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Rotundi A, Sierks H, Della Corte V, Fulle M, Gutierrez PJ, Lara L, Barbieri C, Lamy PL, Rodrigo R, Koschny D, Rickman H, Keller HU, López-Moreno JJ, Accolla M, Agarwal J, A'Hearn MF, Altobelli N, Angrilli F, Barucci MA, Bertaux JL, Bertini I, Bodewits D, Bussoletti E, Colangeli L, Cosi M, Cremonese G, Crifo JF, Da Deppo V, Davidsson B, Debei S, De Cecco M, Esposito F, Ferrari M, Fornasier S, Giovane F, Gustafson B, Green SF, Groussin O, Grün E, Güttler C, Herranz ML, Hviid SF, Ip W, Ivanovski S, Jerónimo JM, Jorda L, Knollenberg J, Kramm R, Kührt E, Küppers M, Lazzarin M, Leese MR, López-Jiménez AC, Lucarelli F, Lowry SC, Marzari F, Epifani EM, McDonnell JAM, Mennella V, Michalik H, Molina A, Morales R, Moreno F, Mottola S, Naletto G, Oklay N, Ortiz JL, Palomba E, Palumbo P, Perrin JM, Rodríguez J, Sabau L, Snodgrass C, Sordini R, Thomas N, Tubiana C, Vincent JB, Weissman P, Wenzel KP, Zakharov V, Zarnecki JC. Cometary science. Dust measurements in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko inbound to the Sun. Science 2015; 347:aaa3905. [PMID: 25613898 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa3905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Critical measurements for understanding accretion and the dust/gas ratio in the solar nebula, where planets were forming 4.5 billion years ago, are being obtained by the GIADA (Grain Impact Analyser and Dust Accumulator) experiment on the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft orbiting comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Between 3.6 and 3.4 astronomical units inbound, GIADA and OSIRIS (Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System) detected 35 outflowing grains of mass 10(-10) to 10(-7) kilograms, and 48 grains of mass 10(-5) to 10(-2) kilograms, respectively. Combined with gas data from the MIRO (Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter) and ROSINA (Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis) instruments, we find a dust/gas mass ratio of 4 ± 2 averaged over the sunlit nucleus surface. A cloud of larger grains also encircles the nucleus in bound orbits from the previous perihelion. The largest orbiting clumps are meter-sized, confirming the dust/gas ratio of 3 inferred at perihelion from models of dust comae and trails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rotundi
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 0133 Rome, Italy. Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope," Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, CDN IC4, 80143 Naples, Italy.
| | - Holger Sierks
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Della Corte
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 0133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fulle
- Osservatorio Astronomico, INAF, Via Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pedro J Gutierrez
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 3008, 18080 Granada, Spain
| | - Luisa Lara
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 3008, 18080 Granada, Spain
| | - Cesare Barbieri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Padova University, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 3, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Philippe L Lamy
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, 13388 Marseille, France
| | - Rafael Rodrigo
- Centro de Astrobiologia (Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aerospacial-CSIC), 28691 Villanueva de la Canada, Madrid, Spain. International Space Science Institute, Hallerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Detlef Koschny
- Scientific Support Office, European Space Agency, 2201 Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - Hans Rickman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden. Polish Academy of Sciences Space Research Center, Bartycka 18A, PL-00716 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Horst Uwe Keller
- Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - José J López-Moreno
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 3008, 18080 Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Accolla
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 0133 Rome, Italy. Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope," Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, CDN IC4, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Jessica Agarwal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael F A'Hearn
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2421, USA
| | - Nicolas Altobelli
- European Space Agency (ESA)-European Space Astronomy Center (ESAC), Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spagna
| | - Francesco Angrilli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Padova, via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Antonietta Barucci
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris 06, Université Paris-Diderot, 5 place Johannes Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - Jean-Loup Bertaux
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, CNRS/Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines/Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, 11 boulevard d'Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France
| | - Ivano Bertini
- University of Padova, Centro Interdipartimentale di Studi e Attività Spaziali (CISAS), via Venezia 15, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Dennis Bodewits
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2421, USA
| | - Ezio Bussoletti
- Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope," Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, CDN IC4, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Colangeli
- ESA, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - Massimo Cosi
- Selex-ES, Via Albert Einstein, 35, 50013 Campi Bisenzio, Firenze, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cremonese
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, INAF, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Jean-Francois Crifo
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, CNRS/Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines/Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, 11 boulevard d'Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France
| | - Vania Da Deppo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Unità Operativa di Supporto Padova LUXOR, via Trasea 7, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Björn Davidsson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefano Debei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Padova, via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Esposito
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, INAF, Salita Moiariello, 16, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 0133 Rome, Italy. Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope," Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, CDN IC4, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Sonia Fornasier
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris 06, Université Paris-Diderot, 5 place Johannes Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - Frank Giovane
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bo Gustafson
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Simon F Green
- Planetary and Space Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Olivier Groussin
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, 13388 Marseille, France
| | - Eberhard Grün
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Güttler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Miguel L Herranz
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 3008, 18080 Granada, Spain
| | - Stubbe F Hviid
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wing Ip
- Institute for Space Science, National Central University, 300 Chung Da Road, 32054 Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Stavro Ivanovski
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 0133 Rome, Italy
| | - José M Jerónimo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 3008, 18080 Granada, Spain
| | - Laurent Jorda
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, 13388 Marseille, France
| | - Joerg Knollenberg
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Kramm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Kührt
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Küppers
- European Space Agency (ESA)-European Space Astronomy Center (ESAC), Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spagna
