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Abstract
The scientific objectives of the ExoMars rover are designed to answer several key questions in the search for life on Mars. In particular, the unique subsurface drill will address some of these, such as the possible existence and stability of subsurface organics. PanCam will establish the surface geological and morphological context for the mission, working in collaboration with other context instruments. Here, we describe the PanCam scientific objectives in geology, atmospheric science, and 3-D vision. We discuss the design of PanCam, which includes a stereo pair of Wide Angle Cameras (WACs), each of which has an 11-position filter wheel and a High Resolution Camera (HRC) for high-resolution investigations of rock texture at a distance. The cameras and electronics are housed in an optical bench that provides the mechanical interface to the rover mast and a planetary protection barrier. The electronic interface is via the PanCam Interface Unit (PIU), and power conditioning is via a DC-DC converter. PanCam also includes a calibration target mounted on the rover deck for radiometric calibration, fiducial markers for geometric calibration, and a rover inspection mirror. Key Words: Mars—ExoMars—Instrumentation—Geology—Atmosphere—Exobiology—Context. Astrobiology 17, 511–541.
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Kinch KM, Bell JF, Goetz W, Johnson JR, Joseph J, Madsen MB, Sohl-Dickstein J. Dust deposition on the decks of the Mars Exploration Rovers: 10 years of dust dynamics on the Panoramic Camera calibration targets. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2015; 2:144-172. [PMID: 27981072 PMCID: PMC5125412 DOI: 10.1002/2014ea000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Panoramic Cameras on NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers have each returned more than 17,000 images of their calibration targets. In order to make optimal use of this data set for reflectance calibration, a correction must be made for the presence of air fall dust. Here we present an improved dust correction procedure based on a two-layer scattering model, and we present a dust reflectance spectrum derived from long-term trends in the data set. The dust on the calibration targets appears brighter than dusty areas of the Martian surface. We derive detailed histories of dust deposition and removal revealing two distinct environments: At the Spirit landing site, half the year is dominated by dust deposition, the other half by dust removal, usually in brief, sharp events. At the Opportunity landing site the Martian year has a semiannual dust cycle with dust removal happening gradually throughout two removal seasons each year. The highest observed optical depth of settled dust on the calibration target is 1.5 on Spirit and 1.1 on Opportunity (at 601 nm). We derive a general prediction for dust deposition rates of 0.004 ± 0.001 in units of surface optical depth deposited per sol (Martian solar day) per unit atmospheric optical depth. We expect this procedure to lead to improved reflectance-calibration of the Panoramic Camera data set. In addition, it is easily adapted to similar data sets from other missions in order to deliver improved reflectance calibration as well as data on dust reflectance properties and deposition and removal history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjartan M Kinch
- Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - James F Bell
- School of Earth and Space Exploration Arizona State University Phoenix Arizona USA
| | - Walter Goetz
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research Göttingen Germany
| | - Jeffrey R Johnson
- Applied Physics Laboratory Johns Hopkins University Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Jonathan Joseph
- Department of Astronomy Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Morten Bo Madsen
- Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jascha Sohl-Dickstein
- Neural Dynamics and Computation Laboratory Stanford University Stanford California USA
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3
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Núñez JI, Farmer JD, Sellar RG, Swayze GA, Blaney DL. Science applications of a multispectral microscopic imager for the astrobiological exploration of Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2014; 14:132-69. [PMID: 24552233 PMCID: PMC3929460 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2013.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Future astrobiological missions to Mars are likely to emphasize the use of rovers with in situ petrologic capabilities for selecting the best samples at a site for in situ analysis with onboard lab instruments or for caching for potential return to Earth. Such observations are central to an understanding of the potential for past habitable conditions at a site and for identifying samples most likely to harbor fossil biosignatures. The Multispectral Microscopic Imager (MMI) provides multispectral reflectance images of geological samples at the microscale, where each image pixel is composed of a visible/shortwave infrared spectrum ranging from 0.46 to 1.73 μm. This spectral range enables the discrimination of a wide variety of rock-forming minerals, especially Fe-bearing phases, and the detection of hydrated minerals. The MMI advances beyond the capabilities of current microimagers on Mars by extending the spectral range into the infrared and increasing the number of spectral bands. The design employs multispectral light-emitting diodes and an uncooled indium gallium arsenide focal plane array to achieve a very low mass and high reliability. To better understand and demonstrate the capabilities of the MMI for future surface missions to Mars, we analyzed samples from Mars-relevant analog environments with the MMI. Results indicate that the MMI images faithfully resolve the fine-scale microtextural features of samples and provide important information to help constrain mineral composition. The use of spectral endmember mapping reveals the distribution of Fe-bearing minerals (including silicates and oxides) with high fidelity, along with the presence of hydrated minerals. MMI-based petrogenetic interpretations compare favorably with laboratory-based analyses, revealing the value of the MMI for future in situ rover-mediated astrobiological exploration of Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I. Núñez
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jack D. Farmer
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - R. Glenn Sellar
