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Ghaffari R, Cully CM, Gabrielse C. Statistical Study of Whistler-Mode Waves and Expected Pitch Angle Diffusion Rates During Dispersionless Electron Injections. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2021GL094085. [PMID: 35864943 PMCID: PMC9286036 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl094085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Energetic electron injections can generate or amplify electromagnetic waves such as whistler-mode waves. These waves can resonantly interact with available particles to affect their equatorial pitch angle. This process can be considered as a diffusion that scatters particles into the loss cone. This study investigates whistler-mode wave generation in conjunction with electron injections using in situ wave measurements by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms mission during 2011-2020. We characterize the whistler-mode wave behavior associated with 733 selected dispersionless electron injections and dipolarizing flux bundles (DFBs). We observe intense wave activity and strong diffusion associated with only the top 5% and 10% of the selected injection events, respectively. We also study the wave activity when there is a sharp rise in the northward component of the magnetic field around the injection time (DFBs). In this case, the generated wave powers increase, and the power change is at least two times greater than non-DFB injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Ghaffari
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryALCanada
| | - C. M. Cully
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryALCanada
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2
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Hua M, Li W, Ni B, Ma Q, Green A, Shen X, Claudepierre SG, Bortnik J, Gu X, Fu S, Xiang Z, Reeves GD. Very-Low-Frequency transmitters bifurcate energetic electron belt in near-earth space. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4847. [PMID: 32973130 PMCID: PMC7518438 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Very-Low-Frequency (VLF) transmitters operate worldwide mostly at frequencies of 10-30 kilohertz for submarine communications. While it has been of intense scientific interest and practical importance to understand whether VLF transmitters can affect the natural environment of charged energetic particles, for decades there remained little direct observational evidence that revealed the effects of these VLF transmitters in geospace. Here we report a radially bifurcated electron belt formation at energies of tens of kiloelectron volts (keV) at altitudes of ~0.8-1.5 Earth radii on timescales over 10 days. Using Fokker-Planck diffusion simulations, we provide quantitative evidence that VLF transmitter emissions that leak from the Earth-ionosphere waveguide are primarily responsible for bifurcating the energetic electron belt, which typically exhibits a single-peak radial structure in near-Earth space. Since energetic electrons pose a potential danger to satellite operations, our findings demonstrate the feasibility of mitigation of natural particle radiation environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Hua
- Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen Li
- Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Binbin Ni
- Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Anhui, Hefei, China.
| | - Qianli Ma
- Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alex Green
- Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaochen Shen
- Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seth G Claudepierre
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Space Sciences Department, The Aerospace Corporation, EI Segundo, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Bortnik
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xudong Gu
- Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Song Fu
- Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Geoffrey D Reeves
- Space Science and Applications Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Space Sciences Division, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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Jordanova VK, Tu W, Chen Y, Morley SK, Panaitescu A, Reeves GD, Kletzing CA. RAM-SCB simulations of electron transport and plasma wave scattering during the October 2012 "double-dip" storm. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2016; 121:8712-8727. [PMID: 27867801 PMCID: PMC5101868 DOI: 10.1002/2016ja022470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms for electron injection, trapping, and loss in the near-Earth space environment are investigated during the October 2012 "double-dip" storm using our ring current-atmosphere interactions model with self-consistent magnetic field (RAM-SCB). Pitch angle and energy scattering are included for the first time in RAM-SCB using L and magnetic local time (MLT)-dependent event-specific chorus wave models inferred from NOAA Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) and Van Allen Probes Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science observations. The dynamics of the source (approximately tens of keV) and seed (approximately hundreds of keV) populations of the radiation belts simulated with RAM-SCB is compared with Van Allen Probes Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer observations in the morning sector and with measurements from NOAA 15 satellite in the predawn and afternoon MLT sectors. We find that although the low-energy (E< 100 keV) electron fluxes are in good agreement with observations, increasing significantly by magnetospheric convection during both SYM-H dips while decreasing during the intermediate recovery phase, the injection of high-energy electrons is underestimated by this mechanism throughout the storm. Local acceleration by chorus waves intensifies the electron fluxes at E≥50 keV considerably, and RAM-SCB simulations overestimate the observed trapped fluxes by more than an order of magnitude; the precipitating fluxes simulated with RAM-SCB are weaker, and their temporal and spatial evolutions agree well with POES/Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detectors data.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. K. Jordanova
