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Searching Mass-Balance Analysis to Find the Composition of Martian Blueberries. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12060777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Between 2004 and 2018, NASA’s rover Opportunity found huge numbers of small, hematite-rich spherules (commonly called blueberries) on the Meridiani Planum of Mars. The standard oxide composition distributions of blueberries have remained poorly constrained, with previous published analyses leaving hematite content somewhere in the broad range of 24–100 wt%. A searching mass-balance analysis is introduced and applied to constrain possible standard oxide composition distributions of blueberries consistent with the non-detection of silicates in blueberries by Opportunity’s instruments. This analysis found three groups of complete solution sets among the mass-balance ions consistent with the non-detection of silicates; although, a simple extension of the analysis indicates that one larger space of solutions incorporates all three groups of solutions. Enforcing consistency with the non-detection of silicates in blueberries constrains the hematite content in most of blueberry samples to between 79.5 and 99.85 wt%. A feature of the largest group of complete solution sets is that five oxides/elements, MgO, P2O5, Na2O, SO3, and Cl, collectively have a summed weight percentage that averages close to 6 wt%, while the weight percentage of nickel is close to 0.3 wt% in all solutions. Searches over multidimensional spaces of filtering composition distributions of basaltic and dusty soils were a methodological advance.
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Hughes MN, Arvidson RE, Dietrich WE, Lamb MP, Catalano JG, Grotzinger JP, Bryk AB. Canyon Wall and Floor Debris Deposits in Aeolis Mons, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. PLANETS 2022; 127:e2021JE006848. [PMID: 35859923 PMCID: PMC9285757 DOI: 10.1029/2021je006848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aeolis Mons (informally, Mount Sharp) exhibits a number of canyons, including Gediz and Sakarya Valles. Poorly sorted debris deposits are evident on both canyon floors and connect with debris extending down the walls for canyon segments that cut through sulphate-bearing strata. On the floor of Gediz Vallis, debris overfills a central channel and merges with a massive debris ridge located at the canyon terminus. One wall-based debris ridge is evident. In comparison, the floor of Sakarya Vallis exhibits a complex array of debris deposits. Debris deposits on wall segments within Sakarya Vallis are mainly contained within chutes that extend downhill from scarps. Lateral debris ridges are also evident on chute margins. We interpret the debris deposits in the two canyons to be a consequence of one or more late-stage hydrogeomorphic events that increased the probability of landslides, assembled and channelized debris on the canyon floors, and moved materials down-canyon. The highly soluble nature of the sulphate-bearing rocks likely contributed to enhanced debris generation by concurrent aqueous weathering to produce blocky regolith for transport downslope by fluvial activity and landslides, including some landslides that became debris flows. Subsequent wind erosion in Gediz Vallis removed most of the debris deposits within that canyon and partially eroded the deposits within Sakarya Vallis. The enhanced wind erosion within Gediz Vallis was a consequence of the canyon's alignment with prevailing slope winds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. N. Hughes
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - W. E. Dietrich
- Department of Earth and Planetary ScienceUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - M. P. Lamb
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - J. G. Catalano
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - J. P. Grotzinger
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - A. B. Bryk
- Department of Earth and Planetary ScienceUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
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Abstract
From the 2000s onwards, unprecedented space missions have brought about a wealth of novel investigations on the different aspects of space geomechanics. Such aspects are related to the exploratory activities such as drilling, sampling, coring, water extraction, anchoring, etc. So far, a whole range of constitutive research projects on the plate tectonics, morphology, volcanic activities and volatile content of planetary bodies have been implemented. Furthermore, various laboratory experiments on extraterrestrial samples and their artificial terrestrial simulants are continually conducted to obtain the physical and mechanical properties of the corresponding specimens. Today, with the space boom being steered by diverse space agencies, the incorporation of geomechanics into space exploration appreciably appears much needed. The primary objective of this article is to collate and integrate the up-to-date investigations related to the geomechanical applications in space technologies. Emphasis is given to the new and future applications such as planetary drilling and water extraction. The main impetus is to provide a comprehensive reference for geoscience scientists and astronauts to quickly become acquainted with the cutting-edge advancements in the area of space geomechanics. Moreover, this research study also elaborates on the operational constraints in space geomechanics which necessitate further scientific investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandi Verma
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California
| | - Joseph Carsten
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California
| | - Stephen Kuhn
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California
