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Salim SN, Adhikari A, Shaikh AA, Menon HB, Kumar NVPK, Rajeev K. Aerosol-boundary layer dynamics and its effect on aerosol radiative forcing and atmospheric heating rate in the Indian Ocean sector of Southern Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159770. [PMID: 36309254 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The study examines the thermodynamic structure of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) and its effect on the aerosol dynamics in the Indian Ocean sector of Southern Ocean (ISSO) between 30°S-67°S and 57°E-77°E. It includes observations of aerosols and meteorology collected during the Xth Southern Ocean Expedition conducted in December 2017. The results revealed the effect of frontal-region-specific air-sea coupling on the thermodynamic structure of MABL and its role in regulating aerosols in ISSO. The MABL over the subtropical front was unstable and formed a well-evolved mixed layer (≈2400 m) capped by low-level inversions (≈660 m). Convective activities in the Sub-Antarctic Frontal region were associated with the Agulhas Retroflection Current, which supported the formation of a well-developed mixed layer (≈1860 m). The mean estimates of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and black carbon (BC) mass concentrations were 0.095 ± 0.006 and 50 ± 14 ng m-3, respectively, and the resultant clear sky direct shortwave radiative forcing (DARF) and atmospheric heating rate (HR) were 1.32 ± 0.11 W m-2 and 0.022 ± 0.002 K day-1, respectively. In the polar front (PF) region, frequent mid-latitude cyclones led to highly stabilized MABL, supported low-level multi-layered clouds (>3-layers) and multiple high-level inversions (strength > 0.5 K m-1 > 3000 m). The clouds were mixed-phased with temperatures less than -12 °C at 3000 m altitude. Interestingly, there was higher loading of dust and BC aerosols (276 ± 24 ng m-3), maximum AOD (0.109 ± 0.009), clear sky DARF (1.73 ± 0.02 W m-2), and HR (0.029 ± 0.005 K day-1). This showed an accumulation of long-range advected anthropogenic aerosols within baroclinic-boundaries formed over the PF region. Specifically, in the region south of PF, weak convection caused weakly-unstable MABL with a single low-level inversion followed by no clouds/single-layer clouds. Predominant clean maritime air holding a small fraction of dust and BC accounted for lower estimates of AOD (0.071 ± 0.004), BC concentrations (90 ± 55 ng m-3) and associated clear sky DARF and HR were 1.16 ± 0.06 W m-2 and 0.019 ± 0.001 K day-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Neha Salim
- Remote Sensing Laboratory, Goa University, 403206, India; School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, 403206, India
| | - Arjun Adhikari
- Remote Sensing Laboratory, Goa University, 403206, India; School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, 403206, India
| | - Atiba A Shaikh
- Remote Sensing Laboratory, Goa University, 403206, India; School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, 403206, India
| | - Harilal B Menon
- Remote Sensing Laboratory, Goa University, 403206, India; School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, 403206, India.
| | - N V P Kiran Kumar
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum 695022, India
| | - K Rajeev
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum 695022, India
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Yadav K, Rao VD, Sridevi B, Sarma VVSS. Decadal variations in natural and anthropogenic aerosol optical depth over the Bay of Bengal: the influence of pollutants from Indo-GangeticPlain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:55202-55219. [PMID: 34129167 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perennial increase in atmospheric pollution over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and South China Sea is reported due to increase in human population and industrial activity in South and Southeast Asia. Based on total aerosol optical depth (AOD) derived from MODIS (moderate resolution imaging resolution imaging spectroradiometer), natural and anthropogenic fractions were derived. The seasonality and spatial variability in rate of increase in total, natural, and anthropogenic AOD fractions were examined over the BoB using data collected between 2001 and 2019. Both total and anthropogenic AOD displayed statistically significant rate of increase in the northwest BoB (NWB) and western coastal BoB (WCB) regions during 2001 to 2019 whereas the long-term changes are insignificant in the other regions of BoB. Significant increase in AOD in the NWB and WCB regions is mainly contributed by dominant outflow of anthropogenic emissions from Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) area of Indian subcontinent. The magnitude of AOD decreased by half from northern BoB to equatorial region due to increase in distance from the source region. The contribution of anthropogenic AOD was >70% to total AOD with higher contribution during winter and lower during summer. The rate of increase in both total and anthropogenic AOD was close to 0.104 and 0.099 per decade in the NWB and 0.069 and 0.059 per decade in the WCB region between 2001 and 2019. The rate of increase in total and anthropogenic AOD decreased from 2001-2009 (0.164 and 0.115 per decade respectively) to 2010-2019 (0.068 and 0.076 per decade respectively) in the NWB region. Significant increase in anthropogenic AOD by 50 and 30% was observed during El Niño and La Niña periods respectively than normal year in both northwest BoB (NWB) and western coastal (WCB) regions due to change in strength and direction of winds. Although some fraction of anthropogenic AOD is found over the entire BoB, significant rate of increase in anthropogenic AOD is found only about 23% of the area of BoB than hitherto reported as entire BoB. The impact of atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic aerosols on biogeochemical processes, such as primary production and ocean acidification, needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yadav
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, 176 Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam, 530017, India
| | - V D Rao
- ESSO-National Centre for Coastal Research, Chennai, India
| | - B Sridevi
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, 176 Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam, 530017, India
| | - V V S S Sarma
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, 176 Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam, 530017, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Dona Paula, Goa, India.