- Space Science and ApplicationsLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNew MexicoUSA
| | - W. Tu
- Space Science and ApplicationsLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNew MexicoUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Y. Chen
- Space Science and ApplicationsLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNew MexicoUSA
| | - S. K. Morley
- Space Science and ApplicationsLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNew MexicoUSA
| | - A.‐D. Panaitescu
- Space Science and ApplicationsLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNew MexicoUSA
| | - G. D. Reeves
- Space Science and ApplicationsLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNew MexicoUSA
| | - C. A. Kletzing
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
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Murphy KR, Mann IR, Rae IJ, Sibeck DG, Watt CEJ. Accurately characterizing the importance of wave-particle interactions in radiation belt dynamics: The pitfalls of statistical wave representations. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2016; 121:7895-7899. [PMID: 27867798 PMCID: PMC5111426 DOI: 10.1002/2016ja022618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wave-particle interactions play a crucial role in energetic particle dynamics in the Earth's radiation belts. However, the relative importance of different wave modes in these dynamics is poorly understood. Typically, this is assessed during geomagnetic storms using statistically averaged empirical wave models as a function of geomagnetic activity in advanced radiation belt simulations. However, statistical averages poorly characterize extreme events such as geomagnetic storms in that storm-time ultralow frequency wave power is typically larger than that derived over a solar cycle and Kp is a poor proxy for storm-time wave power.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian R. Mann
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - I. Jonathan Rae
- Department of Space and Climate Physics, Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonDorkingUK
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Xiao F, Zong Q, Su Z, Yang C, He Z, Wang Y, Gao Z. Determining the mechanism of cusp proton aurora. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1654. [PMID: 23575366 PMCID: PMC3622916 DOI: 10.1038/srep01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Earth's cusp proton aurora occurs near the prenoon and is primarily produced by the precipitation of solar energetic (2–10 keV) protons. Cusp auroral precipitation provides a direct source of energy for the high-latitude dayside upper atmosphere, contributing to chemical composition change and global climate variability. Previous studies have indicated that magnetic reconnection allows solar energetic protons to cross the magnetopause and enter the cusp region, producing cusp auroral precipitation. However, energetic protons are easily trapped in the cusp region due to a minimum magnetic field existing there. Hence, the mechanism of cusp proton aurora has remained a significant challenge for tens of years. Based on the satellite data and calculations of diffusion equation, we demonstrate that EMIC waves can yield the trapped proton scattering that causes cusp proton aurora. This moves forward a step toward identifying the generation mechanism of cusp proton aurora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuliang Xiao
- School of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
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Tao X, Bortnik J, Albert JM, Thorne RM. Comparison of bounce-averaged quasi-linear diffusion coefficients for parallel propagating whistler mode waves with test particle simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012ja017931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Orlova KG, Shprits YY, Ni B. Bounce-averaged diffusion coefficients due to resonant interaction of the outer radiation belt electrons with oblique chorus waves computed in a realistic magnetic field model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012ja017591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Subbotin DA, Shprits YY. Three-dimensional radiation belt simulations in terms of adiabatic invariants using a single numerical grid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Bunch NL, Spasojevic M, Shprits YY. Off-equatorial chorus occurrence and wave amplitude distributions as observed by the Polar Plasma Wave Instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Subbotin DA, Shprits YY, Ni B. Long-term radiation belt simulation with the VERB 3-D code: Comparison with CRRES observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Liu K, Gary SP, Winske D. Excitation of magnetosonic waves in the terrestrial magnetosphere: Particle-in-cell simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Liu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - S. Peter Gary
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Dan Winske
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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12
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Su Z, Zheng H, Wang S. Three-dimensional simulation of energetic outer zone electron dynamics due to wave-particle interaction and azimuthal advection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Su
- Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Huinan Zheng
- Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Shui Wang
- Mengcheng National Geophysical Observatory, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
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13
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Xiao F, Su Z, Zheng H, Wang S. Three-dimensional simulations of outer radiation belt electron dynamics including cross-diffusion terms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuliang Xiao
- School of Physics and Electronic Sciences; Changsha University of Science and Technology; Changsha China
| | - Zhenpeng Su
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Huinan Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Shui Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
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14
