tans P, Toon GC, Wennberg PO, Wofsy SC, Yung YL, Law RM. Precision requirements for space-based data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Miller
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - D. Crisp
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. L. DeCola
- Science Mission Directorate; NASA Headquarters; Washington, DC USA
| | - S. C. Olsen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - J. T. Randerson
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - A. M. Michalak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; The University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences; The University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - A. Alkhaled
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; The University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - P. Rayner
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - D. J. Jacob
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - P. Suntharalingam
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. B. A. Jones
- Department of Physics; University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - A. S. Denning
- Atmospheric Science Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. E. Nicholls
- Atmospheric Science Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - S. C. Doney
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
| | - S. Pawson
- Goddard Earth Science and Technology Center; Baltimore Maryland USA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; Code 610.1, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - H. Boesch
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - B. J. Connor
- Atmospheric Research; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Central Otago, Omakau New Zealand
| | - I. Y. Fung
- Berkeley Atmospheric Sciences Center; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - D. O'Brien
- Atmospheric Science Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - R. J. Salawitch
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. P. Sander
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - B. Sen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. Tans
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. C. Wofsy
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Y. L. Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. M. Law
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research; Aspendale Victoria Australia
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Turquety S, Logan JA, Jacob DJ, Hudman RC, Leung FY, Heald CL, Yantosca RM, Wu S, Emmons LK, Edwards DP, Sachse GW. Inventory of boreal fire emissions for North America in 2004: Importance of peat burning and pyroconvective injection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fu TM, Jacob DJ, Palmer PI, Chance K, Wang YX, Barletta B, Blake DR, Stanton JC, Pilling MJ. Space-based formaldehyde measurements as constraints on volatile organic compound emissions in east and south Asia and implications for ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ohira SI, Li J, Lonneman WA, Dasgupta PK, Toda K. Can Breath Isoprene Be Measured by Ozone Chemiluminescence? Anal Chem 2007; 79:2641-9. [PMID: 17326613 DOI: 10.1021/ac062334y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isoprene, involved in the biosynthetic pathway to cholesterol, is the prevalent hydrocarbon in breath. Breath isoprene measurement is of great interest as a measure of basal cholesterol production rate. We investigated the merits and pitfalls of isoprene measurement via its chemiluminescence (CL) reaction with ozone. For many subjects, apparent concentrations measured are higher than those obtained by a gas chromatography (GC) reference method that can be traced to ozone-induced CL with simultaneously present lower olefins and sulfur compounds. A warm column preconcentration method eliminates the lower olefins and greatly improves sensitivity while a silver-form, ion-exchange resin can remove the sulfur gases. The breath sample is captured on a miniature synthetic carbon sorbent column maintained at 55 degrees C, under which conditions ethylene, propylene, and water vapor are not significantly captured while the preconcentration process greatly improves the limit of detection for isoprene to 0.6 ppbv (S/N=3). The captured isoprene is released by heating the column to 150 degrees C. Breath samples from different subjects were collected both before and after meals and analyzed in a double-blind fashion in two laboratories, with the second laboratory performing quantitation by cryofocusing GC-flame ionization detection with parallel measurement by mass spectrometry to provide identity confirmation. For all individuals studied, the CL and the GC results agreed when both warm column preconcentration and passage through Ag+-form cation-exchange resin, which removes divalent sulfur gases, were implemented prior to CL measurement. The intensity of CL from the reaction with ozone can be much higher for some sulfur gases than for isoprene. Even though present at lower concentrations than isoprene, unless removed prior to CL measurement, for some individuals sulfur gases can cause unacceptably large (up to 500%) errors, making the sulfur gas removal step critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Ohira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA
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29
