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Sources of solutes and carbon cycling in perennially ice-covered Lake Untersee, Antarctica. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12290. [PMID: 32704043 PMCID: PMC7378197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Perennially ice-covered lakes that host benthic microbial ecosystems are present in many regions of Antarctica. Lake Untersee is an ultra-oligotrophic lake that is substantially different from any other lakes on the continent as it does not develop a seasonal moat and therefore shares similarities to sub-glacial lakes where they are sealed to the atmosphere. Here, we determine the source of major solutes and carbon to Lake Untersee, evaluate the carbon cycling and assess the metabolic functioning of microbial mats using an isotope geochemistry approach. The findings suggest that the glacial meltwater recharging the closed-basin and well-sealed Lake Untersee largely determines the major solute chemistry of the oxic water column with plagioclase and alumino-silicate weathering contributing < 5% of the Ca2+-Na+ solutes to the lake. The TIC concentration in the lake is very low and is sourced from melting of glacial ice and direct release of occluded CO2 gases into the water column. The comparison of δ13CTIC of the oxic lake waters with the δ13C in the top microbial mat layer show no fractionation due to non-discriminating photosynthetic fixation of HCO3- in the high pH and carbon-starved water. The 14C results indicate that phototrophs are also fixing respired CO2 from heterotrophic metabolism of the underlying microbial mats layers. The findings provide insights into the development of collaboration in carbon partitioning within the microbial mats to support their growth in a carbon-starved ecosystem.
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Volcanic Fluxes Over the Last Millennium as Recorded in the Gv7 Ice Core (Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica). GEOSCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences10010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Major explosive volcanic eruptions may significantly alter the global atmosphere for about 2–3 years. During that period, volcanic products (mainly H2SO4) with high residence time, stored in the stratosphere or, for shorter times, in the troposphere are gradually deposited onto polar ice caps. Antarctic snow may thus record acidic signals providing a history of past volcanic events. The high resolution sulphate concentration profile along a 197 m long ice core drilled at GV7 (Northern Victoria land) was obtained by Ion Chromatography on around 3500 discrete samples. The relatively high accumulation rate (241 ± 13 mm we yr −1) and the 5-cm sampling resolution allowed a preliminary counted age scale. The obtained stratigraphy covers roughly the last millennium and 24 major volcanic eruptions were identified, dated, and tentatively ascribed to a source volcano. The deposition flux of volcanic sulphate was calculated for each signature and the results were compared with data from other Antarctic ice cores at regional and continental scale. Our results show that the regional variability is of the same order of magnitude as the continental one.
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The timing and widespread effects of the largest Holocene volcanic eruption in Antarctica. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17279. [PMID: 30467408 PMCID: PMC6250685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The caldera collapse of Deception Island Volcano, Antarctica, was comparable in scale to some of the largest eruptions on Earth over the last several millennia. Despite its magnitude and potential for far-reaching environmental effects, the age of this event has never been established, with estimates ranging from the late Pleistocene to 3370 years before present. Here we analyse nearby lake sediments in which we identify a singular event produced by Deception Island’s caldera collapse that occurred 3980 ± 125 calibrated years before present. The erupted tephra record the distinct geochemical composition of ejecta from the caldera-forming eruption, whilst an extreme seismic episode is recorded by lake sediments immediately overlying the collapse tephra. The newly constrained caldera collapse is now the largest volcanic eruption confirmed in Antarctica during the Holocene. An examination of palaeorecords reveals evidence in marine and lacustrine sediments for contemporaneous seismicity around the Antarctic Peninsula; synchronous glaciochemical volcanic signatures also record the eruption in ice cores spread around Antarctica, reaching >4600 km from source. The widespread footprint suggests that this eruption would have had significant climatic and ecological effects across a vast area of the south polar region.
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The Laschamp geomagnetic excursion featured in nitrate record from EPICA-Dome C ice core. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20235. [PMID: 26819064 PMCID: PMC4730186 DOI: 10.1038/srep20235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present the first direct comparison of cosmogenic 10Be and chemical species in the period of 38–45.5 kyr BP spanning the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion from the EPICA-Dome C ice core. A principal component analysis (PCA) allowed to group different components as a function of the main sources, transport and deposition processes affecting the atmospheric aerosol at Dome C. Moreover, a wavelet analysis highlighted the high coherence and in-phase relationship between 10Be and nitrate at this time. The evident preferential association of 10Be with nitrate rather than with other chemical species was ascribed to the presence of a distinct source, here labelled as “cosmogenic”. Both the PCA and wavelet analyses ruled out a significant role of calcium in driving the 10Be and nitrate relationship, which is particularly relevant for a plateau site such as Dome C, especially in the glacial period during which the Laschamp excursion took place. The evidence that the nitrate record from the EDC ice core is able to capture the Laschamp event hints toward the possibility of using this marker for studying galactic cosmic ray flux variations and thus also major geomagnetic field excursions at pluri-centennial-millennial time scales, thus opening up new perspectives in paleoclimatic studies.
