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Kundu B, Zwaan F, Senapati B. Unfolding rotational tectonics and topographic evolution from localized verses diffuse plate boundary counterparts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8199. [PMID: 38589513 PMCID: PMC11002002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a kinematic model developed from geodetic observations, topography analysis and analogue tectonic modelling results, which reveals a striking similarity between the rotational tectonic settings of the Gakkel Ridge-Chersky Range system in the Arctic, and the Central Indian Tectonic Zone within the Indian subcontinent. A crucial aspect of large-scale extensional rift systems is the gradual variation of extension along the rift axis, due to plate rotation about a Euler pole, which may lead to contraction on the opposite side of the Euler pole to form a rotational tectonic system. Our geodetic and topographic analysis, combined with the reanalysis of analogue tectonic modelling results demonstrates such rotational tectonic plate motion in both the Arctic and Indian case. However, the plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian Plates as represented by the Arctic Gakkel Ridge-Chersky Range system is strongly localized, whereas the Central Indian Tectonic Zone that separates the North and South India Plates involves diffuse deformation instead. Furthermore, in both the Arctic and Central Indian we find that the relative Euler rotation pole is located near an indenter-like feature, which possibly controls the present-day rotational tectonics and contrasting topography on opposite sides of the Euler pole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Kundu
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, India.
| | - Frank Zwaan
- Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1+3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany.
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Ch. du Musée 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Batakrushna Senapati
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, India
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Two-Decade GNSS Observation Processing and Analysis with the New IGS Repro3 Criteria: Implications for the Refinement of Velocity Field and Deformation Field in Continental China. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14153719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extensive observation collection, unified and rigorous data processing, and accurate construction of the station motion model are the three essential elements for the accuracy and reliability of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) velocity field. GNSS data reprocessing not only can weaken the influence of untrue nonlinear site signals caused by imperfect models but also can eliminate the displacement offset caused by frame transformation, solution strategy, and model change. Based on the new repro3 criteria of the International GNSS Service (IGS), we process rigorously GNSS observations of continental China from the period 2000 to 2020 to refine GNSS station secular velocities and analyze the present-day crustal deformation in continental China. The main contributions of this work included the followings. Firstly, the repro3 algorithm and model are used to uniformly and rigorously process the two-decade GNSS historical observations to obtain more reliable GNSS coordinate time series with mm-level precision. Combined with the historical records of major earthquakes in continental China, we build a GNSS time series model considering nonlinear factors (velocity, offset, period, co-seismic/post-seismic deformation) to extract GNSS horizontal velocity field whose root mean square (RMS) mean is 0.1 mm/a. Secondly, the GNSS horizontal grid velocity field in continental China is interpolated using the gpsgridder method (the minimum radius is set to 16, and the Poisson’s ratio is set to 0.5). Estimation and analysis of the crustal strain rate solution lead to the conclusion that the strain degree in West China (the high strain region is mainly located in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and Tianshan Mountains) is much more intense than that in the east (the main strain rate is less than 5 nstrain/year). In addition, most strong earthquakes in the Chinese mainland occurred on active blocks and their boundary faults with large changes in the GNSS velocity field and strain field. Then, an improved K-means++ clustering analysis method is proposed to divide active blocks using GNSS horizontal velocity field. Furthermore, different relative motion models of different blocks are constructed using the block division results. Among them, the Eurasian block has the lowest accuracy (the RMS of residual velocity in the east and north directions are 5.60 and 9.65 mm/a, respectively), and the China block 7 has the highest accuracy (the RMS mean of relative velocity in the east and north directions are 2.60 and 2.65 mm/a, respectively). More observations (2260+ sites), longer time (20 years), and updated criteria (Repro3) are to finely obtain the GNSS velocity field in continental China, and depict crustal deformation and active block with the gpsgridder and improved K-means++ methods.