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Shkolyar S, Eshelman EJ, Farmer JD, Hamilton D, Daly MG, Youngbull C. Detecting Kerogen as a Biosignature Using Colocated UV Time-Gated Raman and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. ASTROBIOLOGY 2018; 18:431-453. [PMID: 29624103 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Mars 2020 mission will analyze samples in situ and identify any that could have preserved biosignatures in ancient habitable environments for later return to Earth. Highest priority targeted samples include aqueously formed sedimentary lithologies. On Earth, such lithologies can contain fossil biosignatures as aromatic carbon (kerogen). In this study, we analyzed nonextracted kerogen in a diverse suite of natural, complex samples using colocated UV excitation (266 nm) time-gated (UV-TG) Raman and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopies. We interrogated kerogen and its host matrix in samples to (1) explore the capabilities of UV-TG Raman and fluorescence spectroscopies for detecting kerogen in high-priority targets in the search for possible biosignatures on Mars; (2) assess the effectiveness of time gating and UV laser wavelength in reducing fluorescence in Raman spectra; and (3) identify sample-specific issues that could challenge rover-based identifications of kerogen using UV-TG Raman spectroscopy. We found that ungated UV Raman spectroscopy is suited to identify diagnostic kerogen Raman bands without interfering fluorescence and that UV fluorescence spectroscopy is suited to identify kerogen. These results highlight the value of combining colocated Raman and fluorescence spectroscopies, similar to those obtainable by SHERLOC on Mars 2020, to strengthen the confidence of kerogen detection as a potential biosignature in complex natural samples. Key Words: Raman spectroscopy-Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy-Mars Sample Return-Mars 2020 mission-Kerogen-Biosignatures. Astrobiology 18, 431-453.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Shkolyar
- 1 School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona
- 2 Current address: Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Evan J Eshelman
- 3 The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (CRESS), York University , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jack D Farmer
- 1 School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona
| | - David Hamilton
- 3 The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (CRESS), York University , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Daly
- 3 The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (CRESS), York University , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cody Youngbull
- 4 Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana , Polson, Montana
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Furutani K, Kamiishi H. Percussive Rock Surface Remover Driven by Solenoid with Planer Motion for Lunar Exploration. JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS AND MECHATRONICS 2017. [DOI: 10.20965/jrm.2017.p0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with a percussive rock surface crusher driven with a solenoid to smoothen the sample surface by a 2-axis planar motion. The weathered rock surface should be removed and smoothened before analyzing its structure and composition precisely. The solenoid, which generates a large vibration amplitude and a large impulsive force, was used to vibrate a tool bit with engineered 1-mm pyramids made of tungsten carbide. The tool bit was fixed parallel to the feed direction or with a skew. A rock sample was moved by a stage with movable ranges for the machining of 10 mm and 20 mm in the x- and y-directions, respectively. The sample paths were randomly generated in 1 or 2 directions. In the comparisons of the surface roughness, the 2-axis motion and tool skew not only allowed isotropic and small roughness but also the removal of more amount due to the removed debris. The roughness reached several tens of micrometers without a certain special frequency component. This level allows for component analysis by X-ray fluorescence or laser-induced breakdown spectrometer.
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Preston LJ, Johnson D, Cockell CS, Grady MM. Fourier transform infrared spectral detection of life in polar subsurface environments and its application to Mars exploration. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:1059-1065. [PMID: 26414525 DOI: 10.1366/14-07843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cryptoendolithic lichen communities of the Dry Valleys, Antarctica, survive in an extremely inhospitable environment, finding refuge in microscopic niches where conditions suitable for life exist. Such "within-rock" communities may have evolved on Mars when conditions for life on the surface deteriorated to such an extent that they could no longer survive. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of unprepared whole-rock Antarctic Beacon sandstones was used to vertically profile molecular vibrations of fatty acids, proteins, and carboxylic acids created by endolithic communities. Spectral biosignatures were found localized to lichen-rich areas and were absent in crustal regions and the bulk rock substrate. These cryptoendolithic profiles will aid similar spectroscopic investigations of organic biosignatures during future Martian subsurface studies and will help in the identification of similar communities in other localities across the Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa J Preston
- The Open University, Department of Physical Sciences, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
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Núñez JI, Farmer JD, Sellar RG, Swayze GA, Blaney DL. Science applications of a multispectral microscopic imager for the astrobiological exploration of Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2014; 14:132-69. [PMID: 24552233 PMCID: PMC3929460 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2013.