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Lee WC, Deng Y, Zhou R, Itoh M, Mochida M, Kuwata M. Water Solubility Distribution of Organic Matter Accounts for the Discrepancy in Hygroscopicity among Sub- and Supersaturated Humidity Regimes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17924-17935. [PMID: 36346950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water uptake properties of organic matter (OM) are critical for aerosol direct and indirect effects. OM contains various chemical species that have a wide range of water solubility. However, the role of water solubility on water uptake by OM has poorly been investigated. We experimentally retrieved water solubility distributions of water-soluble OM (WSOM) from combustion of mosquito coil and tropical peat using the 1-octanol-water partitioning method. In addition, hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of solubility-segregated WSOM were measured. The dominant fraction of WSOM from mosquito coil smoldering was highly soluble (water solubility (S) > 10-2 g cm-3), while that from peat combustion contained ∼40% of less-soluble species (S < 10-3 g cm-3). The difference in water solubility distributions induced changes in the roles of less water-soluble fractions (S < 10-3 g cm-3) on CCN activity. Namely, the less water-soluble fraction from mosquito coil combustion fully dissolved at the point of critical supersaturation, while that for tropical peat smoldering was limited by water solubility. The present result suggests that water solubility distributions of OM, rather than its bulk chemical property, need to be quantified for understanding the water uptake process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Lee
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Yange Deng
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Ruichen Zhou
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Hyogo651-2103, Japan
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mochida
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme, 138602Singapore
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Influence of Common Assumptions Regarding Aerosol Composition and Mixing State on Predicted CCN Concentration. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Werner J, Dalirian M, Walz MM, Ekholm V, Wideqvist U, Lowe SJ, Öhrwall G, Persson I, Riipinen I, Björneholm O. Surface Partitioning in Organic-Inorganic Mixtures Contributes to the Size-Dependence of the Phase-State of Atmospheric Nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7434-7442. [PMID: 27326704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter is one of the main factors governing the Earth's radiative budget, but its exact effects on the global climate are still uncertain. Knowledge on the molecular-scale surface phenomena as well as interactions between atmospheric organic and inorganic compounds is necessary for understanding the role of airborne nanoparticles in the Earth system. In this work, surface composition of aqueous model systems containing succinic acid and sodium chloride or ammonium sulfate is determined using a novel approach combining X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, surface tension measurements and thermodynamic modeling. It is shown that succinic acid molecules are accumulated in the surface, yielding a 10-fold surface concentration as compared with the bulk for saturated succinic acid solutions. Inorganic salts further enhance this enrichment due to competition for hydration in the bulk. The surface compositions for various mixtures are parametrized to yield generalizable results and used to explain changes in surface tension. The enhanced surface partitioning implies an increased maximum solubility of organic compounds in atmospheric nanoparticles. The results can explain observations of size-dependent phase-state of atmospheric nanoparticles, suggesting that these particles can display drastically different behavior than predicted by bulk properties only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephina Werner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University , Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maryam Dalirian
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie-Madeleine Walz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University , Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Victor Ekholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University , Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulla Wideqvist
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuel J Lowe
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Öhrwall
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University , Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Persson
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Björneholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University , Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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Bae SY, Jeong JI, Park RJ, Lim KSS, Hong SY. Weekly variability of precipitation induced by anthropogenic aerosols: A case study in Korea in summer 2004. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:1531-1539. [PMID: 26479919 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We examine the effect of anthropogenic aerosols on the weekly variability of precipitation in Korea in summer 2004 by using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) models. We conduct two WRF simulations including a baseline simulation with empirically based cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentrations and a sensitivity simulation with our implementation to account for the effect of aerosols on CCN number concentrations. The first simulation underestimates observed precipitation amounts, particularly in northeastern coastal areas of Korea, whereas the latter shows higher precipitation amounts that are in better agreement with the observations. In addition, the sensitivity model with the aerosol effects reproduces the observed weekly variability, particularly for precipitation frequency with a high R at 0.85, showing 20% increase of precipitation events during the weekend than those during weekdays. We find that the aerosol effect results in higher CCN number concentrations during the weekdays and a three-fold increase of the cloud water mixing ratio through enhanced condensation. As a result, the amount of warm rain is generally suppressed because of the low auto-conversion process from cloud water to rain water under high aerosol conditions. The inefficient conversion, however, leads to higher vertical development of clouds in the mid-atmosphere with stronger updrafts in the sensitivity model, which increases by 21% cold-phase hydrometeors including ice, snow, and graupel relative to the baseline model and ultimately results in higher precipitation amounts in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ya Bae
- Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaein I Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | | | - Song-You Hong
- Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Atmospheric Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Farmer DK, Cappa CD, Kreidenweis SM. Atmospheric Processes and Their Controlling Influence on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4199-217. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5006292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Crosbie E, Youn JS, Balch B, Wonaschütz A, Shingler T, Wang Z, Conant WC, Betterton EA, Sorooshian A. On the competition among aerosol number, size and composition in predicting CCN variability: a multi-annual field study in an urbanized desert. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2015; 15:6943-6958. [PMID: 26316879 PMCID: PMC4548966 DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-6943-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A 2-year data set of measured CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) concentrations at 0.2 % supersaturation is combined with aerosol size distribution and aerosol composition data to probe the effects of aerosol number concentrations, size distribution and composition on CCN patterns. Data were collected over a period of 2 years (2012-2014) in central Tucson, Arizona: a significant urban area surrounded by a sparsely populated desert. Average CCN concentrations are typically lowest in spring (233 cm-3), highest in winter (430 cm-3) and have a secondary peak during the North American monsoon season (July to September; 372 cm-3). There is significant variability outside of seasonal patterns, with extreme concentrations (1 and 99 % levels) ranging from 56 to 1945 cm-3 as measured during the winter, the season with highest variability. Modeled CCN concentrations based on fixed chemical composition achieve better closure in winter, with size and number alone able to predict 82% of the variance in CCN concentration. Changes in aerosol chemical composition are typically aligned with changes in size and aerosol number, such that hygroscopicity can be parameterized even though it is still variable. In summer, models based on fixed chemical composition explain at best only 41% (pre-monsoon) and 36% (monsoon) of the variance. This is attributed to the effects of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production, the competition between new particle formation and condensational growth, the complex interaction of meteorology, regional and local emissions and multi-phase chemistry during the North American monsoon. Chemical composition is found to be an important factor for improving predictability in spring and on longer timescales in winter. Parameterized models typically exhibit improved predictive skill when there are strong relationships between CCN concentrations and the prevailing meteorology and dominant aerosol physicochemical processes, suggesting that similar findings could be possible in other locations with comparable climates and geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Crosbie
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J.-S. Youn
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - B. Balch
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A. Wonaschütz
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna, Austria
| | - T. Shingler
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Z. Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - W. C. Conant
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - E. A. Betterton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A. Sorooshian
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Adams
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh; PA; 15217
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh; PA; 15217
| | - Spyros N. Pandis
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh; PA; 15217
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9
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Jurányi Z, Gysel M, Weingartner E, Bukowiecki N, Kammermann L, Baltensperger U. A 17 month climatology of the cloud condensation nuclei number concentration at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Freedman MA, Hasenkopf CA, Beaver MR, Tolbert MA. Optical Properties of Internally Mixed Aerosol Particles Composed of Dicarboxylic Acids and Ammonium Sulfate. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:13584-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp906240y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A. Freedman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Christa A. Hasenkopf
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Melinda R. Beaver
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Margaret A. Tolbert
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309
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11
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Nájera JJ, Horn AB. Infrared spectroscopic study of the effect of oleic acid on the deliquescence behaviour of ammonium sulfate aerosol particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:483-94. [DOI: 10.1039/b812182f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Rudich Y, Donahue NM, Mentel TF. Aging of organic aerosol: bridging the gap between laboratory and field studies. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2007; 58:321-52. [PMID: 17090227 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of organics in aerosol particles affects the physical properties of aerosols through a process known as aging. Atmospheric particles compose a huge set of specific organic compounds, most of which have not been identified in field measurements. Laboratory experiments inevitably address model systems of reduced complexity to isolate critical chemical phenomena, but growing evidence suggests that composition effects may play a central role in the atmospheric aging of organic particles. In this review we seek to address the connections between recent laboratory studies and recent field campaigns addressing the aging of organic aerosols. We review laboratory studies on the uptake of oxidants, the evolution of particle-water interactions, and the evolution of particle density with aging. Finally, we review field data addressing condensed-phase lifetimes of organic tracers. These data suggest that although matrix effects identified in the laboratory have taken a step toward reconciling laboratory-field disagreements, further work is needed to understand the actual aging rates of organics in ambient particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinon Rudich
