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Sellitto P, Salerno G, La Spina A, Caltabiano T, Scollo S, Boselli A, Leto G, Zanmar Sanchez R, Crumeyrolle S, Hanoune B, Briole P. Small-scale volcanic aerosols variability, processes and direct radiative impact at Mount Etna during the EPL-RADIO campaigns. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15224. [PMID: 32938969 PMCID: PMC7494918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aerosol properties of Mount Etna’s passive degassing plume and its short-term processes and radiative impact were studied in detail during the EPL-RADIO campaigns (summer 2016–2017), using a synergistic combination of observations and radiative transfer modelling. Summit observations show extremely high particulate matter concentrations. Using portable photometers, the first mapping of small-scale (within \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sim 20\,\hbox {km}$$\end{document}∼20km from the degassing craters) spatial variability of the average size and coarse-to-fine burden proportion of volcanic aerosols is obtained. A substantial variability of the plume properties is found at these spatial scales, revealing that processes (e.g. new particle formation and/or coarse aerosols sedimentation) are at play, which are not represented with current regional scale modelling and satellite observations. Statistically significant progressively smaller particles and decreasing coarse-to-fine particles burden proportion are found along plume dispersion. Vertical structures of typical passive degassing plumes are also obtained using observations from a fixed LiDAR station constrained with quasi-simultaneous photometric observations. These observations are used as input to radiative transfer calculations, to obtain the shortwave top of the atmosphere (TOA) and surface radiative effect of the plume. For a plume with an ultraviolet aerosol optical depth of 0.12–0.14, daily average radiative forcings of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$-\;4.5$$\end{document}-4.5 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$-\;7.0\,\hbox {W/m}^2$$\end{document}-7.0W/m2, at TOA and surface, are found at a fixed location \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sim 7\,\hbox {km}$$\end{document}∼7km downwind the degassing craters. This is the first available estimation in the literature of the local radiative impact of a passive degassing volcanic plume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Sellitto
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques-LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Créteil, France.
| | - Giuseppe Salerno
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro La Spina
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy
| | - Tommaso Caltabiano
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Scollo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Boselli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale, Tito Scalo, Potenza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Leto
- Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica, INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ricardo Zanmar Sanchez
- Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica, INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Suzanne Crumeyrolle
- Université de Lille, UMR CNRS 8518-LOA-Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Hanoune
- Université de Lille, UMR CNRS 8522-PC2A-Physico-Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Briole
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy.,Laboratoire de Géologie, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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Contribution of Volcanic and Fumarolic Emission to the Aerosol in Marine Atmosphere in the Central Mediterranean Sea: Results from Med-Oceanor 2017 Cruise Campaign. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work studied the contribution of the geogenic sources volcanoes and fumaroles to the aerosol in marine atmosphere in the central Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, in the framework of the Med-Oceanor measurement program, we carried out a cruise campaign in the summer of 2017 to investigate the impact to the aerosol of the most important Mediterranean volcanoes (Mount Etna, Stromboli Island, and Marsili Seamount) and solfatara areas (Phlegraean Fields complex, Volcano Islands, Ischia Island, and Panarea submarine fumarole). We collected PM10 and PM2.5 samples in 12 sites and performed chemical characterization to gather information about the concentration of major and trace elements, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and ionic species. The use of triangular plots and the calculation of enrichment factors confirmed the interception of volcanic plume. We integrated the outcomes from chemical characterization with the use of factor analysis and SEM/EDX analysis for the source apportionment. Anthropogenic and natural sources including shipping emissions, volcanic and fumarolic load, as well as sea spray were identified as the main factors affecting aerosol levels in the study area. Furthermore, we performed pattern recognition analysis by stepwise linear discriminant analysis to seek differences in the composition of PM10 and PM2.5 samples according to their volcanic or solfatara origin.