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Future astrobiological missions to Mars are likely to emphasize the use of rovers with in situ petrologic capabilities for selecting the best samples at a site for in situ analysis with onboard lab instruments or for caching for potential return to Earth. Such observations are central to an understanding of the potential for past habitable conditions at a site and for identifying samples most likely to harbor fossil biosignatures. The Multispectral Microscopic Imager (MMI) provides multispectral reflectance images of geological samples at the microscale, where each image pixel is composed of a visible/shortwave infrared spectrum ranging from 0.46 to 1.73 μm. This spectral range enables the discrimination of a wide variety of rock-forming minerals, especially Fe-bearing phases, and the detection of hydrated minerals. The MMI advances beyond the capabilities of current microimagers on Mars by extending the spectral range into the infrared and increasing the number of spectral bands. The design employs multispectral light-emitting diodes and an uncooled indium gallium arsenide focal plane array to achieve a very low mass and high reliability. To better understand and demonstrate the capabilities of the MMI for future surface missions to Mars, we analyzed samples from Mars-relevant analog environments with the MMI. Results indicate that the MMI images faithfully resolve the fine-scale microtextural features of samples and provide important information to help constrain mineral composition. The use of spectral endmember mapping reveals the distribution of Fe-bearing minerals (including silicates and oxides) with high fidelity, along with the presence of hydrated minerals. MMI-based petrogenetic interpretations compare favorably with laboratory-based analyses, revealing the value of the MMI for future in situ rover-mediated astrobiological exploration of Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I. Núñez
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jack D. Farmer
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - R. Glenn Sellar
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Diana L. Blaney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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Zacny K, Paulsen G, McKay CP, Glass B, Davé A, Davila AF, Marinova M, Mellerowicz B, Heldmann J, Stoker C, Cabrol N, Hedlund M, Craft J. Reaching 1 m deep on Mars: the Icebreaker drill. ASTROBIOLOGY 2013; 13:1166-1198. [PMID: 24303959 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2013.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The future exploration of Mars will require access to the subsurface, along with acquisition of samples for scientific analysis and ground-truthing of water ice and mineral reserves for in situ resource utilization. The Icebreaker drill is an integral part of the Icebreaker mission concept to search for life in ice-rich regions on Mars. Since the mission targets Mars Special Regions as defined by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), the drill has to meet the appropriate cleanliness standards as requested by NASA's Planetary Protection Office. In addition, the Icebreaker mission carries life-detection instruments; and in turn, the drill and sample delivery system have to meet stringent contamination requirements to prevent false positives. This paper reports on the development and testing of the Icebreaker drill, a 1 m class rotary-percussive drill and triple redundant sample delivery system. The drill acquires subsurface samples in short, approximately 10 cm bites, which makes the sampling system robust and prevents thawing and phase changes in the target materials. Autonomous drilling, sample acquisition, and sample transfer have been successfully demonstrated in Mars analog environments in the Arctic and the Antarctic Dry Valleys, as well as in a Mars environmental chamber. In all environments, the drill has been shown to perform at the "1-1-100-100" level; that is, it drilled to 1 m depth in approximately 1 hour with less than 100 N weight on bit and approximately 100 W of power. The drilled substrate varied and included pure ice, ice-rich regolith with and without rocks and with and without 2% perchlorate, and whole rocks. The drill is currently at a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 5. The next-generation Icebreaker drill weighs 10 kg, which is representative of the flightlike model at TRL 5/6.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zacny
- 1 Honeybee Robotics , Pasadena, California
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Planning for Mars returned sample science: final report of the MSR End-to-End International Science Analysis Group (E2E-iSAG). ASTROBIOLOGY 2012; 12:175-230. [PMID: 22468886 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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11
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Fleischer I, Brückner J, Schröder C, Farrand W, Tréguier E, Morris R, Klingelhöfer G, Herkenhoff K, Mittlefehldt D, Ashley J, Golombek M, Johnson JR, Jolliff B, Squyres SW, Weitz C, Gellert R, de Souza PA, Cohen BA. Mineralogy and chemistry of cobbles at Meridiani Planum, Mars, investigated by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010je003621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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The Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C): a potential rover mission for 2018. Final report of the Mars Mid-Range Rover Science Analysis Group (MRR-SAG) October 14, 2009. ASTROBIOLOGY 2010; 10:127-163. [PMID: 20298148 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2010.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This report documents the work of the Mid-Range Rover Science Analysis Group (MRR-SAG), which was assigned to formulate a concept for a potential rover mission that could be launched to Mars in 2018. Based on programmatic and engineering considerations as of April 2009, our deliberations assumed that the potential mission would use the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) sky-crane landing system and include a single solar-powered rover. The mission would also have a targeting accuracy of approximately 7 km (semimajor axis landing ellipse), a mobility range of at least 10 km, and a lifetime on the martian surface of at least 1 Earth year. An additional key consideration, given recently declining budgets and cost growth issues with MSL, is that the proposed rover must have lower cost and cost risk than those of MSL--this is an essential consideration for the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG). The MRR-SAG was asked to formulate a mission concept that would address two general objectives: (1) conduct high priority in situ science and (2) make concrete steps toward the potential return of samples to Earth. The proposed means of achieving these two goals while balancing the trade-offs between them are described here in detail. We propose the name Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher(MAX-C) to reflect the dual purpose of this potential 2018 rover mission.