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Liu K, Lemons DS, Winske D, Gary SP. Relativistic electron scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron fluctuations: Test particle simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Liu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Don S. Lemons
- Department of Physics; Bethel College; North Newton Kansas USA
| | - Dan Winske
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - S. Peter Gary
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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15
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Subbotin D, Shprits Y, Ni B. Three-dimensional VERB radiation belt simulations including mixed diffusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja015070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Subbotin
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Yuri Shprits
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Binbin Ni
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
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16
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Shprits YY, Ni B. Dependence of the quasi-linear scattering rates on the wave normal distribution of chorus waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Y. Shprits
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Binbin Ni
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
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17
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Xiao F, Su Z, Zheng H, Wang S. Modeling of outer radiation belt electrons by multidimensional diffusion process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuliang Xiao
- School of Physics and Electronic Sciences; Changsha University of Science and Technology; Changsha China
| | - Zhenpeng Su
- Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Huinan Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Shui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Basic Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
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18
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Albert JM. Efficient approximations of quasi-linear diffusion coefficients in the radiation belts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Albert
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate; Hanscom Air Force Base Massachusetts USA
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19
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Omura Y, Katoh Y, Summers D. Theory and simulation of the generation of whistler-mode chorus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Omura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Yuto Katoh
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Miyagi Japan
| | - Danny Summers
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's, Newfoundland Canada
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Albert
- Air Force Research Laboratory; Space Vehicles Directorate; Hanscom Air Force Base Massachusetts USA
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21
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Li W, Shprits YY, Thorne RM. Dynamic evolution of energetic outer zone electrons due to wave-particle interactions during storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Y. Shprits
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
| | - R. M. Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kaan Öztürk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
| | - R. A. Wolf
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Rice University; Houston Texas USA
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23
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Koller J, Chen Y, Reeves GD, Friedel RHW, Cayton TE, Vrugt JA. Identifying the radiation belt source region by data assimilation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja012196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Koller
- Space Science and Applications, ISR-1; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Y. Chen
- Space Science and Applications, ISR-1; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - G. D. Reeves
- Space Science and Applications, ISR-1; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - R. H. W. Friedel
- Space Science and Applications, ISR-1; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - T. E. Cayton
- Space Science and Applications, ISR-1; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - J. A. Vrugt
- Hydrology, Geochemistry, and Geology, EES-6; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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24
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Omura Y, Furuya N, Summers D. Relativistic turning acceleration of resonant electrons by coherent whistler mode waves in a dipole magnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja012243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Omura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere; Kyoto University; Uji, Kyoto Japan
| | - Naoki Furuya
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere; Kyoto University; Uji, Kyoto Japan
| | - Danny Summers
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere; Kyoto University; Uji, Kyoto Japan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's, Newfoundland Canada
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25
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Summers D, Ni B, Meredith NP. Timescales for radiation belt electron acceleration and loss due to resonant wave-particle interactions: 2. Evaluation for VLF chorus, ELF hiss, and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Summers
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's Newfoundland Canada
| | - Binbin Ni
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's Newfoundland Canada
| | - Nigel P. Meredith
- British Antarctic Survey; Natural Environment Research Council; Cambridge UK
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26
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Shprits YY, Thorne RM, Horne RB, Summers D. Bounce-averaged diffusion coefficients for field-aligned chorus waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Zheng Y, Lui ATY, Li X, Fok MC. Characteristics of 2–6 MeV electrons in the slot region and inner radiation belt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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