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Strain Field Features and Three-Dimensional Crustal Deformations Constrained by Dense GRACE and GPS Measurements in NE Tibet. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14112638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The continuing impact between the Eurasia Plate and India results in the thickening and shortening of the N-S Tibetan Plateau. There has been strong tectonic movement along the boundary of the zones of deformation of the NE corner of the Tibetan plateau (NET) since the new tectonic period, with its dynamic mechanisms remaining controversial. Here, we use observations of 39 Continuous Global Positioning System (CGPS) gauges and 451 Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) campaign-mode stations to detect the three-dimensional deformation of the crust in the NET. Improved processing procedures are implemented to strengthen the patterns of strain throughout the NET. The principal component analysis (PCA) technique is introduced to decompose the time series into spatial eigenvectors and principal components (PCs), and the first three PCs are used to estimate and rectify common mode errors (CMEs). In addition, GRACE observations are used to detect deformation changes that account for non-tidal oceanic mass loading, hydrological loading, and surface pressure. The rectified deformation of the crust indicates the anisotropic nature of both the subsidence and uplift, and that the highest uplift rate of the Longmen Shan fault uplift reaches 7.13 ± 0.53 mm/yr. Finally, the horizontal velocity is further used to enumerate the strain rates throughout the NET. The results show that the shear band retained property in line with the strike-slip fault along the Altyn Tagh fault, the Qilian Shan faults, the Haiyuan fault, the West Qinling fault, the East Kunlun fault, and the Longmen Shan fault. In addition, the results further indicate that the whole NET shows a strong relationship with the mean principal rates of horizontal shortening strain. Extension and compression of the crust reasonably describe its sinking and uplifting.
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Zheng W, Zhang Z, Hao M, Chen J, Wang Q. Physical basis for prediction of continental strong earthquakes: Development and prospect of active tectonic block theory. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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India Indenting Eurasia: A Brief Review and New Data from the Yongping Basin on the SE Tibetan Plateau. GEOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11120518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Successive indentations of Eurasia by India have led to the Tibet-Himalaya E–W orthogonal collision belt and the SE Tibetan Plateau N–S oblique collision belt along the frontal and eastern edges of the indenter, respectively. The belts exhibit distinctive lithospheric structures and tectonic evolutions. A comprehensive compilation of available geological and geophysical data reveals two sudden tectonic transitions in the early Eocene and the earliest Miocene, respectively, of the tectonic evolution of the orthogonal belt. Synthesizing geological and geochronological data helps us to suggest a NEE–SWW trending, ~450 km-long, ~250 km-wide magmatic zone in SE Tibet, which separates the oblique collision belt (eastern and SE Tibet) into three segments of distinctive seismic structures including the mantle and crust anisotropies. The newly identified Yongping basin is located in the central part of the magmatic zone. Geochronological and thermochronological data demonstrate that (1) this basin and the magmatic zone started to form at ~48 Ma likely due to NNW–SSE lithosphere stretching according to the spatial coincidence of the concentrated mantle-sourced igneous rocks on the surface with the seismic anomalies at depth; and (2) its fills was shortened in the E–W direction since ~23 Ma. These two dates correspond to the onset of the first and second tectonic transitions of the orthogonal collision belt. As such, both the orthogonal and oblique belts share a single time framework of their tectonic evolution. By synthesizing geological and geophysical data of both collision belts, the indenting process can be divided into three stages separated by two tectonic transitions. Continent–continent collision as a piston took place exclusively during the second stage. During the other two stages, the India lithosphere underthrust beneath Eurasia.