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Squyres SW, Knoll AH, Arvidson RE, Ashley JW, Bell JF, Calvin WM, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Cohen BA, de Souza PA, Edgar L, Farrand WH, Fleischer I, Gellert R, Golombek MP, Grant J, Grotzinger J, Hayes A, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson JR, Jolliff B, Klingelhöfer G, Knudson A, Li R, McCoy TJ, McLennan SM, Ming DW, Mittlefehldt DW, Morris RV, Rice JW, Schröder C, Sullivan RJ, Yen A, Yingst RA. Exploration of Victoria Crater by the Mars Rover Opportunity. Science 2009; 324:1058-61. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1170355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - A. H. Knoll
- Botanical Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63031, USA
| | - J. W. Ashley
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - W. M. Calvin
- University of Nevada, Reno, Geological Sciences, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - B. C. Clark
- Lockheed Martin Corporation, Littleton, CO 80127, USA
| | - B. A. Cohen
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - P. A. de Souza
- Tasmanian Information and Communication Technologies Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Castray Esplanade, Hobart TAS 7000, Australia
| | - L. Edgar
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - I. Fleischer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - R. Gellert
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M. P. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - J. Grant
- Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - J. Grotzinger
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A. Hayes
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | | | - B. Jolliff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63031, USA
| | - G. Klingelhöfer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - A. Knudson
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - R. Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - T. J. McCoy
- Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - S. M. McLennan
- Department of Geosciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - D. W. Mittlefehldt
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - R. V. Morris
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - J. W. Rice
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - C. Schröder
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - R. J. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - A. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - R. A. Yingst
- Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin Green Bay, Green Bay, WI 54311, USA
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Herkenhoff KE, Grotzinger J, Knoll AH, McLennan SM, Weitz C, Yingst A, Anderson R, Archinal BA, Arvidson RE, Barrett JM, Becker KJ, Bell JF, Budney C, Chapman MG, Cook D, Ehlmann B, Franklin B, Gaddis LR, Galuszka DM, Garcia PA, Geissler P, Hare TM, Howington-Kraus E, Johnson JR, Keszthelyi L, Kirk RL, Lanagan P, Lee EM, Leff C, Maki JN, Mullins KF, Parker TJ, Redding BL, Rosiek MR, Sims MH, Soderblom LA, Spanovich N, Springer R, Squyres SW, Stolper D, Sucharski RM, Sucharski T, Sullivan R, Torson JM. Surface processes recorded by rocks and soils on Meridiani Planum, Mars: Microscopic Imager observations during Opportunity's first three extended missions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Tréguier E, d'Uston C, Pinet PC, Berger G, Toplis MJ, McCoy TJ, Gellert R, Brückner J. Overview of Mars surface geochemical diversity through Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer data multidimensional analysis: First attempt at modeling rock alteration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Leer K, Bertelsen P, Binau CS, Djernis Olsen L, Drube L, Falkenberg TV, Haspang MP, Madsen MB, Olsen M, Sykulska H, Vijendran S, Pike WT, Staufer U, Parrat D, Lemmon M, Hecht MH, Mogensen CT, Gross MA, Goetz W, Marshall J, Britt D, Smith P, Shinohara C, Woida P, Woida R, Tanner R, Reynolds R, Shaw A. Magnetic properties experiments and the Surface Stereo Imager calibration target onboard the Mars Phoenix 2007 Lander: Design, calibration, and science goals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Sullivan R, Arvidson R, Bell JF, Gellert R, Golombek M, Greeley R, Herkenhoff K, Johnson J, Thompson S, Whelley P, Wray J. Wind-driven particle mobility on Mars: Insights from Mars Exploration Rover observations at “El Dorado” and surroundings at Gusev Crater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Schmidt ME, Ruff SW, McCoy TJ, Farrand WH, Johnson JR, Gellert R, Ming DW, Morris RV, Cabrol N, Lewis KW, Schroeder C. Hydrothermal origin of halogens at Home Plate, Gusev Crater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Goetz W, Leer K, Gunnlaugsson HP, Bartlett P, Basso B, Bell J, Bertelsen P, Binau CS, Chu PC, Gorevan S, Hansen MF, Hviid SF, Kinch KM, Klingelhöfer G, Kusack A, Madsen MB, Ming DW, Morris RV, Mumm E, Myrick T, Olsen M, Squyres SW, Wilson J, Yen A. Search for magnetic minerals in Martian rocks: Overview of the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) magnet investigation on Spirit and Opportunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Knoll AH, Jolliff BL, Farrand WH, Bell III JF, Clark BC, Gellert R, Golombek MP, Grotzinger JP, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson JR, McLennan SM, Morris R, Squyres SW, Sullivan R, Tosca NJ, Yen A, Learner Z. Veneers, rinds, and fracture fills: Relatively late alteration of sedimentary rocks at Meridiani Planum, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schröder C, Rodionov DS, McCoy TJ, Jolliff BL, Gellert R, Nittler LR, Farrand WH, Johnson JR, Ruff SW, Ashley JW, Mittlefehldt DW, Herkenhoff KE, Fleischer I, Haldemann AFC, Klingelhöfer G, Ming DW, Morris RV, de Souza PA, Squyres SW, Weitz C, Yen AS, Zipfel J, Economou T. Meteorites on Mars observed with the Mars Exploration Rovers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Greeley R, Whelley PL, Neakrase LDV, Arvidson RE, Bridges NT, Cabrol NA, Christensen PR, Di K, Foley DJ, Golombek MP, Herkenhoff K, Knudson A, Kuzmin RO, Li R, Michaels T, Squyres SW, Sullivan R, Thompson SD. Columbia Hills, Mars: Aeolian features seen from the ground and orbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Pullan D, Westall F, Hofmann BA, Parnell J, Cockell CS, Edwards HGM, Villar SEJ, Schröder C, Cressey G, Marinangeli L, Richter L, Klingelhöfer G. Identification of morphological biosignatures in Martian analogue field specimens using in situ planetary instrumentation. ASTROBIOLOGY 2008; 8:119-156. [PMID: 18211229 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2006.