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Trovato MC, Andronico D, Sciacchitano S, Ruggeri RM, Picerno I, Di Pietro A, Visalli G. Nanostructures: between natural environment and medical practice. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2018; 33:295-307. [PMID: 30205650 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are small structures under 100 nm in dimension. Interrelationships among the morphological parameters and toxicity of NPs have been the focus of several investigations that assessed potential health risk in environmentally-exposed subjects and the realistic uses of NPs in medical practice. In the current review, we provide a summary of the cellular mechanisms of membrane-mediated transport, including old and novel molecules that transport nanostructures across cellular membranes. The effects of geochemical exposure to natural NPs are evaluated through epidemiological data and cancerous pathways activated by Fe2+ NPs. Specifically, we discuss screening for papillary thyroid carcinomas in the inhabitants of the Sicilian volcanic area surrounding Mount Etna to compare the incidence of thyroid carcinoma in this population. Lastly, considering the increased production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), we examine the toxicity and potential use of these engineered NPs in drug delivery of an extensive amount of therapeutic and imaging molecules (theranosis) that can be conjugated to CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Concetta Trovato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Universitario, Consolare Valeria 1, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniele Andronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Osservatorio Etneo, Sezione di Catania, Piazza Roma 2, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena n. 324, Rome, Italy
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Universitario, Consolare Valeria 1, Messina, Italy
| | - Isa Picerno
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario, Consolare Valeria 1, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario, Consolare Valeria 1, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Visalli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario, Consolare Valeria 1, Messina, Italy
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Role of degassing of the Noril'sk nickel deposits in the Permian-Triassic mass extinction event. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2485-2490. [PMID: 28223492 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611086114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The largest mass extinction event in Earth's history marks the boundary between the Permian and Triassic Periods at circa 252 Ma and has been linked with the eruption of the basaltic Siberian Traps large igneous province (SLIP). One of the kill mechanisms that has been suggested is a biogenic methane burst triggered by the release of vast amounts of nickel into the atmosphere. A proposed Ni source lies within the huge Noril'sk nickel ore deposits, which formed in magmatic conduits widely believed to have fed the eruption of the SLIP basalts. However, nickel is a nonvolatile element, assumed to be largely sequestered at depth in dense sulfide liquids that formed the orebodies, preventing its release into the atmosphere and oceans. Flotation of sulfide liquid droplets by surface attachment to gas bubbles has been suggested as a mechanism to overcome this problem and allow introduction of Ni into the atmosphere during eruption of the SLIP lavas. Here we use 2D and 3D X-ray imagery on Noril'sk nickel sulfide, combined with simple thermodynamic models, to show that the Noril'sk ores were degassing while they were forming. Consequent "bubble riding" by sulfide droplets, followed by degassing of the shallow, sulfide-saturated, and exceptionally volatile and Cl-rich SLIP lavas, permitted a massive release of nickel-rich volcanic gas and subsequent global dispersal of nickel released from this gas as aerosol particles.
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Calabrese S, D'Alessandro W. Characterization of the Etna volcanic emissions through an active biomonitoring technique (moss-bags): part 2--morphological and mineralogical features. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:1456-1464. [PMID: 25311770 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Volcanic emissions were studied at Mount Etna (Italy) by using moss-bags technique. Mosses were exposed around the volcano at different distances from the active vents to evaluate the impact of volcanic emissions in the atmosphere. Morphology and mineralogy of volcanic particulate intercepted by mosses were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Particles emitted during passive degassing activity from the two active vents, Bocca Nuova and North East Crater (BNC and NEC), were identified as silicates, sulfates and halide compounds. In addition to volcanic particles, we found evidences also of geogenic, anthropogenic and marine spray input. The study has shown the robustness of this active biomonitoring technique to collect particles, very useful in active volcanic areas characterized by continuous degassing and often not easily accessible to apply conventional sampling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università degli Studi di Palermo, via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - W D'Alessandro
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione di Palermo, via La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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Ilyinskaya E, Martin RS, Oppenheimer C. Aerosol formation in basaltic lava fountaining: Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Martin RS, Sawyer GM, Day JA, LeBlond JS, Ilyinskaya E, Oppenheimer C. High-resolution size distributions and emission fluxes of trace elements from Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jb009487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Marenco F, Johnson B, Turnbull K, Newman S, Haywood J, Webster H, Ricketts H. Airborne lidar observations of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Scollo S, Folch A, Coltelli M, Realmuto VJ. Three-dimensional volcanic aerosol dispersal: A comparison between Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) data and numerical simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Scollo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-Sezione Catania; Catania Italy
| | - A. Folch
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center; Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Coltelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-Sezione Catania; Catania Italy
| | - V. J. Realmuto
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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Abstract
Recent field observations have shown that the atmospheric plumes of quiescently degassing volcanoes are chemically very active, pointing to the role of chemical cycles involving halogen species and heterogeneous reactions on aerosol particles that have previously been unexplored for this type of volcanic plumes. Key features of these measurements can be reproduced by numerical models such as the one employed in this study. The model shows sustained high levels of reactive bromine in the plume, leading to extensive ozone destruction, that, depending on plume dispersal, can be maintained for several days. The very high concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the volcanic plume reduces the lifetime of the OH radical drastically, so that it is virtually absent in the volcanic plume. This would imply an increased lifetime of methane in volcanic plumes, unless reactive chlorine chemistry in the plume is strong enough to offset the lack of OH chemistry. A further effect of bromine chemistry in addition to ozone destruction shown by the model studies presented here, is the oxidation of mercury. This relates to mercury that has been coemitted with bromine from the volcano but also to background atmospheric mercury. The rapid oxidation of mercury implies a drastically reduced atmospheric lifetime of mercury so that the contribution of volcanic mercury to the atmospheric background might be less than previously thought. However, the implications, especially health and environmental effects due to deposition, might be substantial and warrant further studies, especially field measurements to test this hypothesis.
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Martin RS, Mather TA, Pyle DM, Power M, Tsanev VI, Oppenheimer C, Allen AG, Horwell CJ, Ward EPW. Size distributions of fine silicate and other particles in Masaya's volcanic plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Martin RS, Mather TA, Pyle DM, Power M, Allen AG, Aiuppa A, Horwell CJ, Ward EPW. Composition-resolved size distributions of volcanic aerosols in the Mt. Etna plumes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Witt MLI, Mather TA, Pyle DM, Aiuppa A, Bagnato E, Tsanev VI. Mercury and halogen emissions from Masaya and Telica volcanoes, Nicaragua. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bobrowski N, von Glasow R, Aiuppa A, Inguaggiato S, Louban I, Ibrahim OW, Platt U. Reactive halogen chemistry in volcanic plumes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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