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Estrela R, Valio A. Superflare Ultraviolet Impact on Kepler-96 System: A Glimpse of Habitability When the Ozone Layer First Formed on Earth. ASTROBIOLOGY 2018; 18:1414-1424. [PMID: 30230354 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Kepler-96 is an active solar-type star harboring a Super-Earth planet in close orbit. Its age of 2.3 gigayears is the same as the Sun when there was a considerable increase of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere due to micro-organisms living in the ocean. We present the analysis of superflares seen on the transit light curves of Kepler-96b. The model used here simulates the planetary transit in a flaring star. By fitting the observational data with this model, it is possible to infer the physical properties of the flares, such as their duration and the energy released. We found three flares within the energy range of superflares, where the biggest superflare observed was found to have an energy of 1.81 × 1029 J (1.81 × 1035 ergs). The goal is to analyze the biological impact of these superflares on a hypothetical Earth in the habitable zone of Kepler-96, assuming this planet has protection through different scenarios: an Archean and present-day atmospheres. Also, we compute the attenuation of the flare ultraviolet (UV) radiation through an Archean ocean. The conclusion is that considering the increase in the UV flux by the strongest superflare emission, Escherichia coli and Deinococcus radiodurans could survive on the surface of the planet only if there was an ozone layer present on the planet atmosphere. However, they could escape from the hazardous UV effects at a depth of 28 and 12 m below the ocean surface, respectively. For smaller superflares contribution, D. radiodurans could survive in the surface even in an Archean atmosphere with no ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Estrela
- Center for Radioastronomy and Astrophysics Mackenzie (CRAAM), Mackenzie Presbyterian University , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Valio
- Center for Radioastronomy and Astrophysics Mackenzie (CRAAM), Mackenzie Presbyterian University , Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Andersson ME, Verronen PT, Rodger CJ, Clilverd MA, Seppälä A. Missing driver in the Sun-Earth connection from energetic electron precipitation impacts mesospheric ozone. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5197. [PMID: 25312693 PMCID: PMC4214406 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Energetic electron precipitation (EEP) from the Earth’s outer radiation belt continuously affects the chemical composition of the polar mesosphere. EEP can contribute to catalytic ozone loss in the mesosphere through ionization and enhanced production of odd hydrogen. However, the long-term mesospheric ozone variability caused by EEP has not been quantified or confirmed to date. Here we show, using observations from three different satellite instruments, that EEP events strongly affect ozone at 60–80 km, leading to extremely large (up to 90%) short-term ozone depletion. This impact is comparable to that of large, but much less frequent, solar proton events. On solar cycle timescales, we find that EEP causes ozone variations of up to 34% at 70–80 km. With such a magnitude, it is reasonable to suspect that EEP could be an important part of solar influence on the atmosphere and climate system. Energetic electron precipitation (EEP) from the Earth's outer radiation belt can lead to ozone loss in the mesosphere, yet long-term variability has not been quantified. Here, the authors present satellite observations and show that on solar cycle timescales EEP causes ozone to vary by up to 34%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Andersson
- Earth Observation, Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 503 (Erik Palménin aukio 1), Helsinki FI-00101, Finland
| | - P T Verronen
- Earth Observation, Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 503 (Erik Palménin aukio 1), Helsinki FI-00101, Finland
| | - C J Rodger
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - M A Clilverd
- British Antarctic Survey (NERC), High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - A Seppälä
- Earth Observation, Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 503 (Erik Palménin aukio 1), Helsinki FI-00101, Finland
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Simulation of Particle Precipitation Effects on the Atmosphere with the MESSy Model System. CLIMATE AND WEATHER OF THE SUN-EARTH SYSTEM (CAWSES) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4348-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Verronen PT, Santee ML, Manney GL, Lehmann R, Salmi SM, Seppälä A. Nitric acid enhancements in the mesosphere during the January 2005 and December 2006 solar proton events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Wissing JM, Kallenrode MB, Wieters N, Winkler H, Sinnhuber M. Atmospheric Ionization Module Osnabrück (AIMOS): 2. Total particle inventory in the October-November 2003 event and ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Wissing
- FB Physik; University of Osnabrück; Osnabrück Germany
| | | | - N. Wieters
- Institute for Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - H. Winkler
- Institute for Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - M. Sinnhuber
- Institute for Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
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Winkler H, Kazeminejad S, Sinnhuber M, Kallenrode MB, Notholt J. Conversion of mesospheric HCl into active chlorine during the solar proton event in July 2000 in the northern polar region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Winkler
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - S. Kazeminejad
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - M. Sinnhuber
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | | | - J. Notholt
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
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Wissing JM, Kallenrode MB. Atmospheric Ionization Module Osnabrück (AIMOS): A 3-D model to determine atmospheric ionization by energetic charged particles from different populations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Wissing
- FB Physik; University of Osnabrück; Osnabrück Germany
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Jackman CH, Marsh DR, Vitt FM, Garcia RR, Randall CE, Fleming EL, Frith SM. Long-term middle atmospheric influence of very large solar proton events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Seppälä A, Clilverd MA, Rodger CJ, Verronen PT, Turunen E. The effects of hard-spectra solar proton events on the middle atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Seppälä
- Physical Sciences Division; British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
- Finnish Meteorological Institute; Helsinki Finland
| | - M. A. Clilverd
- Physical Sciences Division; British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
| | - C. J. Rodger
- Department of Physics; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | | | - E. Turunen
- Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory; Sodankylä Finland
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Winkler H, Sinnhuber M, Notholt J, Kallenrode MB, Steinhilber F, Vogt J, Zieger B, Glassmeier KH, Stadelmann A. Modeling impacts of geomagnetic field variations on middle atmospheric ozone responses to solar proton events on long timescales. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Randall CE, Harvey VL, Singleton CS, Bailey SM, Bernath PF, Codrescu M, Nakajima H, Russell JM. Energetic particle precipitation effects on the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere in 1992–2005. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McKenzie RL, Aucamp PJ, Bais AF, Björn LO, Ilyas M. Changes in biologically-active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:218-31. [PMID: 17344959 DOI: 10.1039/b700017k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Montreal Protocol is working. Concentrations of major ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere are now decreasing, and the decline in total column amounts seen in the 1980s and 1990s at mid-latitudes has not continued. In polar regions, there is much greater natural variability. Each spring, large ozone holes continue to occur in Antarctica and less severe regions of depleted ozone continue to occur in the Arctic. There is evidence that some of these changes are driven by changes in atmospheric circulation rather than being solely attributable to reductions in ozone-depleting substances, which may indicate a linkage to climate change. Global ozone is still lower than in the 1970s and a return to that state is not expected for several decades. As changes in ozone impinge directly on UV radiation, elevated UV radiation due to reduced ozone is expected to continue over that period. Long-term changes in UV-B due to ozone depletion are difficult to verify through direct measurement, but there is strong evidence that UV-B irradiance increased over the period of ozone depletion. At unpolluted sites in the southern hemisphere, there is some evidence that UV-B irradiance has diminished since the late 1990s. The availability and temporal extent of UV data have improved, and we are now able to evaluate the changes in recent times compared with those estimated since the late 1920s, when ozone measurements first became available. The increases in UV-B irradiance over the latter part of the 20th century have been larger than the natural variability. There is increased evidence that aerosols have a larger effect on surface UV-B radiation than previously thought. At some sites in the Northern Hemisphere, UV-B irradiance may continue to increase because of continuing reductions in aerosol extinctions since the 1990s. Interactions between ozone depletion and climate change are complex and can be mediated through changes in chemistry, radiation, and atmospheric circulation patterns. The changes can be in both directions: ozone changes can affect climate, and climate change can affect ozone. The observational evidence suggests that stratospheric ozone (and therefore UV-B) has responded relatively quickly to changes in ozone-depleting substances, implying that climate interactions have not delayed this process. Model calculations predict that at mid-latitudes a return of ozone to pre-1980 levels is expected by the mid 21st century. However, it may take a decade or two longer in polar regions. Climate change can also affect UV radiation through changes in cloudiness and albedo, without involving ozone and since temperature changes over the 21st century are likely to be about 5 times greater than in the past century. This is likely to have significant effects on future cloud, aerosol and surface reflectivity. Consequently, unless strong mitigation measures are undertaken with respect to climate change, profound effects on the biosphere and on the solar UV radiation received at the Earth's surface can be anticipated. The future remains uncertain. Ozone is expected to increase slowly over the decades ahead, but it is not known whether ozone will return to higher levels, or lower levels, than those present prior to the onset of ozone depletion in the 1970s. There is even greater uncertainty about future UV radiation, since it will be additionally influenced by changes in aerosols and clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L McKenzie
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, NIWA Lauder, PB 50061, Omakau, Central Otago, New Zealand
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Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress report, 2005. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b515670j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gopalswamy N, Barbieri L, Cliver EW, Lu G, Plunkett SP, Skoug RM. Introduction to violent Sun-Earth connection events of October-November 2003. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Gopalswamy
- Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - L. Barbieri
- Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - E. W. Cliver
- Space Vehicles Directorate; Air Force Research Laboratory; Hanscom Air Force Base Massachusetts USA
| | - G. Lu
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - R. M. Skoug
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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López-Puertas M, Funke B, Gil-López S, von Clarmann T, Stiller GP, Höpfner M, Kellmann S, Fischer H, Jackman CH. Observation of NOxenhancement and ozone depletion in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres after the October-November 2003 solar proton events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. López-Puertas
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Granada Spain
| | - B. Funke
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Granada Spain
| | - S. Gil-López
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Granada Spain
| | - T. von Clarmann
- Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung; Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe und Universität Karlsruhe; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - G. P. Stiller
- Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung; Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe und Universität Karlsruhe; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - M. Höpfner
- Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung; Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe und Universität Karlsruhe; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - S. Kellmann
- Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung; Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe und Universität Karlsruhe; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - H. Fischer
- Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung; Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe und Universität Karlsruhe; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - C. H. Jackman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
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