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Luo Y, Mischna MA, Lin JC, Fasoli B, Cai X, Yung YL. Mars Methane Sources in Northwestern Gale Crater Inferred From Back Trajectory Modeling. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 8:e2021EA001915. [PMID: 35860450 PMCID: PMC9285602 DOI: 10.1029/2021ea001915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During its first seven years of operation, the Sample Analysis at Mars Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) on board the Curiosity rover has detected seven methane spikes above a low background abundance in Gale crater. The methane spikes are likely sourced by surface emission within or around Gale crater. Here, we use inverse Lagrangian modeling techniques to identify upstream emission regions on the Martian surface for these methane spikes at an unprecedented spatial resolution. Inside Gale crater, the northwestern crater floor casts the strongest influence on the detections. Outside Gale crater, the upstream regions common to all the methane spikes extend toward the north. The contrasting results from two consecutive TLS methane measurements performed on the same sol point to an active emission site to the west or the southwest of the Curiosity rover on the northwestern crater floor. The observed spike magnitude and frequency also favor emission sites on the northwestern crater floor, unless there are fast methane removal mechanisms at work, or either the methane spikes of TLS or the non-detections of ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter cannot be trusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Luo
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - M. A. Mischna
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - J. C. Lin
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - B. Fasoli
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - X. Cai
- Columbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Y. L. Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
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Chen Z, Griffis TJ, Baker JM, Millet DB, Wood JD, Dlugokencky EJ, Andrews AE, Sweeney C, Hu C, Kolka RK. Source Partitioning of Methane Emissions and its Seasonality in the U.S. Midwest. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. BIOGEOSCIENCES 2018; 123:646-659. [PMID: 33614365 PMCID: PMC7894122 DOI: 10.1002/2017jg004356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The methane (CH4) budget and its source partitioning are poorly constrained in the Midwestern United States. We used tall tower (185 m) aerodynamic flux measurements and atmospheric scale factor Bayesian inversions to constrain the monthly budget and to partition the total budget into natural (e.g., wetlands) and anthropogenic (e.g., livestock, waste, and natural gas) sources for the period June 2016 to September 2017. Aerodynamic flux observations indicated that the landscape was a CH4 source with a mean annual CH4 flux of +13.7 ± 0.34 nmol m-2 s-1 and was rarely a net sink. The scale factor Bayesian inversion analyses revealed a mean annual source of +12.3 ± 2.1 nmol m-2 s-1. Flux partitioning revealed that the anthropogenic source (7.8 ± 1.6 Tg CH4 yr-1) was 1.5 times greater than the bottom-up gridded United States Environmental Protection Agency inventory, in which livestock and oil/gas sources were underestimated by 1.8-fold and 1.3-fold, respectively. Wetland emissions (4.0 ± 1.2 Tg CH4 yr-1) were the second largest source, accounting for 34% of the total budget. The temporal variability of total CH4 emissions was dominated by wetlands with peak emissions occurring in August. In contrast, emissions from oil/gas and other anthropogenic sources showed relatively weak seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichong Chen
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Timothy J Griffis
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - John M Baker
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dylan B Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Wood
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Edward J Dlugokencky
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Arlyn E Andrews
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Colm Sweeney
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Randall K Kolka
- United States Department of Agriculture-Forest Service, Northern Research Station-Grand Rapids, Grand Rapids, MN, USA
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Kim SY, Millet DB, Hu L, Mohr MJ, Griffis TJ, Wen D, Lin JC, Miller SM, Longo M. Constraints on carbon monoxide emissions based on tall tower measurements in the US Upper Midwest. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8316-8324. [PMID: 23844675 DOI: 10.1021/es4009486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We interpret a full year of high-frequency CO measurements from a tall tower in the U.S. Upper Midwest with a time-reversed Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model (STILT LPDM) and an Eulerian chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) to develop top-down constraints on U.S. CO sources in 2009. Our best estimate is that anthropogenic CO emissions in the U.S. Upper Midwest in 2009 were 2.9 Tg, 61% lower (a posteriori scale factor of 0.39) than our a priori prediction based on the U.S. EPA's National Emission Inventory for 2005 (NEI 2005). If the same bias applies across the contiguous U.S., the inferred CO emissions are 26 Tg/y, compared to the a priori estimate of 66 Tg/y. This discrepancy is significantly greater than would be expected based solely on emission decreases between 2005 and 2009 (EPA estimate: 23% decrease). Model transport error is an important source of uncertainty in the analysis, and we employ an ensemble of sensitivity runs using multiple meteorological data sets and model configurations to assess its impact on our results. A posteriori scale factors for the U.S. anthropogenic CO source from these sensitivity runs range from 0.22 to 0.64, corresponding to emissions of 1.6-4.8 Tg/y for the U.S. Upper Midwest and 15-42 Tg/y for the contiguous U.S. The data have limited sensitivity for constraining biomass + biofuel burning emissions and photochemical CO production from precursor organic compounds. Our finding of a NEI 2005 overestimate of CO emissions is consistent with recent assessments for individual cities and with earlier analyses based on the NEI 1999, implying the need for a better mechanism for refining such bottom-up emission estimates in response to top-down constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Youn Kim
- University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
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Jeong S, Zhao C, Andrews AE, Bianco L, Wilczak JM, Fischer ML. Seasonal variation of CH4emissions from central California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hill TC, Williams M, Woodward FI, Moncrieff JB. Constraining ecosystem processes from tower fluxes and atmospheric profiles. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 21:1474-1489. [PMID: 21830696 DOI: 10.1890/09-0840.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The planetary boundary layer (PBL) provides an important link between the scales and processes resolved by global atmospheric sampling/modeling and site-based flux measurements. The PBL is in direct contact with the land surface, both driving and responding to ecosystem processes. Measurements within the PBL (e.g., by radiosondes, aircraft profiles, and flask measurements) have a footprint, and thus an integrating scale, on the order of 1-100 km. We use the coupled atmosphere-biosphere model (CAB) and a Bayesian data assimilation framework to investigate the amount of biosphere process information that can be inferred from PBL measurements. We investigate the information content of PBL measurements in a two-stage study. First, we demonstrate consistency between the coupled model (CAB) and measurements, by comparing the model to eddy covariance flux tower measurements (i.e., water and carbon fluxes) and also PBL scalar profile measurements (i.e., water, carbon dioxide, and temperature) from Canadian boreal forest. Second, we use the CAB model in a set of Bayesian inversions experiments using synthetic data for a single day. In the synthetic experiment, leaf area and respiration were relatively well constrained, whereas surface albedo and plant hydraulic conductance were only moderately constrained. Finally, the abilities of the PBL profiles and the eddy covariance data to constrain the parameters were largely similar and only slightly lower than the combination of both observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Hill
- School of GeoSciences and NERC Centre for Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics, University of Edinburgh EH9 3JN, United Kingdom.