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Zhang M, Guo Z, Xu S, Barry PH, Sano Y, Zhang L, Halldórsson SA, Chen AT, Cheng Z, Liu CQ, Li SL, Lang YC, Zheng G, Li Z, Li L, Li Y. Linking deeply-sourced volatile emissions to plateau growth dynamics in southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4157. [PMID: 34230487 PMCID: PMC8260613 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The episodic growth of high-elevation orogenic plateaux is controlled by a series of geodynamic processes. However, determining the underlying mechanisms that drive plateau growth dynamics over geological history and constraining the depths at which growth originates, remains challenging. Here we present He-CO2-N2 systematics of hydrothermal fluids that reveal the existence of a lithospheric-scale fault system in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, whereby multi-stage plateau growth occurred in the geological past and continues to the present. He isotopes provide unambiguous evidence for the involvement of mantle-scale dynamics in lateral expansion and localized surface uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. The excellent correlation between 3He/4He values and strain rates, along the strike of Indian indentation into Asia, suggests non-uniform distribution of stresses between the plateau boundary and interior, which modulate southeastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau within the context of India-Asia convergence. Our results demonstrate that deeply-sourced volatile geochemistry can be used to constrain deep dynamic processes involved in orogenic plateau growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoliang Zhang
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengfu Guo
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peter H. Barry
- grid.56466.370000 0004 0504 7510Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Yuji Sano
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XAtmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan ,grid.278276.e0000 0001 0659 9825Present Address: Center for Advanced Marine Core Research, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Lihong Zhang
- grid.449571.a0000 0000 9663 2459School of Geology and Geomatics, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sæmundur A. Halldórsson
- grid.14013.370000 0004 0640 0021NordVulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ai-Ti Chen
- grid.19188.390000 0004 0546 0241Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong-Qiang Liu
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Si-Liang Li
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun-Chao Lang
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guodong Zheng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongping Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liwu Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- grid.450296.c0000 0000 9558 2971Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China
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Joint Inversion of GPS, Leveling, and InSAR Data for The 2013 Lushan (China) Earthquake and Its Seismic Hazard Implications. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On 20 April 2013, a moment magnitude (Mw) 6.6 earthquake occurred in the Lushan region of southwestern China and caused more than 190 fatalities. In this study, we use geodetic data from nearly 30 continuously operating global positioning system (GPS) stations, two periods of leveling data, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations to image the coseismic deformation of the Lushan earthquake. By using the Helmert variance component estimation method, a joint inversion is performed to estimate source parameters by using these GPS, leveling, and InSAR data sets. The results indicate that the 2013 Lushan earthquake occurred on a blind thrust fault. The event was dominated by thrust faulting with a minor left-lateral strike–slip component. The dip angle of the seismogenic fault was approximately 45.0°, and the fault strike was 208°, which is similar to the strike of the southern Longmenshan fault. Our finite fault model reveals that the peak slip of 0.71 m occurred at a depth of ~12 km, with substantial slip at depths of 6–20 km. The estimated magnitude was approximately Mw 6.6, consistent with seismological results. Furthermore, the calculated static Coulomb stress changes indicate that the 2013 Lushan earthquake may have been statically triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.
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Common Mode Component and Its Potential Effect on GPS-Inferred Three-Dimensional Crustal Deformations in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11171975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Surface and deep potential geophysical signals respond to the spatial redistribution of global mass variations, which may be monitored by geodetic observations. In this study, we analyze dense Global Positioning System (GPS) time series in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau using principal component analysis (PCA) and wavelet time-frequency spectra. The oscillations of interannual and residual signals are clearly identified in the common mode component (CMC) decomposed from the dense GPS time series from 2000 to 2018. The newly developed spherical harmonic coefficients of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Release-06 (GRACE RL06) are adopted to estimate the seasonal and interannual patterns in this region, revealing hydrologic and atmospheric/nontidal ocean loads. We stack the averaged elastic GRACE-derived loading displacements to identify the potential physical significance of the CMC in the GPS time series. Interannual nonlinear signals with a period of ~3 to ~4 years in the CMC (the scaled principal components from PC1 to PC3) are found to be predominantly related to hydrologic loading displacements, which respond to signals (El Niño/La Niña) of global climate change. We find an obvious signal with a period of ~6 yr on the vertical component that could be caused by mantle-inner core gravity coupling. Moreover, we evaluate the CMC’s effect on the GPS-derived velocities and confirm that removing the CMC can improve the recognition of nontectonic crustal deformation, especially on the vertical component. Furthermore, the effects of the CMC on the three-dimensional velocity and uncertainty are presented to reveal the significant crustal deformation and dynamic processes of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau.
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Geodetic Constraints on the Crustal Deformation along the Kunlun Fault and Its Tectonic Implications. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11151775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the crustal deformation and interseismic fault coupling along the strike-slip Kunlun fault, northern Tibet, whose western segment ruptured in the 2001 Mw 7.8 Kokoxili earthquake. We first integrated published Global Positioning System (GPS) velocity solutions and calculated strain rate fields covering the Kunlun fault. Our results show abnormally high post-earthquake strain rate values across the ruptures; furthermore, these exceed those in pre-earthquake data. Together with two tracks of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations (2003–2010) and position time-series data from two continuous GPS sites, we show that the postseismic deformation of the Kokoxili earthquake may continue up to 2014; and that the postseismic transients of the earthquake affect the 2001–2014 GPS velocity solutions. We then processed the GPS data observed in 2014–2017 and obtained a dense interseismic velocity field for the northern Tibet. Using a fault dislocation model in a Bayesian framework, we estimated the slip rates and fault coupling on the Kunlun fault in 1991–2001 and 2014–2017. Results show an increase of slip rates and eastward migration of high fault coupling on the Kunlun fault after 2001. We propose the temporal variations are a result of the eastward accelerating movement, as a whole, of the Bayanhar block, whose boundaries were decoupled by several large earthquakes since 1997. Moreover, our results show the accumulated elastic strains along the Alake Lake-Tuosuo Lake segments could be balanced by an Mw 7.4–7.7 earthquake.