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Shindell DT, Faluvegi G, Stevenson DS, Krol MC, Emmons LK, Lamarque JF, Pétron G, Dentener FJ, Ellingsen K, Schultz MG, Wild O, Amann M, Atherton CS, Bergmann DJ, Bey I, Butler T, Cofala J, Collins WJ, Derwent RG, Doherty RM, Drevet J, Eskes HJ, Fiore AM, Gauss M, Hauglustaine DA, Horowitz LW, Isaksen ISA, Lawrence MG, Montanaro V, Müller JF, Pitari G, Prather MJ, Pyle JA, Rast S, Rodriguez JM, Sanderson MG, Savage NH, Strahan SE, Sudo K, Szopa S, Unger N, van Noije TPC, Zeng G. Multimodel simulations of carbon monoxide: Comparison with observations and projected near-future changes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Pan L, Woo JH, Carmichael GR, Tang Y, Friedli HR, Radke LF. Regional distribution and emissions of mercury in east Asia: A modeling analysis of Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Stavrakou T, Müller JF. Grid-based versus big region approach for inverting CO emissions using Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Streets DG, Zhang Q, Wang L, He K, Hao J, Wu Y, Tang Y, Carmichael GR. Revisiting China's CO emissions after the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) mission: Synthesis of inventories, atmospheric modeling, and observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Koike M, Jones NB, Palmer PI, Matsui H, Zhao Y, Kondo Y, Matsumi Y, Tanimoto H. Seasonal variation of carbon monoxide in northern Japan: Fourier transform IR measurements and source-labeled model calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Yoshida Y, Wang Y, Shim C, Cunnold D, Blake DR, Dutton GS. Inverse modeling of the global methyl chloride sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Knipping EM, Kumar N, Pun BK, Seigneur C, Wu SY, Schichtel BA. Modeling regional haze during the BRAVO study using CMAQ-MADRID: 2. Source region attribution of particulate sulfate compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Heald CL, Jacob DJ, Park RJ, Alexander B, Fairlie TD, Yantosca RM, Chu DA. Transpacific transport of Asian anthropogenic aerosols and its impact on surface air quality in the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Palmer PI, Suntharalingam P, Jones DBA, Jacob DJ, Streets DG, Fu Q, Vay SA, Sachse GW. Using CO2:CO correlations to improve inverse analyses of carbon fluxes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Hakami A, Henze DK, Seinfeld JH, Chai T, Tang Y, Carmichael GR, Sandu A. Adjoint inverse modeling of black carbon during the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Hakami
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Science and Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - D. K. Henze
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Science and Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. H. Seinfeld
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Science and Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - T. Chai
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Y. Tang
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - G. R. Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - A. Sandu
- Department of Computer Science; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg Virginia USA
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39
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Dasgupta PK, Li J, Zhang G, Luke WT, McClenny WA, Stutz J, Fried A. Summertime ambient formaldehyde in five U.S. metropolitan areas: Nashville, Atlanta, Houston, Philadelphia, and Tampa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:4767-83. [PMID: 16053074 DOI: 10.1021/es048327d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
First, we briefly review the atmospheric chemistry and previous intercomparison measurements for HCHO, with special reference to the diffusion scrubber Hantzsch reaction based fluorescence instrument used in the field studies reported herein. Then we discuss summertime HCHO levels in five major U.S. cities measured over 1999-2002, primarily from ground-based measurements. Land-sea breeze circulations play a major role in observed concentrations in coastal cities. Very high HCHO peak mixing ratios were observed in Houston (>47 ppb) where the overall median mixing ratio was 3.3 ppb; the corresponding values in Atlanta were approximately >18 and 7.9 ppb, respectively. The peak and median mixing ratios (9.3 and 2.3 ppb) were the lowest for Tampa, where the land-sea breeze also played an important role. In several cities, replicate HCHO measurements were made by direct spectroscopic instruments; the instruments were located kilometers from each other and addressed very different heights (e.g., 106 vs 10 m). Even under these conditions, there was remarkable qualitative and often quantitative agreement between the different instruments, when they were all sampling the same air mass within a short period of each other. Local chemistry dominates how HCHO is formed and dissipated. The high concentrations in Houston resulted from emissions near the ship channel; the same formaldehyde plume was measured at two sites and clearly ranged over tens of kilometers. Local micrometeorology is another factor. HCHO patterns measured at a high-rise site in downtown Nashville were very much in synchrony with other ground sites 12 km away until July 4 celebrations whence HCHO concentrations at the downtown site remained elevated for several days and nights. The formation and dissipation of HCHO in the different cities are discussed in terms of other concurrently measured species and meteorological vectors. The vertical profiles of HCHO in and around Tampa under several different atmospheric conditions are presented. The extensive data set represented in this paper underscores that urban HCHO measurements can now be made easily; the agreement between disparate instruments (that are independently calibrated or rely on the absolute absorption cross section) further indicates that such measurements can be done reliably and accurately for this very important atmospheric species. The data set presented here can be used as a benchmark for future measurements if the use of formaldehyde precursors such as methanol or methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as oxygenated fuel additives increases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnendu K Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA.