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Kishcha P, Starobinets B, Long CN, Alpert P. Unexpected increasing AOT trends over northwest Bay of Bengal in the early postmonsoon season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nair VS, Satheesh SK, Moorthy KK, Babu SS, Nair PR, George SK. Surprising observation of large anthropogenic aerosol fraction over the “near-pristine” southern Bay of Bengal: Climate implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kedia S, Ramachandran S, Kumar A, Sarin MM. Spatiotemporal gradients in aerosol radiative forcing and heating rate over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea derived on the basis of optical, physical, and chemical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hidy GM. Surface-level fine particle mass concentrations: from hemispheric distributions to megacity sources. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2009; 59:770-789. [PMID: 19645262 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.59.7.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since 1990, basic knowledge of the "chemical climate" of fine particles, has greatly improved from Junge's compilation from the 1960s. A worldwide baseline distribution of fine particle concentrations on a synoptic scale of approximately 1000 km can be estimated at least qualitatively from measurements. A geographical distribution of fine particle characteristics is deduced from a synthesis of a variety of disparate data collected at ground level on all continents, especially in the northern hemisphere. On the average, the regional mass concentrations range from 1 to 80 microg/m3, with the highest concentrations in regions of high population density and industrialization. Fine particles by mass on a continental and hemispheric spatial scale are generally dominated by non-sea salt sulfate (0.2 to approximately 20 microg/m3, or approximately 25%) and organic carbon (0.2-> 10 microg/m3, or approximately 25%), with lesser contributions of ammonium, nitrate, elemental carbon, and elements found in sea salt or soil dust. The crustal and trace metal elements contribute a varied amount to fine particle mass depending on location, with a larger contribution in marine conditions or during certain events such as dust storms or volcanic disturbances. The average distribution of mass concentration and major components depends on the proximity to areal aggregations of sources, most of which are continental in origin, with contributions from sea salt emissions in the marine environment. The highest concentrations generally are within or near very large population and industrial centers, especially in Asia, including parts of China and India, as well as North America and Europe. Natural sources of blowing dust, sea salt, and wildfires contribute to large, intermittent spatial-scale particle loadings beyond these ranges. A sampling of 10 megacities illustrates a range of characteristic particle composition, dependent on local and regional sources. Long-range transport of pollution from spatially aggregated sources over hundreds of kilometers creates persistent regional- and continental-scale gradients of mass concentration, sulfate, and carbon species especially in the northern hemisphere. Data are sparse in the southern hemisphere, especially beyond 45 degrees S, but are generally very low in mass concentrations.
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Nair VS, Babu SS, Moorthy KK. Aerosol characteristics in the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB: Spatial distribution and latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dey S, Tripathi SN. Estimation of aerosol optical properties and radiative effects in the Ganga basin, northern India, during the wintertime. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ganguly D, Jayaraman A. Physical and optical properties of aerosols over an urban location in western India: Implications for shortwave radiative forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ganguly D, Jayaraman A, Gadhavi H. Physical and optical properties of aerosols over an urban location in western India: Seasonal variabilities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chatterjee A, Dutta C, Sen S, Ghosh K, Biswas N, Ganguly D, Jana TK. Formation, transformation, and removal of aerosol over a tropical mangrove forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ramachandran S, Rengarajan R, Jayaraman A, Sarin MM, Das SK. Aerosol radiative forcing during clear, hazy, and foggy conditions over a continental polluted location in north India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ganguly D, Jayaraman A, Rajesh TA, Gadhavi H. Wintertime aerosol properties during foggy and nonfoggy days over urban center Delhi and their implications for shortwave radiative forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd007029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ramachandran S. Aerosol radiative forcing over Bay of Bengal and Chennai: Comparison with maritime, continental, and urban aerosol models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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