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Locking Status and Earthquake Potential Hazard along the Middle-South Xianshuihe Fault. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10122048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
By combining the seismogenic environment, seismic recurrence periods of strong historical earthquakes, precise locations of small–moderate earthquakes, and Coulomb stress changes of moderate–strong earthquakes, we analyze the potential locking status of a seismically quiet segment of Xianshuihe fault between Daofu County and Kangding City (SDK). The interseismic surface velocities between 1999 and 2017 are obtained from updated global positioning system (GPS) observations in this region. After removing the post-seismic relaxation effect caused by the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake that occurred around the fault segment, the observed velocities reveal a pronounced symmetric slip pattern along the SDK trace. The far field slip rate is 7.8 ± 0.4 mm/a, and the fault SDK is confirmed to be in an interseismic silent phase. The optimal locking depth is estimated at 7 km, which is perfectly distributed on the upper edge of the relocated hypocenters. A moment deficit analysis shows cumulative seismic moment between 1955 and 2018, corresponding to an Mw 6.6 event. Finally, based on a viscoelastic deformation model, we find that moderate–strong earthquakes in the surrounding area increase the Coulomb stress level by up to 2 bars on the SDK, significantly enhancing the future seismic potential.
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Crustal Deformation Prior to the 2017 Jiuzhaigou, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau (China), Ms 7.0 Earthquake Derived from GPS Observations. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10122028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 2017 Jiuzhaigou Ms 7.0 earthquake occurred on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, with no noticeable rupture surface recognized. We characterized the pre-seismic deformation of the earthquake from GPS (Global Positioning System) data at eight continuous and 73 campaign sites acquired over the 2009–2017 period. With respect to the Eurasian plate, the velocity field showed a noticeable decrease, from west of the epicenter of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake to the western edge of the Longmenshan fault, in the southeast direction. The total northwest west–southeast east shortening rate in the vicinity of the epicentral area was in the range of 1.5 mm/y to 3.1 mm/y. With a GPS velocity transect across the Huya fault (HYF), where the epicenter was located, we estimated the activity of the HYF, showing a dominant left-lateral slip rate of 3.3 ± 0.2 mm/y. We calculated strain rates using a spherical wavelet-based multiscale approach that solved for the surface GPS velocity according to multiscale wavelet basis functions while accounting for spatially variable spacing of observations. Multiscale components of the two-dimensional strain rate tensor showed a complex crustal deformation pattern. Our estimates of strain rate components at the scale of seven and eight revealed extensional strain rate on the northern extension of the HYF. The Jiuzhaigou earthquake occurred at the buffer zone between extensional and compressional deformation, and with significant maximum shear rates being 100–140 nanostrain/y. In addition, a maximum shear strain rate of 60–120 nanostrain/y appeared around the epicenter of the 2013 Ms 6.6 Minxian–Zhangxian earthquake. These findings imply that inherent multiscale strain rates could be separated to identify strain accumulation related to medium- and large-sized earthquakes.
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Fault Slip Rates and Seismic Moment Deficits on Major Faults in Ordos Constrained by GPS Observation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16192. [PMID: 30385818 PMCID: PMC6212509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ordos Block, surrounded by numerous active faults, is a relatively rigid but dangerous area with many strong historical earthquakes. We derive the block rotation velocity and fault slip rates in this area by using GPS data recorded from 1999 to 2007 and implementing an elastic block model. Instead of assuming vertical faults, as did most previous studies in and around Ordos, we use an improved method to invert for the fault dip angles and construct a closed 3-D fault system in our inversion. The predicted slip rates range from <1 mm/yr to ~ 10 mm/yr. Our results are roughly consistent with geological and other geodetic observations. Using the estimated slip rates, we also calculate the cumulative seismic moment due to fault locking and the released moment from historical earthquake catalogues. A comparison of the two quantities indicates that the Hetao Rift has an unreleased seismic moment equal to a Mw 7.9 earthquake, which is also indicated by frequent earthquakes above M6 after 1900.
