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Abstract
Numerical simulation is one of the methods to assess landslide movement processes, which is beneficial for engineering design and urban planning. With the development of computer technology, GIS has gradually become the mainstream platform for landslide simulation due to data availability and algorithm integrability. However, the dynamic processes of landslides are complicated, which makes integration difficult on GIS platforms. Some assumptions are applied to simplify these dynamic processes and solve this problem. Generally, there are two main types of numerical models on GIS platforms: models based on the Eulerian description and models based on the Lagrangian description. Case studies show that Eulerian models are suitable for flow-like movement, and Lagrangian models are suitable for discrete rigid bodies movement. Different models face different problems: the Eulerian-based models show numerical diffusion and oscillation, and the Lagrangian-based model needs to consider complicated shear and collision processes. In addition, the 3-D model can describe more details in the z-direction, while the depth-averaged model can obtain a reasonable range of motion, depth, and speed quickly. From the view of numerical simulation, inappropriate models, assumptions, and numerical schemes will produce errors. The landslide type refers to several forms of mass wasting associated with a wide range of ground movements, which guides establishing dynamic models and numerical schemes on GIS platforms and helps us obtain results accurately.
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2
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Liu Z, Fei J, Jie Y. Including μ(I) rheology in three-dimensional Navier–stokes-governed dynamic model for natural avalanches. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Abstract
Fast-moving landslides (i.e., debris/earth flows) are often caused by heavy rainfall occurring in small areas, and are not predictable. On the other hand, innovative methods for geomechanical characterization, numerical analysis, and modeling are required to attempt to reproduce a given debris/earth flow event. As our capability to reproduce very complex phenomena increases, we can improve our prevention approaches. In this paper, a debris flow event that occurred in the Enna area (Sicily) is described. Starting from the study of the geological framework and the historical background, this research focused on the causes that triggered the landslide. In situ and laboratory tests, including geophysical investigations and triaxial tests in unsaturated conditions, were carried out to investigate the factors affecting the dynamics of the event. This study gives us better knowledge of the mechanical and hydraulic properties that can be used to model these events, to assess the most appropriate strategies for the prevention and mitigation of related risks.
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4
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Constraints on Entrainment and Deposition Models in Avalanche Simulations from High-Resolution Radar Data. GEOSCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Depth-integrated simulations of snow avalanches have become a central part of risk analysis and mitigation. However, the common practice of applying different model parameters to mimic different avalanches is unsatisfying. In here, we analyse this issue in terms of two differently sized avalanches from the full-scale avalanche test-site Vallée de la Sionne, Switzerland. We perform depth-integrated simulations with the toolkit OpenFOAM, simulating both events with the same set of model parameters. Simulation results are validated with high-resolution position data from the GEODAR radar. Rather than conducting extensive post-processing to match radar data to the output of the simulations, we generate synthetic flow signatures inside the flow model. The synthetic radar data can be directly compared with the GEODAR measurements. The comparison reveals weaknesses of the model, generally at the tail and specifically by overestimating the runout of the smaller event. Both issues are addressed by explicitly considering deposition processes in the depth-integrated model. The new deposition model significantly improves the simulation of the small avalanche, making it starve in the steep middle part of the slope. Furthermore, the deposition model enables more accurate simulations of deposition patterns and volumes and the simulation of avalanche series that are influenced by previous deposits.