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated how morphological biosignatures (i.e., features related to life) might be identified with an array of viable instruments within the framework of robotic planetary surface operations at Mars. This is the first time such an integrated lab-based study has been conducted that incorporates space-qualified instrumentation designed for combined in situ imaging, analysis, and geotechnics (sampling). Specimens were selected on the basis of feature morphology, scale, and analogy to Mars rocks. Two types of morphological criteria were considered: potential signatures of extinct life (fossilized microbial filaments) and of extant life (crypto-chasmoendolithic microorganisms). The materials originated from a variety of topical martian analogue localities on Earth, including impact craters, high-latitude deserts, and hydrothermal deposits. Our in situ payload included a stereo camera, microscope, Mössbauer spectrometer, and sampling device (all space-qualified units from Beagle 2), and an array of commercial instruments, including a multi-spectral imager, an X-ray spectrometer (calibrated to the Beagle 2 instrument), a micro-Raman spectrometer, and a bespoke (custom-designed) X-ray diffractometer. All experiments were conducted within the engineering constraints of in situ operations to generate realistic data and address the practical challenges of measurement. Our results demonstrate the importance of an integrated approach for this type of work. Each technique made a proportionate contribution to the overall effectiveness of our "pseudopayload" for biogenic assessment of samples yet highlighted a number of limitations of current space instrument technology for in situ astrobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Pullan
- Space Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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24
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Ruff SW, Christensen PR, Blaney DL, Farrand WH, Johnson JR, Michalski JR, Moersch JE, Wright SP, Squyres SW. The rocks of Gusev Crater as viewed by the Mini-TES instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Ruff
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - D. L. Blaney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | | | | | - J. R. Michalski
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - J. E. Moersch
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - S. P. Wright
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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25
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Hurowitz JA, McLennan SM, McSween HY, DeSouza PA, Klingelhöfer G. Mixing relationships and the effects of secondary alteration in the Wishstone and Watchtower Classes of Husband Hill, Gusev Crater, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Hurowitz
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - Scott M. McLennan
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - Harry Y. McSween
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Paulo A. DeSouza
- Department of Environmental and Territorial Management; Companhia Vale do Rio Doce; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Göstar Klingelhöfer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Joh. Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Mainz Germany
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26
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Yen AS, Mittlefehldt DW, McLennan SM, Gellert R, Bell JF, McSween HY, Ming DW, McCoy TJ, Morris RV, Golombek M, Economou T, Madsen MB, Wdowiak T, Clark BC, Jolliff BL, Schröder C, Brückner J, Zipfel J, Squyres SW. Nickel on Mars: Constraints on meteoritic material at the surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - S. M. McLennan
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - R. Gellert
- Department of Physics; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - H. Y. McSween
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston Texas USA
| | - T. J. McCoy
- National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, D.C. USA
| | | | - M. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - T. Economou
- Enrico Fermi Institute; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - M. B. Madsen
- Niels Bohr Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - T. Wdowiak
- Department of Physics; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama USA
| | - B. C. Clark
- Lockheed Martin Corporation; Littleton Colorado USA
| | - B. L. Jolliff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - C. Schröder
- Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - J. Brückner
- Max Planck Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
| | - J. Zipfel
- Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg; Frankfurt Germany
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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27
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Squyres SW, Knoll AH, Arvidson RE, Clark BC, Grotzinger JP, Jolliff BL, McLennan SM, Tosca N, Bell JF, Calvin WM, Farrand WH, Glotch TD, Golombek MP, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson JR, Klingelhöfer G, McSween HY, Yen AS. Two Years at Meridiani Planum: Results from the Opportunity Rover. Science 2006; 313:1403-7. [PMID: 16959999 DOI: 10.1126/science.1130890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has spent more than 2 years exploring Meridiani Planum, traveling approximately 8 kilometers and detecting features that reveal ancient environmental conditions. These include well-developed festoon (trough) cross-lamination formed in flowing liquid water, strata with smaller and more abundant hematite-rich concretions than those seen previously, possible relict "hopper crystals" that might reflect the formation of halite, thick weathering rinds on rock surfaces, resistant fracture fills, and networks of polygonal fractures likely caused by dehydration of sulfate salts. Chemical variations with depth show that the siliciclastic fraction of outcrop rock has undergone substantial chemical alteration from a precursor basaltic composition. Observations from microscopic to orbital scales indicate that ancient Meridiani once had abundant acidic groundwater, arid and oxidizing surface conditions, and occasional liquid flow on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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28
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Glotch TD, Bandfield JL, Christensen PR, Calvin WM, McLennan SM, Clark BC, Rogers AD, Squyres SW. Mineralogy of the light-toned outcrop at Meridiani Planum as seen by the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer and implications for its formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Glotch
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Joshua L. Bandfield
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | | | - Wendy M. Calvin
- Department of Geological Sciences; University of Nevada; Reno Nevada USA
| | - Scott M. McLennan
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
| | | | - A. Deanne Rogers
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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29