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Effects of Spatiotemporal Filtering on the Periodic Signals and Noise in the GPS Position Time Series of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10091472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of Global Positioning System (GPS) position time series and its common mode components (CMC) is very important for the investigation of GPS technique error, the evaluation of environmental loading effects, and the estimation of a realistic and unbiased GPS velocity field for geodynamic applications. In this paper, we homogeneously processed the daily observations of 231 Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) Continuous GPS stations to obtain their position time series. Then, we filtered out the CMC and evaluated its effects on the periodic signals and noise for the CMONOC time series. Results show that, with CMC filtering, peaks in the stacked power spectra can be reduced at draconitic harmonics up to the 14th, supporting the point that the draconitic signal is spatially correlated. With the colored noise suppressed by CMC filtering, the velocity uncertainty estimates for both of the two subnetworks, CMONOC-I (≈16.5 years) and CMONOC-II (≈4.6 years), are reduced significantly. However, the CMONOC-II stations obtain greater reduction ratios in velocity uncertainty estimates with average values of 33%, 38%, and 54% for the north, east, and up components. These results indicate that CMC filtering can suppress the colored noise amplitudes and improve the precision of velocity estimates. Therefore, a unified, realistic, and three-dimensional CMONOC GPS velocity field estimated with the consideration of colored noise is given. Furthermore, contributions of environmental loading to the vertical CMC are also investigated and discussed. We find that the vertical CMC are reduced at 224 of the 231 CMONOC stations and 170 of them are with a root mean square (RMS) reduction ratio of CMC larger than 10%, confirming that environmental loading is one of the sources of CMC for the CMONOC height time series.
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Oblique convergence and strain partitioning in the outer deformation front of NE Himalaya. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10564. [PMID: 30002418 PMCID: PMC6043504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny has considered as a natural black box in the context of geodynamic evolution and tectonic complexity. The eastward extrusion model of Tibetan crust contradicts with the oblique convergence model in the NE-Himalaya (Bhutan/Arunachal region), where the overall convergence rate accommodated in the Himalaya is about 20–25% less than that in the neighbouring central Himalaya and Eastern Himalayan syntaxis (EHS). We propose that instead of partitioning in the backarc, the NE-Himalaya has developed an active sliver along the Assam-Brahmaputra valley in the outer deformation front, in order to accommodate the deficiency in long-term plate convergence between Himalaya and southern Tibet. We argue that the strong eastward extrusion of Tibetan crust along NE-Himalaya is the main driving force for the unusual development of the Assam-Brahmaputra sliver. This new hypothesis can explain active convergence along EHS, low convergence and subdued topography in Bhutan and Arunachal Himalaya, kinematic and space-problem of Indo-Burmese wedge, and finally solves the contradiction between Tibetan extrusion and oblique convergence model of the HimalayanTibetan orogeny.
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A Study of Rank Defect and Network Effect in Processing the CMONOC Network on Bernese. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Contemporary crustal movement of southeastern Tibet: Constraints from dense GPS measurements. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45348. [PMID: 28349926 PMCID: PMC5368606 DOI: 10.1038/srep45348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate brings up N-S crustal shortening and thickening of the Tibet Plateau, but its dynamic mechanisms remain controversial yet. As one of the most tectonically active regions of the world, South-Eastern Tibet (SET) has been greatly paid attention to by many geoscientists. Here we present the latest three-dimensional GPS velocity field to constrain the present-day tectonic process of SET, which may highlight the complex vertical crustal deformation. Improved data processing strategies are adopted to enhance the strain patterns throughout SET. The crustal uplifting and subsidence are dominated by regional deep tectonic dynamic processes. Results show that the Gongga Shan is uplifting with 1-1.5 mm/yr. Nevertheless, an anomalous crustal uplifting of ~8.7 mm/yr and negative horizontal dilation rates of 40-50 nstrain/yr throughout the Longmenshan structure reveal that this structure is caused by the intracontinental subduction of the Yangtze Craton. The Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault is a major active sinistral strike-slip fault which strikes essentially and consistently with the maximum shear strain rates. These observations suggest that the upper crustal deformation is closely related with the regulation and coupling of deep material.