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Iverson RM, George DL. A depth-averaged debris-flow model that includes the effects of evolving dilatancy. I. Physical basis. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2013.0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To simulate debris-flow behaviour from initiation to deposition, we derive a depth-averaged, two-phase model that combines concepts of critical-state soil mechanics, grain-flow mechanics and fluid mechanics. The model's balance equations describe coupled evolution of the solid volume fraction,
m
, basal pore-fluid pressure, flow thickness and two components of flow velocity. Basal friction is evaluated using a generalized Coulomb rule, and fluid motion is evaluated in a frame of reference that translates with the velocity of the granular phase,
v
s
. Source terms in each of the depth-averaged balance equations account for the influence of the granular dilation rate, defined as the depth integral of ∇⋅
v
s
. Calculation of the dilation rate involves the effects of an elastic compressibility and an inelastic dilatancy angle proportional to
m
−
m
eq
, where
m
eq
is the value of
m
in equilibrium with the ambient stress state and flow rate. Normalization of the model equations shows that predicted debris-flow behaviour depends principally on the initial value of
m
−
m
eq
and on the ratio of two fundamental timescales. One of these timescales governs downslope debris-flow motion, and the other governs pore-pressure relaxation that modifies Coulomb friction and regulates evolution of
m
. A companion paper presents a suite of model predictions and tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David L. George
- US Geological Survey, 1300 SE Cardinal Ct. Vancouver, WA 98683, USA
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6
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Iverson RM. Elementary theory of bed-sediment entrainment by debris flows and avalanches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jf002189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Johnson CG, Kokelaar BP, Iverson RM, Logan M, LaHusen RG, Gray JMNT. Grain-size segregation and levee formation in geophysical mass flows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jf002185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Estep J, Dufek J. Substrate effects from force chain dynamics in dense granular flows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jf002125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Kuo CY, Tai YC, Chen CC, Chang KJ, Siau AY, Dong JJ, Han RH, Shimamoto T, Lee CT. The landslide stage of the Hsiaolin catastrophe: Simulation and validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jf001921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Doyle EE, Hogg AJ, Mader HM. A two-layer approach to modelling the transformation of dilute pyroclastic currents into dense pyroclastic flows. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2010.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most models of volcanic ash flows assume that the flow is either dilute or dense, with dynamics dominated by fluid turbulence or particle collisions, respectively. However, most naturally occurring flows feature both of these end members. To this end, a two-layer model for the formation of dense pyroclastic basal flows from dilute, collapsing volcanic eruption columns is presented. Depth-averaged, constant temperature, continuum conservation equations to describe the collapsing dilute current are derived. A dense basal flow is then considered to form at the base of this current owing to sedimentation of particles and is modelled as a granular avalanche of constant density. We present results which show that the two-layer model can predict much larger maximum runouts than would be expected from single-layer models, based on either dilute or dense conditions, as the dilute surge can outrun the dense granular flow, or vice versa, depending on conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Doyle
- Joint Centre for Disaster Research, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen’s Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Andrew J. Hogg
- School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
| | - Heidy M. Mader
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen’s Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
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11
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Niebling MJ, Flekkøy EG, Måløy KJ, Toussaint R. Sedimentation instabilities: impact of the fluid compressibility and viscosity. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 82:051302. [PMID: 21230468 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.051302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of an interstitial fluid on the mixing of sedimenting grains is studied numerically in a closed rectangular Hele-Shaw cell. We investigate the impact of the fluid compressibility and fluid viscosity on the dynamics and structures of the granular Rayleigh-Taylor instability. First we discuss the effect of the fluid compressibility on the initial fluid pressure evolution and on the dynamics of the particles. Here, the emerging patterns do not seem highly affected by the compressibility change studied. To characterize the patterns and motion the combined length of the particle trajectories in relation to the movement of the center of mass is analyzed, and the separation of particle pairs is measured as a function of the fluid viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Niebling
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1048, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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12
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Chou Y, Fringer OB. A model for the simulation of coupled flow‐bed form evolution in turbulent flows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jc006103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Ju Chou
- Environmental Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Stanford University Stanford California USA
| | - Oliver B. Fringer
