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Chemical Composition and Light Absorption of PM2.5 Observed at Two Sites near a Busy Road during Summer and Winter. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10144858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To examine the difference in the major chemical composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) between two roadway sites, 24 h integrated PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected both 15 m (Buk-Ku District Office (BKO) site) and 150 m (Chonnam National University campus (CNU) site) away from busy roads during the summer and winter periods; these samples were taken to determine the concentrations of organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and water-soluble inorganic species. In addition, the real-time aerosol light absorption coefficients (Abs) were measured using a dual-spot seven-wavelength aethalometer at the CNU site to evaluate the influence of traffic and biomass burning (BB) emissions on the concentrations of organic aerosol particles. The hourly NO2 concentration was also observed at an air pollution monitoring network that is about 2 km away from the CNU site. During summer, 24 h PM2.5 concentrations (PM2.5 episode) which exceeded the Korean PM2.5 standard (35 μg/m3) were linked to increases in organic matter (OM) and SO42− concentrations that accounted for on average 35–41% and 26–30%, respectively, of the PM2.5 at the two sites. The increased SO42− concentration was most likely attributable to the inflow of long-range transported aerosols, rather than local production, as demonstrated by both the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) images and transport pathways of air masses reaching the sites. On the other hand, the OM, WSOC, and EC concentrations were directly attributable to traffic emissions at the sampling sites, as supported by the tight correlation between the OC and EC. A small difference between the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values calculated at wavelengths of 370–950 nm (AAE370–950nm) and 370–520 nm (AAE370–520nm), and the poor correlation of absorption coefficient by brown carbon (BrC) at 370 nm (AbsBrC370nm) with K+ (R2 = 0.00) also suggest a significant contribution of traffic emissions to OM. However, the wintertime PM2.5 episode was strongly related to the enhanced OM and NO3− concentrations, which contributed 26–28% and 22–23% of the PM2.5 concentration, respectively. It is interesting to note that there were two distinct OC/EC ratios in winter: a lower OC/EC (~3.0), which indicates a significant contribution of traffic emissions to the OC and EC, and a higher OC/EC (~6.5), which suggests an additional influence of BB emissions as well as traffic emissions at the sites. Strong correlations between the OC and EC (R2 = 0.72–0.83) and the enhanced AAE370–520nm values compared to the AAE370–950nm support that BB emissions were also an important contributor to the wintertime OM concentrations as well as traffic emissions at the two sites. A good correlation between the gaseous NO2 and NO3− and meteorological conditions (e.g., low wind speed and high relative humidity) suggest that the heterogeneous oxidation of NO2 on moist particles could be an important contributor to wintertime particulate NO3− formation at the sites. The OC concentrations during summer and winter were higher at the BKO site, with a higher traffic flow and a shorter distance from the roadway than at the CNU site. However, there were slight differences in the concentrations of secondary inorganic species (NO3−, SO42−, and NH4+) between the sites during summer and winter.
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Brown S, Minor H, O'Brien T, Hameed Y, Feenstra B, Kuebler D, Wetherell W, Day R, Tun R, Landis E, Rice J. Review of Sunset OC/EC Instrument Measurements During the EPA's Sunset Carbon Evaluation Project. ATMOSPHERE 2019; 10:287. [PMID: 32704395 PMCID: PMC7376833 DOI: 10.3390/atmos10050287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the feasibility of the Sunset semicontinuous organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC) monitor, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored the deployment of this monitor at Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) sites with OC and EC measurements via quartz fiber filter collection in Chicago, Illinois; Houston, Texas; Las Vegas, Nevada; St. Louis, Missouri; Rubidoux, California; and Washington, D.C. Houston, St. Louis, and Washington also had collocated Aethalometer black carbon (BC) measurements. Sunset OC generally compared well with the CSN OC (r2 = 0.73 across five sites); the Sunset/CSN OC ratio was, on average, 1.06, with a range among sites of 0.96 to 1.12. Sunset thermal EC and CSN EC did not compare as well, with an overall r2 of 0.22, in part because 26% of the hourly Sunset EC measurements were below the detection limit. Sunset optical EC had a much better correlation to CSN EC (r2 = 0.67 across all sites), with an average Sunset/CSN ratio of 0.90 (range of 0.7 to 1.08). There was also a high correlation of Sunset optical EC with Aethalometer BC (r2 = 0.77 across all sites), though with a larger bias (average Sunset/Aethalometer ratio of 0.56). When the Sunset instrument was working well, OC and OptEC data were comparable to CSN OC and EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Brown
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., 1450 N. McDowell Blvd., Suite 200, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
| | - Hilary Minor
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., 1450 N. McDowell Blvd., Suite 200, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
| | - Theresa O'Brien
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., 1450 N. McDowell Blvd., Suite 200, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
| | - Yousaf Hameed
- Department of Air Quality, Clark County, 4701 W. Russell Rd. Suite 200, Las Vegas, NV 89118, USA
| | - Brandon Feenstra
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, 21865 Copley Dr. Diamond Bar, CA 91765-4178, USA
| | - Dustin Kuebler
- Missouri Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 176, Jefferson City, MO 65102, USA
| | - Will Wetherell