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Severi M, Becagli S, Traversi R, Udisti R. Recovering Paleo-Records from Antarctic Ice-Cores by Coupling a Continuous Melting Device and Fast Ion Chromatography. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11441-7. [PMID: 26494022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the increasing interest in the understanding of global climatic changes and on natural processes related to climate yielded the development and improvement of new analytical methods for the analysis of environmental samples. The determination of trace chemical species is a useful tool in paleoclimatology, and the techniques for the analysis of ice cores have evolved during the past few years from laborious measurements on discrete samples to continuous techniques allowing higher temporal resolution, higher sensitivity and, above all, higher throughput. Two fast ion chromatographic (FIC) methods are presented. The first method was able to measure Cl(-), NO3(-) and SO4(2-) in a melter-based continuous flow system separating the three analytes in just 1 min. The second method (called Ultra-FIC) was able to perform a single chromatographic analysis in just 30 s and the resulting sampling resolution was 1.0 cm with a typical melting rate of 4.0 cm min(-1). Both methods combine the accuracy, precision, and low detection limits of ion chromatography with the enhanced speed and high depth resolution of continuous melting systems. Both methods have been tested and validated with the analysis of several hundred meters of different ice cores. In particular, the Ultra-FIC method was used to reconstruct the high-resolution SO4(2-) profile of the last 10,000 years for the EDML ice core, allowing the counting of the annual layers, which represents a key point in dating these kind of natural archives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Severi
- University of Florence , Chemistry Department "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Becagli
- University of Florence , Chemistry Department "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Rita Traversi
- University of Florence , Chemistry Department "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Udisti
- University of Florence , Chemistry Department "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Severi M, Becagli S, Frosini D, Marconi M, Traversi R, Udisti R. A novel fast ion chromatographic method for the analysis of fluoride in Antarctic snow and ice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:1795-1802. [PMID: 24397469 DOI: 10.1021/es404126z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ice cores are widely used to reconstruct past changes of the climate system. For instance, the ice core record of numerous water-soluble and insoluble chemical species that are trapped in snow and ice offer the possibility to investigate past changes of various key compounds present in the atmosphere (i.e., aerosol, reactive gases). We developed a new method for the quantitative determination of fluoride in ice cores at sub-μg L(-1) levels by coupling a flow injection analysis technique with a fast ion chromatography separation based on the "heart cut" column switching technology. Sensitivity, linear range (up to 60 μg L(-1)), reproducibility, and detection limit (0.02 μg L(-1)) were evaluated for the new method. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of fluoride at trace levels in more than 450 recent snow samples collected during the 1998-1999 International Trans-Antarctica Scientific Expedition traverse in East Antarctica at sites located between 170 and 850 km from the coastline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Severi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence , Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Marcott SA, Shakun JD, Clark PU, Mix AC. A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for the Past 11,300 Years. Science 2013; 339:1198-201. [PMID: 23471405 DOI: 10.1126/science.1228026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
MESH Headings
- Global Warming/history
- Global Warming/statistics & numerical data
- History, 15th Century
- History, 16th Century
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- History, Ancient
- History, Medieval
- Models, Theoretical
- Temperature
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Marcott
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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9
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Wolff EW. Chemical signals of past climate and environment from polar ice cores and firn air. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6247-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35227c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Ferris DG, Cole-Dai J, Reyes AR, Budner DM. South Pole ice core record of explosive volcanic eruptions in the first and second millennia A.D. and evidence of a large eruption in the tropics around 535 A.D. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ren J, Li C, Hou S, Xiao C, Qin D, Li Y, Ding M. A 2680 year volcanic record from the DT-401 East Antarctic ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Ammann CM, Naveau P. A statistical volcanic forcing scenario generator for climate simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Traversi R, Becagli S, Castellano E, Marino F, Rugi F, Severi M, de Angelis M, Fischer H, Hansson M, Stauffer B, Steffensen JP, Bigler M, Udisti R. Sulfate spikes in the deep layers of EPICA-Dome C ice core: evidence of glaciological artifacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:8737-8743. [PMID: 19943640 DOI: 10.1021/es901426y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A detailed ionic component record was performed on EPICA Dome C ice core (East Antarctica) to a depth of 3190 m using Ion Chromatography and Fast Ion Chromatography (FIC). At depths greater than 2800 m, the sulfate profile shows intense, sharp spikes which are not expected due to the smoothing of sulfate peaks by diffusion processes. Moreover, these spikes show an "anomalous" chemical composition (e.g., unusually low acidity, high Mg(2+) concentration and high Mg(2+)/Ca(2+) ratio). These peaks and the surrounding layers also exhibit good Mg(2+) vs SO(4)(2-) and Cl(-) vs Na(+) correlations through both glacial and interglacial periods. Furthermore, the high-resolution analysis of two horizontally contiguous ice sections showed that some fraction of the impurities are characterized by a heterogeneous distribution. Altogether, these results suggest the occurrence of long-term postdepositional processes involving a rearrangement of impurities via migration in the vein network, characterized by sulfuric acidity and leading to the formation of soluble particles of magnesium sulfate salts, along with ionic association of ions in the liquid films along boundaries. This evidence should be taken into consideration when inferring information on for rapid climatic and environmental changes from ice core chemical records at great depths. At Dome C, the depth threshold was found to be 2800 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Traversi
- Chemistry Department, University of Florence, I-50019 Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy.