- Environmental Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Stanford University Stanford California USA
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Iverson RM, Logan M, LaHusen RG, Berti M. The perfect debris flow? Aggregated results from 28 large-scale experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jf001514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Crosta GB, Imposimato S, Roddeman D. Numerical modeling of 2-D granular step collapse on erodible and nonerodible surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jf001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Pudasaini SP, Kröner C. Shock waves in rapid flows of dense granular materials: theoretical predictions and experimental results. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 78:041308. [PMID: 18999419 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.041308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Strong shocks in rapid dense granular flows are studied theoretically and analyzed in detail to compare with benchmark experimental data. The experimental data includes particle image velocimetry measurements of dry granular flow following its continuous release from a silo. The rapidly moving material down the chute impinges on an obstruction wall erected perpendicular at the end of a long and steep channel. Impact leads to a sudden change in the flow regime from a fast moving supercritical thin layer to a stagnant thick heap with variable thickness. This flow configuration is particularly interesting because it is analogous to some hydraulic and aerodynamic situations. We present results about the depth and the velocity evolution and their comparisons with theoretical predictions associated with frictional granular flow equations incorporating anisotropic pressure conditions. These flow equations are integrated by implementing high-resolution nonoscillatory central differencing total variation diminishing schemes. The dynamical and geometrical effects of the flow will be discussed in detail. These include geometry evolution and depositions at supercritical and subcritical flows, the impact velocity, shock speed, its position and evolution, choice of numerical limiters, and the influence of friction angles on the dynamics and depositions. An excellent agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental observations will be demonstrated. These results can be applied to estimate impact pressures exerted by avalanches on defense structures or infrastructure along the channel and in the run-out zones, and to study the complex flow dynamics around the obstacles and in depositions when the mass comes suddenly to a standstill. Importantly, these results can form a basis for calibration of numerical simulations when strong shocks occur in granular flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva P Pudasaini
- Department of Geodynamics and Geophysics, Steinmann Institut, University of Bonn, Nussallee 8, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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16
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Hsu L, Dietrich WE, Sklar LS. Experimental study of bedrock erosion by granular flows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jf000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Mangeney A, Bouchut F, Thomas N, Vilotte JP, Bristeau MO. Numerical modeling of self-channeling granular flows and of their levee-channel deposits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jf000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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van Asch TW, Malet JP, van Beek LP, Amitrano D. Techniques, issues and advances in numerical modelling of landslide hazard. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2113/gssgfbull.178.2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSlope movements (e.g. landslides) are dynamic systems that are complex in time and space and closely linked to both inherited and current preparatory and triggering controls. It is not yet possible to assess in all cases conditions for failure, reactivation and rapid surges and successfully simulate their transient and multi-dimensional behaviour and development, although considerable progress has been made in isolating many of the key variables and elementary mechanisms and to include them in physically-based models for landslide hazard assessments. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to review the state-of-the-art in the understanding of landslide processes and to identify some pressing challenges for the development of our modelling capabilities in the forthcoming years for hazard assessment. This paper focuses on the special nature of slope movements and the difficulties related to simulating their complex time-dependent behaviour in mathematical, physically-based models. It analyses successively the research frontiers in the recognition of first-time failures (pre-failure and failure stages), reactivation and the catastrophic transition to rapid gravitational processes (post-failure stage). Subsequently, the paper discusses avenues to transfer local knowledge on landslide activity to landslide hazard forecasts on regional scales and ends with an outline how geomorphological investigations and supporting monitoring techniques could be applied to improve the theoretical concepts and the modelling performance of physically-based landslide models at different spatial and temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore W.J. van Asch
- Faculty of Geosciences, UCEL, Utrecht University, Po.Box 80.115, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. Tel. +31 (0)30 25 32 778 –Fax. +31 (0)30 25 31 145 – E-mail:
| | - Jean-Philippe Malet
- Faculty of Geosciences, UCEL, Utrecht University, Po.Box 80.115, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. Tel. +31 (0)30 25 32 778 –Fax. +31 (0)30 25 31 145 – E-mail:
- Laboratoire de Géographie Physique et de l’Environnement, (LETG-Geophen), UMR 6554 CNRS-UCBN, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - Ludovicus P.H. van Beek
- Faculty of Geosciences, UCEL, Utrecht University, Po.Box 80.115, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands. Tel. +31 (0)30 25 32 778 –Fax. +31 (0)30 25 31 145 – E-mail:
