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Deciphering key processes controlling rainfall isotopic variability during extreme tropical cyclones. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4321. [PMID: 31541090 PMCID: PMC6754435 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mesoamerican and Caribbean (MAC) region is characterized by tropical cyclones (TCs), strong El Niño-Southern Oscillation events, and climate variability that bring unique hazards to socio-ecological systems. Here we report the first characterization of the isotopic evolution of a TC (Hurricane Otto, 2016) in the MAC region. We use long-term daily rainfall isotopes from Costa Rica and event-based sampling of Hurricanes Irma and Maria (2017), to underpin the dynamical drivers of TC isotope ratios. During Hurricane Otto, rainfall exhibited a large isotopic range, comparable to the annual isotopic cycle. As Hurricane Otto organized into a Category 3, rapid isotopic depletion coupled with a decrease in d-excess indicates efficient isotopic fractionation within ~200 km SW of the warm core. Our results shed light on key processes governing rainfall isotope ratios in the MAC region during continental and maritime TC tracks, with applications to the interpretation of paleo-hydroclimate across the tropics. “Reconstruction of precipitation variability from oxygen isotopes in the Mesoamerican and Caribbean region is made difficult by the occurrence of tropical cyclones. Here, the isotopic evolution of a tropical cyclone is studied in detail which helps disentangle the key processes governing rainfall isotope variability in the region.”
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Nivet F, Bergonzini L, Mathé PE, Noret A, Monvoisin G, Majule A, Williamson D. Influence of the balance of the intertropical front on seasonal variations of the isotopic composition in rainfall at Kisiba Masoko (Rungwe Volcanic Province, SW, Tanzania). ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2018; 54:352-369. [PMID: 29499620 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2018.1443923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tropical rainfall isotopic composition results from complex processes. The climatological and environmental variability in East Africa increases this complexity. Long rainfall isotope datasets are needed to fill the lack of observations in this region. At Kisiba Masoko, Tanzania, rainfall and rain isotopic composition have been monitored during 6 years. Mean year profiles allow to analyse the seasonal variations. The mean annual rainfall is 2099 mm with a rain-weighted mean composition of -3.2 ‰ for δ18O and -11.7 ‰ for δ2H. The results are consistent with available data although they present their own specificity. Thus, if the local meteoric water line is δ2H = 8.6 δ18O + 14.8, two seasonal lines are observed. The seasonality of the isotopic composition in rain and deuterium excess has been compared with precipitating air masses backtracking trajectories to characterize a simple scheme of vapour histories. The three major oceanic sources have two moisture signatures with their own trajectory histories: one originated from the tropical Indian Ocean at the beginning of the rainy season and one from the Austral Ocean at its end. The presented isotopic seasonality depends on the balance of the intertropical front and provides a useful dataset to improve the knowledge about local processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantine Nivet
- a Université Paris Saclay , GEOPS, CNRS, Orsay , France
- b Sorbonne Université, Faculté des sciences, IRD, CNRS, MNHN , Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approche numérique , Paris , France
| | | | - Pierre-Etienne Mathé
- c Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE , Aix-en-Provence , France
| | - Aurélie Noret
- a Université Paris Saclay , GEOPS, CNRS, Orsay , France
| | | | - Amos Majule
- d Institute of Resource Assessment , University of Dar Es Salaam , Dar Es Salaam , Tanzania
| | - David Williamson
- e Institut de Recherche pour le Développement , Sorbonne Universités , Nairobi , Kenya
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Atmospheric controls on the precipitation isotopes over the Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19555. [PMID: 26806683 PMCID: PMC4726406 DOI: 10.1038/srep19555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotopic analysis of precipitation over the Andaman Island, Bay of Bengal was carried out for the year 2012 and 2013 in order to study the atmospheric controls on rainwater isotopic variations. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions are typical of the tropical marine sites but show significant variations depending on the ocean-atmosphere conditions; maximum depletion was observed during the tropical cyclones. The isotopic composition of rainwater seems to be controlled by the dynamical nature of the moisture rather than the individual rain events. Precipitation isotopes undergo systematic depletions in response to the organized convection occurring over a large area and are modulated by the integrated effect of convective activities. Precipitation isotopes appear to be linked with the monsoon intraseasonal variability in addition to synoptic scale fluctuations. During the early to mid monsoon the amount effect arose primarily due to rain re-evaporation but in the later phase it was driven by moisture convergence rather than evaporation. Amount effect had distinct characteristics in these two years, which appeared to be modulated by the intraseasonal variability of monsoon. It is shown that the variable nature of amount effect limits our ability to reconstruct the past-monsoon rainfall variability on annual to sub-annual time scale.