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Desai AR, Helliker BR, Moorcroft PR, Andrews AE, Berry JA. Climatic controls of interannual variability in regional carbon fluxes from top-down and bottom-up perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jg001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur R. Desai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Brent R. Helliker
- Department of Biology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Paul R. Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Arlyn E. Andrews
- Earth System Research Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Joseph A. Berry
- Carnegie Institution of Washington; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
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Riley WJ, Biraud SC, Torn MS, Fischer ML, Billesbach DP, Berry JA. Regional CO2and latent heat surface fluxes in the Southern Great Plains: Measurements, modeling, and scaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jg001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chen B, Coops NC. Understanding of coupled terrestrial carbon, nitrogen and water dynamics-an overview. SENSORS 2009; 9:8624-57. [PMID: 22291528 PMCID: PMC3260605 DOI: 10.3390/s91108624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coupled terrestrial carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and hydrological processes play a crucial role in the climate system, providing both positive and negative feedbacks to climate change. In this review we summarize published research results to gain an increased understanding of the dynamics between vegetation and atmosphere processes. A variety of methods, including monitoring (e.g., eddy covariance flux tower, remote sensing, etc.) and modeling (i.e., ecosystem, hydrology and atmospheric inversion modeling) the terrestrial carbon and water budgeting, are evaluated and compared. We highlight two major research areas where additional research could be focused: (i) Conceptually, the hydrological and biogeochemical processes are closely linked, however, the coupling processes between terrestrial C, N and hydrological processes are far from well understood; and (ii) there are significant uncertainties in estimates of the components of the C balance, especially at landscape and regional scales. To address these two questions, a synthetic research framework is needed which includes both bottom-up and top-down approaches integrating scalable (footprint and ecosystem) models and a spatially nested hierarchy of observations which include multispectral remote sensing, inventories, existing regional clusters of eddy-covariance flux towers and CO(2) mixing ratio towers and chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhang Chen
- LREIS Institute of Geographic Sciences & Nature Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-10-64889283; Fax: +1-604-822-9106
| | - Nicholas C. Coops
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; E-Mail:
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Zhao C, Andrews AE, Bianco L, Eluszkiewicz J, Hirsch A, MacDonald C, Nehrkorn T, Fischer ML. Atmospheric inverse estimates of methane emissions from Central California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Alkhaled AA, Michalak AM, Kawa SR, Olsen SC, Wang JW. A global evaluation of the regional spatial variability of column integrated CO2distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chan D, Ishizawa M, Higuchi K, Maksyutov S, Chen J. Seasonal CO2rectifier effect and large-scale extratropical atmospheric transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Font A, Morguí JA, Rodó X. Atmospheric CO2in situ measurements: Two examples of Crown Design flights in NE Spain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ahmadov R, Gerbig C, Kretschmer R, Koerner S, Neininger B, Dolman AJ, Sarrat C. Mesoscale covariance of transport and CO2fluxes: Evidence from observations and simulations using the WRF-VPRM coupled atmosphere-biosphere model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lin JC, Gerbig C, Wofsy SC, Chow VY, Gottlieb E, Daube BC, Matross DM. “Designing Lagrangian experiments to measure regional‐scale trace gas fluxes”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Lin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario Canada
| | - C. Gerbig
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Biogeochemie Jena Germany
| | - S. C. Wofsy
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - V. Y. Chow
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - E. Gottlieb
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - B. C. Daube
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. M. Matross
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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Chen JM, Chen B, Tans P. Deriving daily carbon fluxes from hourly CO2mixing ratios measured on the WLEF tall tower: An upscaling methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hurst DF, Lin JC, Romashkin PA, Daube BC, Gerbig C, Matross DM, Wofsy SC, Hall BD, Elkins JW. Continuing global significance of emissions of Montreal Protocol–restricted halocarbons in the United States and Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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