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Cabrol NA, Farmer JD, Grin EA, Richter L, Soderblom L, Li R, Herkenhoff K, Landis GA, Arvidson RE. Aqueous processes at Gusev crater inferred from physical properties of rocks and soils along the Spirit traverse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Cabrol
- Space Science Division; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- SETI Institute; Mountain View California USA
| | - J. D. Farmer
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - E. A. Grin
- Space Science Division; NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- SETI Institute; Mountain View California USA
| | - L. Richter
- DLR Institut für Raumsimulation; Cologne Germany
| | | | - R. Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio USA
| | | | - G. A. Landis
- Photovoltaics and Space Environment Branch; NASA John Glenn Research Center; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
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30
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Herkenhoff KE, Squyres SW, Anderson R, Archinal BA, Arvidson RE, Barrett JM, Becker KJ, Bell JF, Budney C, Cabrol NA, Chapman MG, Cook D, Ehlmann BL, Farmer J, Franklin B, Gaddis LR, Galuszka DM, Garcia PA, Hare TM, Howington-Kraus E, Johnson JR, Johnson S, Kinch K, Kirk RL, Lee EM, Leff C, Lemmon M, Madsen MB, Maki JN, Mullins KF, Redding BL, Richter L, Rosiek MR, Sims MH, Soderblom LA, Spanovich N, Springer R, Sucharski RM, Sucharski T, Sullivan R, Torson JM, Yen A. Overview of the Microscopic Imager Investigation during Spirit's first 450 sols in Gusev crater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Robert Anderson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Janet M. Barrett
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Kris J. Becker
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - James F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Charles Budney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - Mary G. Chapman
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Debbie Cook
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Bethany L. Ehlmann
- Environmental Change Institute, Department of Geography and Environment; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Jack Farmer
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Brenda Franklin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Lisa R. Gaddis
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | | | | | - Trent M. Hare
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | | | | | - Sarah Johnson
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Kjartan Kinch
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Randolph L. Kirk
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Ella Mae Lee
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Craig Leff
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Mark Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - Morten B. Madsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Justin N. Maki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Kevin F. Mullins
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | | | - Lutz Richter
- DLR Institut für Raumsimulation; Cologne Germany
| | - Mark R. Rosiek
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | | | | | - Nicole Spanovich
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Richard Springer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - Tracie Sucharski
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Rob Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - James M. Torson
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Albert Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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31
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Wang A, Korotev RL, Jolliff BL, Haskin LA, Crumpler L, Farrand WH, Herkenhoff KE, de Souza P, Kusack AG, Hurowitz JA, Tosca NJ. Evidence of phyllosilicates in Wooly Patch, an altered rock encountered at West Spur, Columbia Hills, by the Spirit rover in Gusev crater, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alian Wang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for Space Science; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Randy L. Korotev
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for Space Science; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Bradley L. Jolliff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for Space Science; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Larry A. Haskin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for Space Science; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Larry Crumpler
- New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Joel A. Hurowitz
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - Nicholas J. Tosca
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
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32
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Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Blaney DL, Clark BC, Crumpler L, Farrand WH, Gorevan S, Herkenhoff KE, Hurowitz J, Kusack A, McSween HY, Ming DW, Morris RV, Ruff SW, Wang A, Yen A. Rocks of the Columbia Hills. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Diana L. Blaney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - Larry Crumpler
- New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | | | | | | | - Joel Hurowitz
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
| | | | - Harry Y. McSween
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | | | | | - Steven W. Ruff
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Alian Wang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Albert Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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33
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Greeley R, Arvidson RE, Barlett PW, Blaney D, Cabrol NA, Christensen PR, Fergason RL, Golombek MP, Landis GA, Lemmon MT, McLennan SM, Maki JN, Michaels T, Moersch JE, Neakrase LDV, Rafkin SCR, Richter L, Squyres SW, de Souza PA, Sullivan RJ, Thompson SD, Whelley PL. Gusev crater: Wind-related features and processes observed by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Greeley
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | - Diana Blaney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - N. A. Cabrol
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - R. L. Fergason
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - M. P. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - M. T. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - S. M. McLennan
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - J. N. Maki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - J. E. Moersch
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - L. D. V. Neakrase
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | | | - Lutz Richter