- Missouri Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 176, Jefferson City, MO 65102, USA
| | - Robert Day
- Department of Energy and Environment, Government of the District of Columbia, 1200 First Street, N.E. 5th Floor, Washington, DC 20002, USA
| | - Richard Tun
- Department of Energy and Environment, Government of the District of Columbia, 1200 First Street, N.E. 5th Floor, Washington, DC 20002, USA
| | - Elizabeth Landis
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Ambient Air Monitoring Group, Mail Code C304-06, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Joann Rice
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Ambient Air Monitoring Group, Mail Code C304-06, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Park SS, Lee KH. Characterization and sources of black carbon in PM(2.5) at a site close to a roadway in Gwangju, Korea, during winter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:1794-1805. [PMID: 26344004 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00225g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Continuous measurements of black carbon (BC) concentrations in PM2.5 were conducted using a single-wavelength aethalometer (@880 nm, Magee Sci., AE16) at a site close to a roadway (∼70 m from roadside) in Gwangju, Korea, during winter (December-February) to investigate the characteristics and sources of BC particles. The BC concentrations ranked in the order of January > December > February, probably due to lower boundary layer height, ambient temperature, and wind speed during January. Diurnal patterns in BC and carbon monoxide (CO) levels exhibited peak concentrations during the morning and evening hours coinciding with rush-hour traffic, with a strong correlation (R(2)) ranging from 0.52 (December) to 0.87 (January). It was found that wind speed was an important factor controlling BC concentrations at the site. Very high BC concentrations, up to ∼18.0 μg m(-3), were observed at wind speeds < 1.5 m s(-1). The BC concentrations acquired under weak wind conditions are highly correlated with CO with ΔBC/ΔCO (the slope of BC and CO correlation) of 0.0063 (R(2) = 0.55, p < 0.01) and 0.0065 (R(2) = 0.59, p < 0.01) μg m(-3) ppbv(-1) during day and night, respectively, suggesting no significant difference in the fraction of diesel vehicles between the daytime and nighttime periods. Two BC episodes, "A" and "B", were classified based on BC, PM2.5, and secondary SO4(2-) concentrations, and discussed to investigate the difference in the evolution of the BC observed. Episode "A" was associated with high BC and low PM2.5 and SO4(2-) concentrations, while episode "B" was associated with high concentrations of BC, PM2.5, and SO4(2-). Based on the temporal profiles of BC, NO, and NOx concentrations, CO/NOx ratio, and potential source contribution function map for BC, the BC observed during episode "A" was mostly attributed to locally produced emissions (e.g., traffic). However, the BC during episode "B" was influenced by long-range transport of air masses from China, as well as the local emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Shik Park
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-Ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
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Olariu RI, Vione D, Grinberg N, Arsene C. Applications of Liquid Chromatographic Techniques in the Chemical Characterization of Atmospheric Aerosols. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.941256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romeo-Iulian Olariu
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania
| | - Davide Vione
- b Dipartimento di Chimica , Università di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Nelu Grinberg
- c Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Cecilia Arsene
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania
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Contini D, Cesari D, Genga A, Siciliano M, Ielpo P, Guascito MR, Conte M. Source apportionment of size-segregated atmospheric particles based on the major water-soluble components in Lecce (Italy). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:248-61. [PMID: 24295746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols have potential effects on human health, on the radiation balance, on climate, and on visibility. The understanding of these effects requires detailed knowledge of aerosol composition and size distributions and of how the different sources contribute to particles of different sizes. In this work, aerosol samples were collected using a 10-stage Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI). Measurements were taken between February and October 2011 in an urban background site near Lecce (Apulia region, southeast of Italy). Samples were analysed to evaluate the concentrations of water-soluble ions (SO4(2-), NO3(-), NH4(+), Cl(-), Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+) and Ca(2+)) and of water-soluble organic and inorganic carbon. The aerosols were characterised by two modes, an accumulation mode having a mass median diameter (MMD) of 0.35 ± 0.02 μm, representing 51 ± 4% of the aerosols and a coarse mode (MMD=4.5 ± 0.4 μm), representing 49 ± 4% of the aerosols. The data were used to estimate the losses in the impactor by comparison with a low-volume sampler. The average loss in the MOUDI-collected aerosol was 19 ± 2%, and the largest loss was observed for NO3(-) (35 ± 10%). Significant losses were observed for Ca(2+) (16 ± 5%), SO4(2-) (19 ± 5%) and K(+) (10 ± 4%), whereas the losses for Na(+) and Mg(2+) were negligible. Size-segregated source apportionment was performed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), which was applied separately to the coarse (size interval 1-18 μm) and accumulation (size interval 0.056-1 μm) modes. The PMF model was able to reasonably reconstruct the concentration in each size-range. The uncertainties in the source apportionment due to impactor losses were evaluated. In the accumulation mode, it was not possible to distinguish the traffic contribution from other combustion sources. In the coarse mode, it was not possible to efficiently separate nitrate from the contribution of crustal/resuspension origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Contini
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy.