| | - David Amitrano
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherche Impliquant la Géologie et la Mécanique (LIRIGM), EA 3111 UJF, Maison des Géosciences, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
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19
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Crosta GB, Frattini P, Fusi N. Fragmentation in the Val Pola rock avalanche, Italian Alps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jf000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Mangeney-Castelnau A, Bouchut F, Vilotte JP, Lajeunesse E, Aubertin A, Pirulli M. On the use of Saint Venant equations to simulate the spreading of a granular mass. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jb003161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Mangeney-Castelnau
- Département de Sismologie; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
- Groupe de Recherches sur l'Erosion et les Eaux Continentales; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
| | - F. Bouchut
- Département de Mathématique et Applications; Ecole Normale Supérieure et CNRS; Paris France
| | - J. P. Vilotte
- Département de Sismologie; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
| | - E. Lajeunesse
- Groupe de Recherches sur l'Erosion et les Eaux Continentales; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Systèmes Géologiques; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
| | - A. Aubertin
- Département de Sismologie; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
- Groupe de Recherches sur l'Erosion et les Eaux Continentales; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
| | - M. Pirulli
- Département de Sismologie; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
- Groupe de Recherches sur l'Erosion et les Eaux Continentales; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
- Politecnico; Torino Italy
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Pudasaini SP, Wang Y, Hutter K. Rapid motions of free-surface avalanches down curved and twisted channels and their numerical simulation. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2005; 363:1551-71. [PMID: 16011933 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2005.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a new model and discussions about the motion of avalanches from initiation to run-out over moderately curved and twisted channels of complicated topography and its numerical simulations. The model is a generalization of a well established and widely used depth-averaged avalanche model of Savage & Hutter and is published with all its details in Pudasaini & Hutter (Pudasaini & Hutter 2003 J. Fluid Mech. 495, 193-208). The intention was to be able to describe the flow of a finite mass of snow, gravel, debris or mud, down a curved and twisted corrie of nearly arbitrary cross-sectional profile. The governing equations for the distribution of the avalanche thickness and the topography-parallel depth-averaged velocity components are a set of hyperbolic partial differential equations. They are solved for different topographic configurations, from simple to complex, by applying a high-resolution non-oscillatory central differencing scheme with total variation diminishing limiter. Here we apply the model to a channel with circular cross-section and helical talweg that merges into a horizontal channel which may or may not become flat in cross-section. We show that run-out position and geometry depend strongly on the curvature and twist of the talweg and cross-sectional geometry of the channel, and how the topography is shaped close to run-out zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva P Pudasaini
- Department of Mechanics--AG III, Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany.
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Hutter K, Wang Y, Pudasaini SP. The Savage-Hutter avalanche model: how far can it be pushed? PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2005; 363:1507-28. [PMID: 16011931 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2005.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Savage-Hutter (SH) avalanche model is a depth-averaged dynamical model of a fluid-like continuum implementing the following simplifying assumptions: (i) density preserving, (ii) shallowness of the avalanche piles and small topographic curvatures, (iii) Coulomb-type sliding with bed friction angle delta and (iv) Mohr-Coulomb behaviour in the interior with internal angle of friction phi> or =delta and an ad hoc assumption reducing the number of Mohr's circles in three-dimensional stress states to one. We scrutinize the available literature on information regarding these assumptions and thus delineate the ranges of validity of the proposed model equations. The discussion is limited to relatively large snow avalanches with negligible powder snow component and laboratory sand avalanches starting on steep slopes. The conclusion of the analysis is that the SH model is a valid model for sand avalanches, but its Mohr-Coulomb sliding law may have to be complemented for snow avalanches by a second velocity-dependent contribution. For very small snow avalanches and for laboratory avalanches starting on moderately steep and bumpy slopes it may not be adequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolumban Hutter
- Department of Mechanics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany.
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23
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Iverson RM. Regulation of landslide motion by dilatancy and pore pressure feedback. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jf000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Iverson RM, Logan M, Denlinger RP. Granular avalanches across irregular three-dimensional terrain: 2. Experimental tests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jf000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Cagnoli B. Granular mass flows and Coulomb's friction in shear cell experiments: Implications for geophysical flows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jf000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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