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Pan Y, Shen WB, Hwang C, Liao C, Zhang T, Zhang G. Seasonal Mass Changes and Crustal Vertical Deformations Constrained by GPS and GRACE in Northeastern Tibet. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16081211. [PMID: 27490550 PMCID: PMC5017377 DOI: 10.3390/s16081211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Surface vertical deformation includes the Earth’s elastic response to mass loading on or near the surface. Continuous Global Positioning System (CGPS) stations record such deformations to estimate seasonal and secular mass changes. We used 41 CGPS stations to construct a time series of coordinate changes, which are decomposed by empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), in northeastern Tibet. The first common mode shows clear seasonal changes, indicating seasonal surface mass re-distribution around northeastern Tibet. The GPS-derived result is then assessed in terms of the mass changes observed in northeastern Tibet. The GPS-derived common mode vertical change and the stacked Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mass change are consistent, suggesting that the seasonal surface mass variation is caused by changes in the hydrological, atmospheric and non-tidal ocean loads. The annual peak-to-peak surface mass changes derived from GPS and GRACE results show seasonal oscillations in mass loads, and the corresponding amplitudes are between 3 and 35 mm/year. There is an apparent gradually increasing gravity between 0.1 and 0.9 μGal/year in northeast Tibet. Crustal vertical deformation is determined after eliminating the surface load effects from GRACE, without considering Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) contribution. It reveals crustal uplift around northeastern Tibet from the corrected GPS vertical velocity. The unusual uplift of the Longmen Shan fault indicates tectonically sophisticated processes in northeastern Tibet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjin Pan
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Wen-Bin Shen
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Cheinway Hwang
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Chaoming Liao
- School of Land Resources and Surveying, Guangxi Teachers Education University, Nanning 530001, China.
| | - Tengxu Zhang
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Tao W, Masterlark T, Shen ZK, Ronchin E. Impoundment of the Zipingpu reservoir and triggering of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2015; 120:7033-7047. [PMID: 27812436 PMCID: PMC5066322 DOI: 10.1002/2014jb011766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Impoundment of the Zipingpu reservoir (ZR), China, began in September 2005 and was followed 2.7 years later by the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake (WE) rupturing the Longmen Shan Fault (LSF), with its epicenter ~12 km away from the ZR. Based on the poroelastic theory, we employ three-dimensional finite element models to simulate the evolution of stress and pore pressure due to reservoir impoundment, and its effect on the Coulomb failure stress on the LSF. The results indicate that the reservoir impoundment formed a pore pressure front that slowly propagated through the crust with fluid diffusion. The reservoir loading induced either moderate or no increase of the Coulomb failure stress at the hypocenter prior to the WE. The Coulomb failure stress, however, grew ~9.3-69.1 kPa in the depth range of 1-8 km on the LSF, which may have advanced tectonic loading of the fault system by ~60-450 years. Due to uncertainties of fault geometry and hypocenter location of the WE, it is inconclusive whether impoundment of the ZR directly triggered the WE. However, a small event at the hypocenter could have triggered large rupture elsewhere on fault, where the asperities were weakened by the ZR. The microseismicity around the ZR also showed an expanding pattern from the ZR since its impoundment, likely associated with diffusion of a positive pore pressure pulse. These results suggest a poroelastic triggering effect (even if indirectly) of the WE due to the impoundment of the ZR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration Beijing China
| | - Timothy Masterlark
- Department of Geology and Geological Engineering South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Rapid City South Dakota USA
| | - Zheng-Kang Shen
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences University of California Los Angeles California USA; Department of Geophysics, School of Earth and Space Science Peking University Beijing China
| | - Erika Ronchin
- Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera, Spanish National Research Council (Consejo Superior de Invees Científicas) Barcelona Spain
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Significant isostatic imbalance near the seismic gap between the M8.0 Wenchuan and M7.0 Lushan earthquakes. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Xu X, Wen X, Han Z, Chen G, Li C, Zheng W, Zhnag S, Ren Z, Xu C, Tan X, Wei Z, Wang M, Ren J, He Z, Liang M. Lushan M S7.0 earthquake: A blind reserve-fault event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Estimation of recurrence interval of large earthquakes on the central Longmen Shan fault zone based on seismic moment accumulation/release model. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:458341. [PMID: 23878524 PMCID: PMC3710655 DOI: 10.1155/2013/458341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrence interval of large earthquake on an active fault zone is an important parameter in assessing seismic hazard. The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Mw 7.9) occurred on the central Longmen Shan fault zone and ruptured the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault (YBF) and the Guanxian-Jiangyou fault (GJF). However, there is a considerable discrepancy among recurrence intervals of large earthquake in preseismic and postseismic estimates based on slip rate and paleoseismologic results. Post-seismic trenches showed that the central Longmen Shan fault zone probably undertakes an event similar to the 2008 quake, suggesting a characteristic earthquake model. In this paper, we use the published seismogenic model of the 2008 earthquake based on Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data and construct a characteristic seismic moment accumulation/release model to estimate recurrence interval of large earthquakes on the central Longmen Shan fault zone. Our results show that the seismogenic zone accommodates a moment rate of (2.7 ± 0.3) × 1017 N m/yr, and a recurrence interval of 3900 ± 400 yrs is necessary for accumulation of strain energy equivalent to the 2008 earthquake. This study provides a preferred interval estimation of large earthquakes for seismic hazard analysis in the Longmen Shan region.
