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Liang D, Niu Z, Zhou W, Wang G, Feng X, Lyu M, Lu X, Liu W, Qu Y. Vertical measurements of atmospheric CO 2 and 14CO 2 at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171200. [PMID: 38408662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The CO2 and 14CO2 levels in air samples from the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains (Xi'an, China) were determined. In 2021, a hexacopter unmanned aerial vehicle sampled air at different heights, from near-ground to 2000 m. The objectives of this study were to determine vertical characteristics of CO2 and 14CO2, the sources of different-height CO2, and the influence of air mass transport. The CO2 concentrations mainly exhibited a slight decreasing trend with increasing height during summer observations, which was in contrast to the increasing trend that was followed by a subsequent gradual decreasing trend during early winter observations, with peak CO2 levels (443.4 ± 0.4-475.7 ± 0.5 ppm) at 100-500 m. The variation in vertical concentrations from 20 to 1000 m in early winter observations (21.6 ± 19.3 ppm) was greater than that in summer observations (14.6 ± 14.3 ppm), and the maximum vertical variation from 20 to ∼2000 m reached 61.1 ppm. Combining Δ14C and δ13C vertical measurements, the results showed that fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff, 56.1 ± 15.2 %), which mainly come from coal combustion (81.2 ± 3.4 %), was the main contributor to CO2 levels in excess of the background level (CO2ex) during early winter observations. In contrast, biological CO2 (CO2bio) dominated CO2ex in summer observations. The vertical distributions of CO2ff in early winter observations and CO2bio in summer observations were consistent with those of CO2 during early winter and summer observations, respectively. The strong correlation between winter CO2bio and ΔCO (r = 0.81, p < 0.01) indicated that biomass burning was the main contributor to CO2bio during early winter observations. Approximately half of the air masses originated from the Guanzhong Basin during observations. The results provide insights into the vertical distribution of different-sources of atmospheric CO2 in scientific support of formulating carbon emission-reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenchuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Weijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengni Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wanyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Spatio-Temporal Validation of AIRS CO2 Observations Using GAW, HIPPO and TCCON. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12213583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a significant atmospheric greenhouse gas and its concentrations can be observed by in situ surface stations, aircraft flights and satellite sensors. This paper investigated the ability of the CO2 satellite observations to monitor, analyze and predict the horizontal and vertical distribution of atmospheric CO2 concentration at global scales. CO2 observations retrieved by an Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) were inter-compared with the Global Atmosphere Watch Program (GAW) and HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPOs), with reference to the measurements obtained using high-resolution ground-based Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS) in the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) from near-surface level to the mid-to-high troposphere. After vertically integrating the AIRS-retrieved values with the column averaging kernels of TCCON measurements, the AIRS observations are spatio-temporally compared with HIPPO-integrated profiles in the mid-to-high troposphere. Five selected GAW stations are used for comparisons with TCCON sites near the surface of the Earth. The results of AIRS, TCCON (5–6 km), GAW and TCCON (1 km) CO2 measurements from 2007 to 2013 are compared, analyzed and discussed at their respective altitudes. The outcomes indicate that the difference of about 3.0 ppmv between AIRS and GAW or other highly accurate in situ surface measurements is mainly due to the different vertical altitudes, rather than the errors in the AIRS. The study reported here also explores the potential of AIRS satellite observations for analyzing the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of CO2 concentration at global scales.
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The Global Spatiotemporal Distribution of the Mid-Tropospheric CO2 Concentration and Analysis of the Controlling Factors. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) provides a robust and accurate data source to investigate the variability of mid-tropospheric CO2 globally. In this paper, we use the AIRS CO2 product and other auxiliary data to survey the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of mid-tropospheric CO2 and the controlling factors using linear regression, empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), geostatistical analysis, and correlation analysis. The results show that areas with low mid-tropospheric CO2 concentrations (20°S–5°N) (384.2 ppm) are formed as a result of subsidence in the atmosphere, the presence of the Amazon rainforest, and the lack of high CO2 emission areas. The areas with high mid-tropospheric CO2 concentrations (30°N–70°N) (382.1 ppm) are formed due to high CO2 emissions. The global mid-tropospheric CO2 concentrations increased gradually (the annual average rate of increase in CO2 concentration is 2.11 ppm/a), with the highest concentration occurring in spring (384.0 ppm) and the lowest value in winter (382.5 ppm). The amplitude of the seasonal variation retrieved from AIRS (average: 1.38 ppm) is consistent with that of comprehensive observation network for trace gases (CONTRAIL), but smaller than the surface ground stations, which is related to altitude and coverage. These results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of mid-tropospheric CO2 and related mechanisms.