- Institut für Raumsimulation; Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; Cologne Germany
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - R. J. Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - S. D. Thompson
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - P. L. Whelley
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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34
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Hurowitz JA, McLennan SM, Tosca NJ, Arvidson RE, Michalski JR, Ming DW, Schröder C, Squyres SW. In situ and experimental evidence for acidic weathering of rocks and soils on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Hurowitz
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - S. M. McLennan
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - N. J. Tosca
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - J. R. Michalski
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston Texas USA
| | - C. Schröder
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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35
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Yen AS, Gellert R, Schröder C, Morris RV, Bell JF, Knudson AT, Clark BC, Ming DW, Crisp JA, Arvidson RE, Blaney D, Brückner J, Christensen PR, DesMarais DJ, de Souza PA, Economou TE, Ghosh A, Hahn BC, Herkenhoff KE, Haskin LA, Hurowitz JA, Joliff BL, Johnson JR, Klingelhöfer G, Madsen MB, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Richter L, Rieder R, Rodionov D, Soderblom L, Squyres SW, Tosca NJ, Wang A, Wyatt M, Zipfel J. An integrated view of the chemistry and mineralogy of martian soils. Nature 2005; 436:49-54. [PMID: 16001059 DOI: 10.1038/nature03637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mineralogical and elemental compositions of the martian soil are indicators of chemical and physical weathering processes. Using data from the Mars Exploration Rovers, we show that bright dust deposits on opposite sides of the planet are part of a global unit and not dominated by the composition of local rocks. Dark soil deposits at both sites have similar basaltic mineralogies, and could reflect either a global component or the general similarity in the compositions of the rocks from which they were derived. Increased levels of bromine are consistent with mobilization of soluble salts by thin films of liquid water, but the presence of olivine in analysed soil samples indicates that the extent of aqueous alteration of soils has been limited. Nickel abundances are enhanced at the immediate surface and indicate that the upper few millimetres of soil could contain up to one per cent meteoritic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert S Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA.
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36
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Haskin LA, Wang A, Jolliff BL, McSween HY, Clark BC, Des Marais DJ, McLennan SM, Tosca NJ, Hurowitz JA, Farmer JD, Yen A, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Klingelhöfer G, Schröder C, de Souza PA, Ming DW, Gellert R, Zipfel J, Brückner J, Bell JF, Herkenhoff K, Christensen PR, Ruff S, Blaney D, Gorevan S, Cabrol NA, Crumpler L, Grant J, Soderblom L. Water alteration of rocks and soils on Mars at the Spirit rover site in Gusev crater. Nature 2005; 436:66-9. [PMID: 16001063 DOI: 10.1038/nature03640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gusev crater was selected as the landing site for the Spirit rover because of the possibility that it once held a lake. Thus one of the rover's tasks was to search for evidence of lake sediments. However, the plains at the landing site were found to be covered by a regolith composed of olivine-rich basaltic rock and windblown 'global' dust. The analyses of three rock interiors exposed by the rock abrasion tool showed that they are similar to one another, consistent with having originated from a common lava flow. Here we report the investigation of soils, rock coatings and rock interiors by the Spirit rover from sol (martian day) 1 to sol 156, from its landing site to the base of the Columbia hills. The physical and chemical characteristics of the materials analysed provide evidence for limited but unequivocal interaction between water and the volcanic rocks of the Gusev plains. This evidence includes the softness of rock interiors that contain anomalously high concentrations of sulphur, chlorine and bromine relative to terrestrial basalts and martian meteorites; sulphur, chlorine and ferric iron enrichments in multilayer coatings on the light-toned rock Mazatzal; high bromine concentration in filled vugs and veins within the plains basalts; positive correlations between magnesium, sulphur and other salt components in trench soils; and decoupling of sulphur, chlorine and bromine concentrations in trench soils compared to Gusev surface soils, indicating chemical mobility and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry A Haskin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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37
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Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Baumgartner ET, Bell JF, Christensen PR, Gorevan S, Herkenhoff KE, Klingelhöfer G, Madsen MB, Morris RV, Rieder R, Romero RA. Athena Mars rover science investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Squyres
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | - James F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | | | | | - Göstar Klingelhöfer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
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Klingelhöfer G, Morris RV, Bernhardt B, Rodionov D, de Souza PA, Squyres SW, Foh J, Kankeleit E, Bonnes U, Gellert R, Schröder C, Linkin S, Evlanov E, Zubkov B, Prilutski O. Athena MIMOS II Mössbauer spectrometer investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Klingelhöfer
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | | | - B. Bernhardt
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - D. Rodionov
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - P. A. de Souza
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
- Pelletizing Department; Companhia Vale do Rio Doce; Vitoria Brazil
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - J. Foh
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - E. Kankeleit
- Nuclear Physics Institute; Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - U. Bonnes
- Nuclear Physics Institute; Darmstadt University of Technology; Darmstadt Germany
| | - R. Gellert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - C. Schröder
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
| | - S. Linkin
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - E. Evlanov
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - B. Zubkov
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
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39