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MENG GJ, SHEN XH, Smirnov V, Rogozhin EA, WU JC. Research on Characteristics of Present-Day Crustal Motion and Deformation in Kamchatka Area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjg2.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jie MENG
- Institute of Earthquake Science; China Earthquake Administration; Beijing; 100036; China
| | - Xu-Hui SHEN
- Institute of Earthquake Science; China Earthquake Administration; Beijing; 100036; China
| | - Vladimir Smirnov
- Institute of Physics of the Earth; Russia Academy Sciences; Moscow; 123995; Russia
| | - Eugene A Rogozhin
- Department of Physics, Moscow State University; Moscow; 119992; Russia
| | - Ji-Cang WU
- Department of Surveying and Geo-informatics; Tongji University; Shanghai; 200092; China
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Abstract
AbstractThe Sundaland core of SE Asia is a heterogeneous assemblage of Tethyan sutures and Gondwana fragments. Its complex basement structure was one major influence on Cenozoic tectonics; the rifting history of the north Australian margin was another. Fragments that rifted from Australia in the Jurassic collided with Sundaland in the Cretaceous and terminated subduction. From 90 to 45 Ma Sundaland was largely surrounded by inactive margins with localized strike-slip deformation, extension and subduction. At 45 Ma Australia began to move north, and subduction resumed beneath Sundaland. At 23 Ma the Sula Spur promontory collided with the Sundaland margin. From 15 Ma there was subduction hinge rollback into the Banda oceanic embayment, major extension, and later collision of the Banda volcanic arc with the southern margin of the embayment. However, this plate tectonic framework cannot be reduced to a microplate scale to explain Cenozoic deformation. Sundaland has a weak thin lithosphere, highly responsive to plate boundary forces and a hot weak deep crust has flowed in response to tectonic and topographic forces, and sedimentary loading. Gravity-driven movements of the upper crust, unusually rapid vertical motions, exceptionally high rates of erosion, and massive movements of sediment have characterized this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hall
- SE Asia Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK (e-mail: )
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Liebke U, Antolin B, Appel E, Basavaiah N, Mikes T, Dunkl I, Wemmer K. Indication for clockwise rotation in the Siang window south of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis and new geochronological constraints for the area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1144/sp353.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPalaeomagnetic, rock magnetic and geochronological investigations were carried out on the Abor volcanics of Arunachal Pradesh, NE India. A Late Palaeozoic formation age for part of the Abor volcanics cannot be excluded based on K–Ar whole rock dating. Low-temperature thermochronometers – zircon (U–Th)/He and fission track analyses – yield a maximum burial temperature of c. 150–170 °C during Late Miocene. ZFT thermochronology of the Yinkiong and Miri Fms. indicates a post-Paleocene and post-Jurassic deposition age, respectively. This infers that the volcanic rocks intercalating or intruding them are not part of the Late Palaeozoic sequence but represent one or more, latest Cretaceous to Tertiary event(s). Therefore the Abor volcanics are connected to at least two separate events of volcanism. From palaeomagnetic sites, two characteristic magnetic remanence components were separated: a low-coercivity-component demagnetized below 20 mT and a high-coercivity-component demagnetized between 15 and 100 mT. Fold tests support a secondary origin of both components. Thermochronological and rock magnetic analyses indicate a low-grade overprint event between India–Asia collision and Miocene, which probably represents the time of remanence acquisition. The high-coercivity-component shows a trend of clockwise declinations, which is likely related to vertical-axis rotations of the eastern Himalayas due to eastward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursina Liebke
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Sigwartstrasse 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - B. Antolin
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Sigwartstrasse 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - E. Appel
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Sigwartstrasse 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - N. Basavaiah
- Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Kalamboli Highway, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai 410218, India
| | - T. Mikes
- Geoscience Centre Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Present address: Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - I. Dunkl