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Revadekar JV, Ravi Kumar K, Tiwari YK, Valsala V. Variability in AIRS CO2 during active and break phases of Indian summer monsoon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:1200-1207. [PMID: 26476061 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to human activities, the atmospheric concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) has been rising extensively since the Industrial Revolution. Indian summer monsoon (ISM) has a dominant westerly component from ocean to land with a strong tendency to ascend and hence may have role in CO2 distribution in lower and middle troposphere over Indian sub-continent. A substantial component of ISM variability arises from the fluctuations on the intra-seasonal scale between active and break phases which correspond to strong and weak monsoon circulation. In view of the above, an attempt is made in this study to examine the AIRS/AQUA satellite retrieved CO2 distribution in response to atmospheric circulation with focus on active and break phase. Correlation analysis indicates the increase in AIRS CO2 linked with strong monsoon circulation. Study also reveals that anomalous circulation pattern during active and break phase show resemblance with high and low values of AIRS CO2. Homogeneous monsoon regions of India show substantial increase in CO2 levels during active phase. Hilly regions of India show strong contrast in CO2 and vertical velocity during active and break phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Revadekar
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
| | - K Ravi Kumar
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India; National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
| | | | - Vinu Valsala
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
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Kumar KR, Revadekar JV, Tiwari YK. AIRS retrieved CO2 and its association with climatic parameters over India during 2004-2011. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 476-477:79-89. [PMID: 24463028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) retrieved mid-tropospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO2) have been used to study the variability and its association with the climatic parameters over India during 2004 to 2011. The study also aims in understanding transport of CO2 from surface to mid-troposphere over India. The annual cycle of mid-tropospheric CO2 shows gradual increase in concentration from January till the month of May at the rate ~0.6 ppm/month. It decreases continuously in summer monsoon (JJAS) at the same rate during which strong westerlies persists over the region. A slight increase is seen during winter monsoon (DJF). Being a greenhouse gas, annual cycle of CO2 show good resemblance with annual cycle of surface air temperature with correlation coefficient (CC) of +0.8. Annual cycle of vertical velocity indicate inverse pattern compared to annual cycle of CO2. High values of mid-tropospheric CO2 correspond to upward wind, while low values of mid-tropospheric CO2 correspond to downward wind. In addition to vertical motion, zonal winds are also contributing towards the transport of CO2 from surface to mid-troposphere. Vegetation as it absorbs CO2 at surface level, show inverse annual cycle to that of annual cycle of CO2 (CC-0.64). Seasonal variation of rainfall-CO2 shows similarities with seasonal variation of NDVI-CO2. However, the use of long period data sets for CO2 at the surface and at the mid-troposphere will be an advantage to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ravi Kumar
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
| | - J V Revadekar
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
| | - Yogesh K Tiwari
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India.