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Thirty years of snow deposition at Talos Dome (Northern Victoria Land, East Antarctica): Chemical profiles and climatic implications. Microchem J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Li Y, Cole‐Dai J, Zhou L. Glaciochemical evidence in an East Antarctica ice core of a recent (AD 1450–1850) neoglacial episode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Records of volcanic events since AD 1800 in the East Rongbuk ice core from Mt. Qomolangma. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Gao C, Robock A, Ammann C. Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: An improved ice core-based index for climate models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Baroni M, Savarino J, Cole-Dai J, Rai VK, Thiemens MH. Anomalous sulfur isotope compositions of volcanic sulfate over the last millennium in Antarctic ice cores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yalcin K, Wake CP, Kreutz KJ, Germani MS, Whitlow SI. Ice core paleovolcanic records from the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Baroni M, Thiemens MH, Delmas RJ, Savarino J. Mass-Independent Sulfur Isotopic Compositions in Stratospheric Volcanic Eruptions. Science 2007; 315:84-7. [PMID: 17204647 DOI: 10.1126/science.1131754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The observed mass-independent sulfur isotopic composition (Delta33S) of volcanic sulfate from the Agung (March 1963) and Pinatubo (June 1991) eruptions recorded in the Antarctic snow provides a mechanism for documenting stratospheric events. The sign of Delta33S changes over time from an initial positive component to a negative value. Delta33S is created during photochemical oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid on a monthly time scale, which indicates a fast process. The reproducibility of the results reveals that Delta33S is a reliable tracer to chemically identify atmospheric processes involved during stratospheric volcanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Baroni
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier, 38400 St. Martin d'Hères, France.
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Wolff EW, Fischer H, Fundel F, Ruth U, Twarloh B, Littot GC, Mulvaney R, Röthlisberger R, de Angelis M, Boutron CF, Hansson M, Jonsell U, Hutterli MA, Lambert F, Kaufmann P, Stauffer B, Stocker TF, Steffensen JP, Bigler M, Siggaard-Andersen ML, Udisti R, Becagli S, Castellano E, Severi M, Wagenbach D, Barbante C, Gabrielli P, Gaspari V. Southern Ocean sea-ice extent, productivity and iron flux over the past eight glacial cycles. Nature 2006; 440:491-6. [PMID: 16554810 DOI: 10.1038/nature04614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sea ice and dust flux increased greatly in the Southern Ocean during the last glacial period. Palaeorecords provide contradictory evidence about marine productivity in this region, but beyond one glacial cycle, data were sparse. Here we present continuous chemical proxy data spanning the last eight glacial cycles (740,000 years) from the Dome C Antarctic ice core. These data constrain winter sea-ice extent in the Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean biogenic productivity and Patagonian climatic conditions. We found that maximum sea-ice extent is closely tied to Antarctic temperature on multi-millennial timescales, but less so on shorter timescales. Biological dimethylsulphide emissions south of the polar front seem to have changed little with climate, suggesting that sulphur compounds were not active in climate regulation. We observe large glacial-interglacial contrasts in iron deposition, which we infer reflects strongly changing Patagonian conditions. During glacial terminations, changes in Patagonia apparently preceded sea-ice reduction, indicating that multiple mechanisms may be responsible for different phases of CO2 increase during glacial terminations. We observe no changes in internal climatic feedbacks that could have caused the change in amplitude of Antarctic temperature variations observed 440,000 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Wolff
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
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Kurbatov AV, Zielinski GA, Dunbar NW, Mayewski PA, Meyerson EA, Sneed SB, Taylor KC. A 12,000 year record of explosive volcanism in the Siple Dome Ice Core, West Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Bay RC, Bramall NE, Price PB, Clow GD, Hawley RL, Udisti R, Castellano E. Globally synchronous ice core volcanic tracers and abrupt cooling during the last glacial period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Gao C, Robock A, Self S, Witter JB, Steffenson JP, Clausen HB, Siggaard-Andersen ML, Johnsen S, Mayewski PA, Ammann C. The 1452 or 1453 A.D. Kuwae eruption signal derived from multiple ice core records: Greatest volcanic sulfate event of the past 700 years. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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