- Geoscience Centre Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - K. Wemmer
- Geoscience Centre Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Kirby E, Ouimet W. Tectonic geomorphology along the eastern margin of Tibet: insights into the pattern and processes of active deformation adjacent to the Sichuan Basin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1144/sp353.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe present a review and synthesis of the tectonic geomorphology along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau adjacent to and north of the Sichuan Basin. Re-evaluation of spatial variations in the form of fluvial longitudinal profiles provides a refined image of the distribution of anomalously steep channels. Three new analyses demonstrate that these variations in channel steepness reflect variations in the locus and rate of differential rock uplift. First, measurements of channel width along trunk streams reveal systematic co-variations in channel hydraulic geometry and slope that suggests channels are dynamically adjusted to spatial variations in erosion rate. Second, recent determinations of the functional relationship between channel steepness indices and erosion rate allow a quantitative estimation of erosion rate from channel profile form. Third, comparison of rock uplift patterns to variations in the distribution of slip associated with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake confirms that channel gradients reflect differential rock uplift. Our analysis suggests that reactivated fault systems adjacent to the Sichuan Basin are primarily responsible for accommodating differential rock uplift, but that rock uplift northward along the margin is not associated with active faults and is likely sustained by flow and thickening in the deep crust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kirby
- Department of Geosciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - William Ouimet
- Department of Geography and Center for Integrative Geosciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Yao H, van der Hilst RD, Montagner JP. Heterogeneity and anisotropy of the lithosphere of SE Tibet from surface wave array tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb007142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li Y, Jia D, Shaw JH, Hubbard J, Lin A, Wang M, Luo L, Li H, Wu L. Structural interpretation of the coseismic faults of the Wenchuan earthquake: Three-dimensional modeling of the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Loveless JP, Meade BJ. Geodetic imaging of plate motions, slip rates, and partitioning of deformation in Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hubbard J, Shaw JH. Uplift of the Longmen Shan and Tibetan plateau, and the 2008 Wenchuan (M = 7.9) earthquake. Nature 2009; 458:194-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cao J, Shi Y, Zhang H, Wang H. Numerical simulation of GPS observed clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntax in the Tibetan Plateau. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu-Zeng J, Tapponnier P, Gaudemer Y, Ding L. Quantifying landscape differences across the Tibetan plateau: Implications for topographic relief evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jf000897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Slip rate along the Lijiang-Ninglang fault zone estimated from repeating microearthquakes. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lei X, Yu G, Ma S, Wen X, Wang Q. Earthquakes induced by water injection at ∼3 km depth within the Rongchang gas field, Chongqing, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang Y, Wang E, Shen Z, Wang M, Gan W, Qiao X, Meng G, Li T, Tao W, Yang Y, Cheng J, Li P. GPS-constrained inversion of present-day slip rates along major faults of the Sichuan-Yunnan region, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11430-008-0106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Discovery of the Longriba fault zone in eastern Bayan Har block, China and its tectonic implication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11430-008-0097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhao G, Chen X, Wang L, Wang J, Tang J, Wan Z, Zhang J, Zhan Y, Xiao Q. Evidence of crustal ‘channel flow’ in the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau from MT measurements. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Gan W, Zhang P, Shen ZK, Niu Z, Wang M, Wan Y, Zhou D, Cheng J. Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Simons WJF, Socquet A, Vigny C, Ambrosius BAC, Haji Abu S, Promthong C, Subarya C, Sarsito DA, Matheussen S, Morgan P, Spakman W. A decade of GPS in Southeast Asia: Resolving Sundaland motion and boundaries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb003868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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