| | - Monica Lazzarin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Padova University, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 3, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Mark R Leese
- Planetary and Space Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Antonio C López-Jiménez
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 3008, 18080 Granada, Spain
| | - Francesca Lucarelli
- Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope," Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, CDN IC4, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Stephen C Lowry
- The University of Kent, School of Physical Sciences, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NZ, UK
| | | | - Elena Mazzotta Epifani
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, INAF, Salita Moiariello, 16, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - J Anthony M McDonnell
- Planetary and Space Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK. The University of Kent, School of Physical Sciences, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NZ, UK. Unispacekent, Canterbury CT2 8EF, UK
| | - Vito Mennella
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, INAF, Salita Moiariello, 16, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Harald Michalik
- Institut für Datentechnik und Kommunikationsnetze, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Antonio Molina
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avenida Severo Ochoa, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Morales
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 3008, 18080 Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Moreno
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 3008, 18080 Granada, Spain
| | - Stefano Mottola
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giampiero Naletto
- Department of Information Engineering, Padova University, via Gradenigo 6, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nilda Oklay
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - José L Ortiz
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 3008, 18080 Granada, Spain
| | - Ernesto Palomba
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 0133 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Palumbo
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 0133 Rome, Italy. Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope," Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, CDN IC4, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Jean-Marie Perrin
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, CNRS/Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines/Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, 11 boulevard d'Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France. Observatoire de Haute Provence OSU Pythéas UMS 2244 CNRS-AMU, 04870 Saint Michel l'Observatoire, France
| | - Julio Rodríguez
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. Box 3008, 18080 Granada, Spain
| | - Lola Sabau
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial, Carretera de Ajalvir, p.k. 4, 28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Colin Snodgrass
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. Planetary and Space Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Roberto Sordini
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 0133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolas Thomas
- Physikalisches Institut, Sidlerstrasse 5, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Tubiana
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jean-Baptiste Vincent
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Weissman
- Planetary Science Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Klaus-Peter Wenzel
- Scientific Support Office, European Space Agency, 2201 Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Zakharov
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris 06, Université Paris-Diderot, 5 place Johannes Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - John C Zarnecki
- International Space Science Institute, Hallerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Planetary and Space Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
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3
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Hörz F, Bastien R, Borg J, Bradley JP, Bridges JC, Brownlee DE, Burchell MJ, Chi M, Cintala MJ, Dai ZR, Djouadi Z, Dominguez G, Economou TE, Fairey SAJ, Floss C, Franchi IA, Graham GA, Green SF, Heck P, Hoppe P, Huth J, Ishii H, Kearsley AT, Kissel J, Leitner J, Leroux H, Marhas K, Messenger K, Schwandt CS, See TH, Snead C, Stadermann FJ, Stephan T, Stroud R, Teslich N, Trigo-Rodríguez JM, Tuzzolino AJ, Troadec D, Tsou P, Warren J, Westphal A, Wozniakiewicz P, Wright I, Zinner E. Impact Features on Stardust: Implications for Comet 81P/Wild 2 Dust. Science 2006; 314:1716-9. [PMID: 17170290 DOI: 10.1126/science.1135705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Particles emanating from comet 81P/Wild 2 collided with the Stardust spacecraft at 6.1 kilometers per second, producing hypervelocity impact features on the collector surfaces that were returned to Earth. The morphologies of these surprisingly diverse features were created by particles varying from dense mineral grains to loosely bound, polymineralic aggregates ranging from tens of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers in size. The cumulative size distribution of Wild 2 dust is shallower than that of comet Halley, yet steeper than that of comet Grigg-Skjellerup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Hörz
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Ron Bastien
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Janet Borg
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - John P. Bradley
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - John C. Bridges
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Donald E. Brownlee
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Mark J. Burchell
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Mark J. Cintala
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Zu Rong Dai
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Zahia Djouadi
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Gerardo Dominguez
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Thanasis E. Economou
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Sam A. J. Fairey
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Christine Floss
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Ian A. Franchi
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Giles A. Graham
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Simon F. Green
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Philipp Heck
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Peter Hoppe
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Joachim Huth
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Hope Ishii
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Anton T. Kearsley
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Jochen Kissel
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Jan Leitner
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Hugues Leroux
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Kuljeet Marhas
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Keiko Messenger
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Craig S. Schwandt
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Thomas H. See
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Christopher Snead
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Frank J. Stadermann
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Thomas Stephan
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Rhonda Stroud
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Nick Teslich
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Josep M. Trigo-Rodríguez
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - A. J. Tuzzolino
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - David Troadec
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Peter Tsou
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Jack Warren
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Andrew Westphal
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Penelope Wozniakiewicz
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Ian Wright
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Ernst Zinner
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Engineering Science Contract Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Institut Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
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