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Madsen MB, Bertelsen P, Goetz W, Binau CS, Olsen M, Folkmann F, Gunnlaugsson HP, Kinch KM, Knudsen JM, Merrison J, Nørnberg P, Squyres SW, Yen AS, Rademacher JD, Gorevan S, Myrick T, Bartlett P. Magnetic Properties Experiments on the Mars Exploration Rover mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Madsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - P. Bertelsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - W. Goetz
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - C. S. Binau
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. Olsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. Folkmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | | | - K. M. Kinch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - J. M. Knudsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - J. Merrison
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - P. Nørnberg
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Århus; Århus Denmark
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Astronomy Department; Cornell University; Ithaca USA
| | - A. S. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. D. Rademacher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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40
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Golombek MP, Grant JA, Parker TJ, Kass DM, Crisp JA, Squyres SW, Haldemann AFC, Adler M, Lee WJ, Bridges NT, Arvidson RE, Carr MH, Kirk RL, Knocke PC, Roncoli RB, Weitz CM, Schofield JT, Zurek RW, Christensen PR, Fergason RL, Anderson FS, Rice JW. Selection of the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Golombek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. A. Grant
- Center for Earth and Planetary Studies; National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC USA
| | - T. J. Parker
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - D. M. Kass
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. A. Crisp
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - A. F. C. Haldemann
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. Adler
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - W. J. Lee
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - N. T. Bridges
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - M. H. Carr
- U.S. Geological Survey; Menlo Park California USA
| | - R. L. Kirk
- U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - P. C. Knocke
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. B. Roncoli
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - J. T. Schofield
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. W. Zurek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - R. L. Fergason
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - F. S. Anderson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. W. Rice
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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41
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Herkenhoff KE, Squyres SW, Bell JF, Maki JN, Arneson HM, Bertelsen P, Brown DI, Collins SA, Dingizian A, Elliott ST, Goetz W, Hagerott EC, Hayes AG, Johnson MJ, Kirk RL, McLennan S, Morris RV, Scherr LM, Schwochert MA, Shiraishi LR, Smith GH, Soderblom LA, Sohl-Dickstein JN, Wadsworth MV. Athena Microscopic Imager investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Herkenhoff
- Astrogeology Team, U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - J. N. Maki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - H. M. Arneson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - P. Bertelsen
- Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - D. I. Brown
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. A. Collins
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. Dingizian
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. T. Elliott
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - W. Goetz
- Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - E. C. Hagerott
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. G. Hayes
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - M. J. Johnson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - R. L. Kirk
- Astrogeology Team, U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - S. McLennan
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
| | | | - L. M. Scherr
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. A. Schwochert
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - L. R. Shiraishi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - L. A. Soderblom
- Astrogeology Team, U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | | | - M. V. Wadsworth
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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42
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Rieder R, Gellert R, Brückner J, Klingelhöfer G, Dreibus G, Yen A, Squyres SW. The new Athena alpha particle X-ray spectrometer for the Mars Exploration Rovers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Rieder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
| | - R. Gellert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
| | - J. Brückner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
| | - G. Klingelhöfer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - G. Dreibus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
| | - A. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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43
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Crisp JA, Adler M, Matijevic JR, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Kass DM. Mars Exploration Rover mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je002038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joy A. Crisp
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Mark Adler
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Jacob R. Matijevic
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - David M. Kass
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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44
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Arvidson RE, Anderson RC, Haldemann AFC, Landis GA, Li R, Lindemann RA, Matijevic JR, Morris RV, Richter L, Squyres SW, Sullivan RJ, Snider NO. Physical properties and localization investigations associated with the 2003 Mars Exploration rovers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je002041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Arvidson
- McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | | | | | - R. Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio USA
| | | | | | | | - L. Richter
- DLR Institut für Raumsimulation; Köln Germany
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - R. J. Sullivan
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - N. O. Snider
- McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
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