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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13
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Shilling JE, King SM, Mochida M, Worsnop DR, Martin ST. Mass Spectral Evidence That Small Changes in Composition Caused by Oxidative Aging Processes Alter Aerosol CCN Properties. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:3358-68. [PMID: 17394294 DOI: 10.1021/jp068822r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative processing (i.e., "aging") of organic aerosol particles in the troposphere affects their cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity, yet the chemical mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, oleic acid aerosol particles were reacted with ozone while particle chemical composition and CCN activity were simultaneously monitored. The CCN activated fraction at 0.66 +/- 0.06% supersaturation was zero for 200 nm mobility diameter particles exposed to 565 to 8320 ppmv O3 for less than 30 s. For greater exposure times, however, the particles became CCN active. The corresponding chemical change shown in the particle mass spectra was the oxidation of aldehyde groups to form carboxylic acid groups. Specifically, 9-oxononanoic acid was oxidized to azelaic acid, although the azelaic acid remained a minor component, comprising 3-5% of the mass in the CCN-inactive particles compared to 4-6% in the CCN-active particles. Similarly, the aldehyde groups of alpha-acyloxyalkylhydroperoxide (AAHP) products were also oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. On a mass basis, this conversion was at least as important as the increased azelaic acid yield. Analysis of our results with Köhler theory suggests that an increase in the water-soluble material brought about by the aldehyde-to-carboxylic acid conversion is an insufficient explanation for the increased CCN activity. An increased concentration of surface-active species, which decreases the surface tension of the aqueous droplet during activation, is an interpretation consistent with the chemical composition observations and Köhler theory. These results suggest that small changes in particle chemical composition caused by oxidation could increase the CCN activity of tropospheric aerosol particles during their atmospheric residence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Shilling
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Webb PJ, Hamilton JF, Lewis AC, Wirtz K. FORMATION OF OXYGENATED-POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS IN AEROSOL FROM THE PHOTO-OXIDATION OFo-TOLUALDEHYDE. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07352680600903932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Dusek U, Reischl GP, Hitzenberger R. CCN activation of pure and coated carbon black particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:1223-30. [PMID: 16572779 DOI: 10.1021/es0503478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The CCN (cloud condensation nucleus) activation of pure and coated carbon black particles was investigated using the University of Vienna cloud condensation nuclei counter (Giebl, H.; Berner, A.; Reischl, G.; Puxbaum, H.; Kasper-Giebl, A.; Hitzenberger, R. J. Aerosol Sci. 2002, 33, 1623-1634). The particles were produced by nebulizing an aqueous suspension of carbon black in a Collison atomizer. The activation of pure carbon black particles was found to require higher supersaturations than predicted by calculations representing the particles as insoluble, wettable spheres with mobility equivalent diameter. To test whether this effect is an artifact due to heating of the light-absorbing carbon black particles in the laser beam, experiments at different laser powers were conducted. No systematic dependence of the activation of pure carbon black particles on laser power was observed. The observations could be modeled using spherical particles and an effective contact angle of 4-6 degrees of water at their surface. The addition of a small amount of NaCl to the carbon black particles (by adding 5% by mass NaCl to the carbon black suspension) greatly enhanced their CCN efficiency. The measured CCN efficiencies were consistent with Kohler theory for particles consisting of insoluble and hygroscopic material. However, coating the carbon black particles with hexadecanol (a typical film-forming compound with one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic end) efficiently suppressed the CCN activation of the carbon black particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Dusek
- University of Vienna, Institute for Experimental Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Wien, Austria
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Huff Hartz KE, Rosenørn T, Ferchak SR, Raymond TM, Bilde M, Donahue NM, Pandis SN. Cloud condensation nuclei activation of monoterpene and sesquiterpene secondary organic aerosol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara E. Huff Hartz
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Thomas Rosenørn
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Shaun R. Ferchak
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Timothy M. Raymond
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Bucknell University; Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Spyros N. Pandis
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
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17
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VanReken TM. Cloud condensation nucleus activation properties of biogenic secondary organic aerosol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Ervens B. A modeling study of aqueous production of dicarboxylic acids: 2. Implications for cloud microphysics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Broekhuizen KE. Formation of cloud condensation nuclei by oxidative processing: Unsaturated fatty acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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