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Prasad P, Rastogi S, Singh RP, Panigrahy S. Spectral modelling near the 1.6 μm window for satellite based estimation of CO2. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 117:330-339. [PMID: 23998965 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of inter annual CO2 variability are important inputs for modelling global carbon cycle. Satellite observations play important role in quantification and modelling of CO2 fluxes in the atmosphere, where observed radiances in narrow spectral channels are used to estimate the trace gas concentration using spectroscopic principles. The 1.6 μm spectral window is important for CO2 detection and study of the two CO2 bands in this region is performed at different spectral resolutions. In order to select the optimum spectral resolution and wavelength positions, suitable for CO2 estimation from satellite platform, sensitivities of different spectral lines to changes in CO2 concentration are studied. Analysis is carried out using a line by line FASCOD radiative transfer model in tropical atmospheric and rural aerosol conditions. The CO2 concentration is varied from 200 to 1000 ppmv and spectral resolution is varied from 0.025 nm to 10 nm. It is observed that atmospheric transmittances reduce sharply with increase in CO2 concentration. With decrease in resolution initially the sensitivity steeply reduces but at resolutions lower than 0.15 nm the sensitivity remains nearly constant. The Continuum Interpolated Band Ratio method is used for inverse concentration retrieval. Based on the study it is evaluated that 0.2 nm is the optimum limit for resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhunath Prasad
- Department of Physics, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, India
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Comparing Surface and Mid-Tropospheric CO2 Concentrations from Central U.S. Grasslands. ENTROPY 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/e15020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Global Characterization of CO2 Column Retrievals from Shortwave-Infrared Satellite Observations of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 Mission. REMOTE SENSING 2011. [DOI: 10.3390/rs3020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bai W, Zhang X, Zhang P. Temporal and spatial distribution of tropospheric CO2 over China based on satellite observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Eguchi N, Saito R, Saeki T, Nakatsuka Y, Belikov D, Maksyutov S. A priori covariance estimation for CO2and CH4retrievals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chevallier F, Engelen RJ, Carouge C, Conway TJ, Peylin P, Pickett-Heaps C, Ramonet M, Rayner PJ, Xueref-Remy I. AIRS-based versus flask-based estimation of carbon surface fluxes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Saitoh N, Imasu R, Ota Y, Niwa Y. CO2retrieval algorithm for the thermal infrared spectra of the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite: Potential of retrieving CO2vertical profile from high-resolution FTS sensor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Engelen RJ, Serrar S, Chevallier F. Four-dimensional data assimilation of atmospheric CO2using AIRS observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sawa Y, Machida T, Matsueda H. Seasonal variations of CO2near the tropopause observed by commercial aircraft. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Alkhaled AA, Michalak AM, Kawa SR, Olsen SC, Wang JW. A global evaluation of the regional spatial variability of column integrated CO2distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Strow LL, Hannon SE. A 4-year zonal climatology of lower tropospheric CO2derived from ocean-only Atmospheric Infrared Sounder observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Maddy ES, Barnet CD, Goldberg M, Sweeney C, Liu X. CO2retrievals from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder: Methodology and validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Matsueda H, Machida T, Sawa Y, Nakagawa Y, Hirotani K, Ikeda H, Kondo N, Goto K. Evaluation of atmospheric CO2 measurements from new flask air sampling of JAL airliner observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2467/mripapers.59.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Zupanski D, Denning AS, Uliasz M, Zupanski M, Schuh AE, Rayner PJ, Peters W, Corbin KD. Carbon flux bias estimation employing Maximum Likelihood Ensemble Filter (MLEF). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Peylin P, Bréon FM, Serrar S, Tiwari Y, Chédin A, Gloor M, Machida T, Brenninkmeijer C, Zahn A, Ciais P. Evaluation of Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS-N) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) spaceborne CO2estimates using model simulations and aircraft data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd007018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bösch H, Toon GC, Sen B, Washenfelder RA, Wennberg PO, Buchwitz M, de Beek R, Burrows JP, Crisp D, Christi M, Connor BJ, Natraj V, Yung YL. Space-based near-infrared CO2
measurements: Testing the Orbiting Carbon Observatory retrieval algorithm and validation concept using SCIAMACHY observations over Park Falls, Wisconsin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Bösch
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - B. Sen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - R. A. Washenfelder
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. Buchwitz
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - R. de Beek
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - J. P. Burrows
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - D. Crisp
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. Christi
- Department of Atmospheric Science; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - B. J. Connor
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Lauder New Zealand
| | - V. Natraj
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Y. L. Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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Tiwari YK, Gloor M, Engelen RJ, Chevallier F, Rödenbeck C, Körner S, Peylin P, Braswell BH, Heimann M. Comparing CO2retrieved from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder with model predictions: Implications for constraining surface fluxes and lower-to-upper troposphere transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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