| | - D Cesari
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy
| | - A Genga
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - M Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - P Ielpo
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy; Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, IRSA-CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - M R Guascito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - M Conte
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy
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Cho SY, Park SS. Resolving sources of water-soluble organic carbon in fine particulate matter measured at an urban site during winter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:524-534. [PMID: 25208718 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30730h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of daily PM2.5 were carried out during winter between January 11 and February 27, 2010 in an urban area of Korea, in order to better understand the influence of sources and atmospheric processing of organic aerosols. The aerosol samples were analyzed for organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC and EC), water-soluble OC (WSOC), eight ionic species, and oxalate. The water-soluble fraction of OC was between 33 and 58% with an average of 45%. Strong correlations among WSOC, sulfate (SO 4(2-)) (R(2) = 0.69), and oxalate (R(2) = 0.82) concentrations, and between potassium (K (+)) and WSOC concentrations (R(2) = 0.81) suggest that the observed WSOC could originate from similar oxidation processes to those for SO 4(2-) and oxalate, as well as biomass burning. Also moderate correlations of the WSOC with EC and carbon monoxide (CO) indicate that there was some contribution to WSOC from primary fossil fuel combustion. Results from a principle component analysis (PCA) indicate that in addition to the biomass burning and primary non-biomass burning emissions, the observed WSOC could be formed through production pathways similar to secondary organic carbon (SOC), SO 4(2-), and oxalate. Sources of WSOC inferred, based on the correlations, were confirmed by source categories identified by the PCA. Over the study period, three haze episodes exceeding a 24 h PM 2.5 concentration of 50 μg m(-3) were identified. Of the major components in PM 2.5, EC concentrations were elevated during episode I (18-19 January), while the secondary SO 4(2-) concentrations were enhanced during episodes II (30-31 January) and III (22-23 February). However, little difference in OC concentrations among the episodes was observed. It is suggested that the aerosol particles collected during episodes II and III were more aged than those during episode I. Estimates of fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, and SOC contributions to WSOC indicate that the fossil fuel combustion provided the highest contribution (62.3%) to WSOC in episode I, while the greatest contribution (60.6%) to WSOC from SOC was observed in episode II. The results demonstrate that the sampled aerosol particles were more aged or further processed during episodes II and III than during episode I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yong Cho
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-Ro, Buk-ku, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Sahu LK, Kondo Y, Miyazaki Y, Pongkiatkul P, Kim Oanh NT. Seasonal and diurnal variations of black carbon and organic carbon aerosols in Bangkok. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Han S, Kondo Y, Oshima N, Takegawa N, Miyazaki Y, Hu M, Lin P, Deng Z, Zhao Y, Sugimoto N, Wu Y. Temporal variations of elemental carbon in Beijing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lin P, Hu M, Deng Z, Slanina J, Han S, Kondo Y, Takegawa N, Miyazaki Y, Zhao Y, Sugimoto N. Seasonal and diurnal variations of organic carbon in PM2.5in Beijing and the estimation of secondary organic carbon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sahu LK, Kondo Y, Miyazaki Y, Kuwata M, Koike M, Takegawa N, Tanimoto H, Matsueda H, Yoon SC, Kim YJ. Anthropogenic aerosols observed in Asian continental outflow at Jeju Island, Korea, in spring 2005. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bein KJ, Zhao Y, Johnston MV, Evans GJ, Wexler AS. Extratropical waves transport boreal wildfire emissions and drive regional air quality dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bein KJ, Zhao Y, Johnston MV, Wexler AS. Interactions between boreal wildfire and urban emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Solomon PA, Hopke PK. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Particulate Matter Supersites Program: an integrated synthesis of scientific findings and policy- and health-relevant insights. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2008; 58:S1-S2. [PMID: 19202992 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.58.13.s-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Solomon
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development at EPA, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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Kaneyasu N, Igarashi Y, Sawa Y, Takahashi H, Takada H, Kumata H, Höller R. Chemical and optical properties of 2003 Siberian forest fire smoke observed at the summit of Mt. Fuji, Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kaneyasu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hideshige Takada
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Science, Faculty of Agriculture Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kumata
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Life Science Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science Tokyo Japan
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Kleinman LI, Daum PH, Lee YN, Senum GI, Springston SR, Wang J, Berkowitz C, Hubbe J, Zaveri RA, Brechtel FJ, Jayne J, Onasch TB, Worsnop D. Aircraft observations of aerosol composition and ageing in New England and Mid-Atlantic States during the summer 2002 New England Air Quality Study field campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kondo Y, Komazaki Y, Miyazaki Y, Moteki N, Takegawa N, Kodama D, Deguchi S, Nogami M, Fukuda M, Miyakawa T, Morino Y, Koike M, Sakurai H, Ehara K. Temporal variations of elemental carbon in Tokyo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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