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Sundqvist HS, Holmgren K, Fohlmeister J, Zhang Q, Matthews MB, Spötl C, Körnich H. Evidence of a large cooling between 1690 and 1740 AD in southern Africa. Sci Rep 2013. [PMCID: PMC3642658 DOI: 10.1038/srep01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Zhu MH, Chang J, Ma T, Ip WH, Fa W, Wu J, Cai M, Gong Y, Hu Y, Xu A, Tang Z. Potassium map from Chang'E-2 constraints the impact of Crisium and Orientale basin on the Moon. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1611. [PMID: 23563273 PMCID: PMC3619135 DOI: 10.1038/srep01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KREEP materials were thought to be last crystallized at the lunar crust and mantle boundary. Impact cratering and volcanism are mainly responsible for their distributions on the lunar surface. Therefore, observation of global KREEP materials and investigation of distributions in the areas of large basins are of critical importance to understand the geologic history of the Moon. Here we report the new global potassium distribution on the Moon detected by Chang'E-2 Gamma-ray Spectrometer. We found that our new measurements are in general agreement with previous observation. A new finding and an important difference is that relatively higher K abundances in the Mare Crisium and Mare Orientale than their surrounding rims were detected for the first time. In light of our observations in these two areas, we propose that Crisium and Orientale basin-forming impact events may have penetrated to the lower crust and excavate the deeper materials to the lunar surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hua Zhu
- Space Science Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau.
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Lawrence DJ, Feldman WC, Goldsten JO, Maurice S, Peplowski PN, Anderson BJ, Bazell D, McNutt RL, Nittler LR, Prettyman TH, Rodgers DJ, Solomon SC, Weider SZ. Evidence for water ice near Mercury's north pole from MESSENGER Neutron Spectrometer measurements. Science 2012. [PMID: 23196909 DOI: 10.1126/science.1229953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Measurements by the Neutron Spectrometer on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft show decreases in the flux of epithermal and fast neutrons from Mercury's north polar region that are consistent with the presence of water ice in permanently shadowed regions. The neutron data indicate that Mercury's radar-bright polar deposits contain, on average, a hydrogen-rich layer more than tens of centimeters thick beneath a surficial layer 10 to 30 cm thick that is less rich in hydrogen. Combined neutron and radar data are best matched if the buried layer consists of nearly pure water ice. The upper layer contains less than 25 weight % water-equivalent hydrogen. The total mass of water at Mercury's poles is inferred to be 2 × 10(16) to 10(18) grams and is consistent with delivery by comets or volatile-rich asteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lawrence
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
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Abstract
An oxygen isotopic record from Borneo shows how the tropical water cycle responded to deglaciations and interglacials in the past half-million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kurita
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan.
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Maurice S, Feldman W, Diez B, Gasnault O, Lawrence DJ, Pathare A, Prettyman T. Mars Odyssey neutron data: 1. Data processing and models of water-equivalent-hydrogen distribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011je003810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lawrence DJ, Elphic RC, Feldman WC, Funsten HO, Prettyman TH. Performance of orbital neutron instruments for spatially resolved hydrogen measurements of airless planetary bodies. ASTROBIOLOGY 2010; 10:183-200. [PMID: 20298147 PMCID: PMC2956572 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2009.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Orbital neutron spectroscopy has become a standard technique for measuring planetary surface compositions from orbit. While this technique has led to important discoveries, such as the deposits of hydrogen at the Moon and Mars, a limitation is its poor spatial resolution. For omni-directional neutron sensors, spatial resolutions are 1-1.5 times the spacecraft's altitude above the planetary surface (or 40-600 km for typical orbital altitudes). Neutron sensors with enhanced spatial resolution have been proposed, and one with a collimated field of view is scheduled to fly on a mission to measure lunar polar hydrogen. No quantitative studies or analyses have been published that evaluate in detail the detection and sensitivity limits of spatially resolved neutron measurements. Here, we describe two complementary techniques for evaluating the hydrogen sensitivity of spatially resolved neutron sensors: an analytic, closed-form expression that has been validated with Lunar Prospector neutron data, and a three-dimensional modeling technique. The analytic technique, called the Spatially resolved Neutron Analytic Sensitivity Approximation (SNASA), provides a straightforward method to evaluate spatially resolved neutron data from existing instruments as well as to plan for future mission scenarios. We conclude that the existing detector--the Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND)--scheduled to launch on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter will have hydrogen sensitivities that are over an order of magnitude poorer than previously estimated. We further conclude that a sensor with a geometric factor of approximately 100 cm(2) Sr (compared to the LEND geometric factor of approximately 10.9 cm(2) Sr) could make substantially improved measurements of the lunar polar hydrogen spatial distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lawrence
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
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Prettyman TH, Feldman WC, Titus TN. Characterization of Mars' seasonal caps using neutron spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prettyman TH, Hagerty JJ, Elphic RC, Feldman WC, Lawrence DJ, McKinney GW, Vaniman DT. Elemental composition of the lunar surface: Analysis of gamma ray spectroscopy data from Lunar Prospector. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. J. Hagerty
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - R. C. Elphic
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - W. C. Feldman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - D. J. Lawrence
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - G. W. McKinney
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - D. T. Vaniman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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Evans LG, Reedy RC, Starr RD, Kerry KE, Boynton WV. Analysis of gamma ray spectra measured by Mars Odyssey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lawrence DJ, Feldman WC, Elphic RC, Hagerty JJ, Maurice S, McKinney GW, Prettyman TH. Improved modeling of Lunar Prospector neutron spectrometer data: Implications for hydrogen deposits at the lunar poles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McKinney GW, Lawrence DJ, Prettyman TH, Elphic RC, Feldman WC, Hagerty JJ. MCNPX benchmark for cosmic ray interactions with the Moon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Feldman WC. Gamma-Ray, Neutron, and Alpha-Particle Spectrometers for the Lunar Prospector mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003je002207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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