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40
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41
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Shim C, Wang Y, Choi Y, Palmer PI, Abbot DS, Chance K. Constraining global isoprene emissions with Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) formaldehyde column measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Li Q. North American pollution outflow and the trapping of convectively lifted pollution by upper-level anticyclone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Liang Q. Meteorological indices for Asian outflow and transpacific transport on daily to interannual timescales. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Jaeglé L, Steinberger L, Martin RV, Chance K. Global partitioning of NOx sources using satellite observations: Relative roles of fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and soil emissions. Faraday Discuss 2005; 130:407-23; discussion 491-517, 519-24. [PMID: 16161795 DOI: 10.1039/b502128f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We use space-based observations of NO2 columns from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) to derive monthly top-down NOx emissions for 2000 via inverse modeling with the GEOS-CHEM chemical transport model. Top-down NOx sources are partitioned among fuel combustion (fossil fuel and biofuel), biomass burning and soils by exploiting the spatio-temporal distribution of remotely sensed fires and a priori information on the location of regions dominated by fuel combustion. The top-down inventory is combined with an a priori inventory to obtain an optimized a posteriori estimate of the relative roles of NOx sources. The resulting a posteriori fuel combustion inventory (25.6 TgN year(-1)) agrees closely with the a priori (25.4 TgN year(-1)), and errors are reduced by a factor of 2, from +/- 80% to +/- 40%. Regionally, the largest differences are found over Japan and South Africa, where a posteriori estimates are 25% larger than a priori. A posteriori fuel combustion emissions are aseasonal, with the exception of East Asia and Europe where winter emissions are 30-40% larger relative to summer emissions, consistent with increased energy use during winter for heating. Global a posteriori biomass burning emissions in 2000 resulted in 5.8 TgN (compared to 5.9 TgN year(-1) in the a priori), with Africa accounting for half of this total. A posteriori biomass burning emissions over Southeast Asia/India are decreased by 46% relative to a priori; but over North equatorial Africa they are increased by 50%. A posteriori estimates of soil emissions (8.9 TgN year(-1)) are 68% larger than a priori (5.3 TgN year(-1)). The a posteriori inventory displays the largest soil emissions over tropical savanna/woodland ecosystems (Africa), as well as over agricultural regions in the western U.S. (Great Plains), southern Europe (Spain, Greece, Turkey), and Asia (North China Plain and North India), consistent with field measurements. Emissions over these regions are highest during summer at mid-latitudes and during the rainy season in the Tropics. We estimate that 2.5-4.5 TgN year(-1) are emitted from N-fertilized soils, at the upper end of previous estimates. Soil and biomass burning emissions account for 22% and 14% of global surface NOx emissions, respectively. We infer a significant role for soil NOx emissions at northern mid-latitudes during summer, where they account for nearly half that of the fuel combustion source, a doubling relative to the a priori. The contribution of soil emissions to background ozone is thus likely to be underestimated by the current generation of chemical transport models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyatt Jaeglé
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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45
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Park RJ. Export efficiency of black carbon aerosol in continental outflow: Global implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Heald CL, Jacob DJ, Jones DBA, Palmer PI, Logan JA, Streets DG, Sachse GW, Gille JC, Hoffman RN, Nehrkorn T. Comparative inverse analysis of satellite (MOPITT) and aircraft (TRACE-P) observations to estimate Asian sources of carbon monoxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colette L. Heald
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Dylan B. A. Jones
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Paul I. Palmer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Jennifer A. Logan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | | | | | - John C. Gille
- National Center of Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
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47
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Wang YX, McElroy MB, Jacob DJ, Yantosca RM. A nested grid formulation for chemical transport over Asia: Applications to CO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan X. Wang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Michael B. McElroy
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Robert M. Yantosca
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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48
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Tan Q, Chameides WL, Streets D, Wang T, Xu J, Bergin M, Woo J. An evaluation of TRACE-P emission inventories from China using a regional model and chemical measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q. Tan
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Science; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - W. L. Chameides
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Science; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - D. Streets
- Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - T. Wang
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong China
| | - J. Xu
- Desert Research Institute; Las Vegas Nevada USA
| | - M. Bergin
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Science; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - J. Woo
- Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM); Boston Massachusetts USA
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49
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Takegawa N, Kondo Y, Koike M, Chen G, Machida T, Watai T, Blake DR, Streets DG, Woo JH, Carmichael GR, Kita K, Miyazaki Y, Shirai T, Liley JB, Ogawa T. Removal of NOxand NOyin Asian outflow plumes: Aircraft measurements over the western Pacific in January 2002. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Takegawa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Y. Kondo
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - M. Koike
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - G. Chen
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - T. Machida
- National Institute for Environmental Studies; Ibaraki Japan
| | - T. Watai
- Global Environmental Forum; Ibaraki Japan
| | - D. R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - D. G. Streets
- Decision and Information Sciences Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois USA
| | - J.-H. Woo
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - G. R. Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - K. Kita
- Department of Environmental Science; Ibaraki University; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Y. Miyazaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - T. Shirai
- Earth Observation Research and Application Center; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Tokyo Japan
| | - J. B. Liley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Lauder New Zealand
| | - T. Ogawa
- Earth Observation Research and Application Center; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Tokyo Japan
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50
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Liang Q, Jaeglé L, Jaffe DA, Weiss-Penzias P, Heckman A, Snow JA. Long-range transport of Asian pollution to the northeast Pacific: Seasonal variations and transport pathways of carbon monoxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - Lyatt Jaeglé
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - Daniel A. Jaffe
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences; University of Washington; Bothell Washington USA
| | - Peter Weiss-Penzias
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences; University of Washington; Bothell Washington USA
| | - Anna Heckman
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences; University of Washington; Bothell Washington USA
| | - Julie A. Snow
- Science Department; United States Coast Guard Academy; New London Connecticut USA
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