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Diana L. Blaney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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Cousins CR, Griffiths AD, Crawford IA, Prosser BJ, Storrie-Lombardi MC, Davis LE, Gunn M, Coates AJ, Jones AP, Ward JM. Astrobiological considerations for the selection of the geological filters on the ExoMars PanCam instrument. ASTROBIOLOGY 2010; 10:933-951. [PMID: 21118025 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2010.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Panoramic Camera (PanCam) instrument will provide visible-near IR multispectral imaging of the ExoMars rover's surroundings to identify regions of interest within the nearby terrain. This multispectral capability is dependant upon the 12 preselected "geological" filters that are integrated into two wide-angle cameras. First devised by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder team to detect iron oxides, this baseline filter set has remained largely unchanged for subsequent missions (Mars Exploration Rovers, Beagle 2, Phoenix) despite the advancing knowledge of the mineralogical diversity on Mars. Therefore, the geological filters for the ExoMars PanCam will be redesigned to accommodate the astrobiology focus of ExoMars, where hydrated mineral terrains (evidence of past liquid water) will be priority targets. Here, we conduct an initial investigation into new filter wavelengths for the ExoMars PanCam and present results from tests performed on Mars analog rocks. Two new filter sets were devised: one with filters spaced every 50 nm ("F1-12") and another that utilizes a novel filter selection method based upon hydrated mineral reflectance spectra ("F2-12"). These new filter sets, along with the Beagle 2 filter set (currently the baseline for the ExoMars PanCam), were tested on their ability to identify hydrated minerals and biosignatures present in Mars analog rocks. The filter sets, with varying degrees of ability, detected the spectral features of minerals jarosite, opaline silica, alunite, nontronite, and siderite present in these rock samples. None of the filter sets, however, were able to detect fossilized biomat structures and small (<2 mm) mineralogical heterogeneities present in silica sinters. Both new filter sets outperformed the Beagle 2 filters, with F2-12 detecting the most spectral features produced by hydrated minerals and providing the best discrimination between samples. Future work involving more extensive testing on Mars analog samples that exhibit a wider range of mineralogies would be the next step in carefully evaluating the new filter sets.
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5
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Usui T, McSween HY, Clark BC. Petrogenesis of high-phosphorous Wishstone Class rocks in Gusev Crater, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Wang A, Bell JF, Li R, Johnson JR, Farrand WH, Cloutis EA, Arvidson RE, Crumpler L, Squyres SW, McLennan SM, Herkenhoff KE, Ruff SW, Knudson AT, Chen W, Greenberger R. Light-toned salty soils and coexisting Si-rich species discovered by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit in Columbia Hills. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Arvidson RE, Ruff SW, Morris RV, Ming DW, Crumpler LS, Yen AS, Squyres SW, Sullivan RJ, Bell JF, Cabrol NA, Clark BC, Farrand WH, Gellert R, Greenberger R, Grant JA, Guinness EA, Herkenhoff KE, Hurowitz JA, Johnson JR, Klingelhöfer G, Lewis KW, Li R, McCoy TJ, Moersch J, McSween HY, Murchie SL, Schmidt M, Schröder C, Wang A, Wiseman S, Madsen MB, Goetz W, McLennan SM. Spirit Mars Rover Mission to the Columbia Hills, Gusev Crater: Mission overview and selected results from the Cumberland Ridge to Home Plate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Sharma SK, Misra AK, Lucey PG, Wiens RC, Clegg SM. Combined remote LIBS and Raman spectroscopy at 8.6m of sulfur-containing minerals, and minerals coated with hematite or covered with basaltic dust. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 68:1036-45. [PMID: 17723318 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Combined remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Raman spectroscopy investigations at a distance of 8.6m have been carried out in air and under a simulated Martian atmosphere of 933Pa (7Torr) CO(2) on calcite (CaCO(3)), gypsum (CaSO(4).2H(2)O), and elemental sulfur (S), and LIBS investigations on chalcopyrite (CuFeS(2)) and pyrite (FeS(2)). Both Raman and LIBS techniques have also been used sequentially in air on hematite-coated calcite crystals and on a sample of anhydrite covered with basaltic dust. These experiments demonstrate that by using a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG pulsed laser co-radiating 1064 nm and 532 nm laser beams with a 5x beam expander, it is possible to measure simultaneously both the Raman and LIBS spectra of calcite, gypsum and elemental sulfur by adjusting the laser power electronically. The spectra of calcite, gypsum, and elemental sulfur contain fingerprint Raman lines; however, it was not possible to measure the remote Raman spectra of pyrite and chalcopyrite because of low intensities of Raman lines. In the cases of CuFeS(2), FeS(2), and elemental sulfur, S atomic emission lines in the LIBS spectra were detected only in 7Torr of CO(2) pressure and not in air. No S atomic emission lines were detected for gypsum in air or in CO(2). In the case of coated/dusted minerals, it was possible to remove the coating or dust with the focused LIBS laser and measure the Raman spectra of subsurface minerals with a 532 nm laser excitation. The complementary nature of these two techniques is highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Sharma
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, SOEST, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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9
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Karunatillake S, Keller JM, Squyres SW, Boynton WV, Brückner J, Janes DM, Gasnault O, Newsom HE. Chemical compositions at Mars landing sites subject to Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer constraints. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John M. Keller
- Physics Department; California Polytechnic State University; San Luis Obispo California USA
| | | | - William V. Boynton
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | | | - Daniel M. Janes
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Olivier Gasnault
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Horton E. Newsom
- Institute of Meteoritics and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
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Poulet F, Gomez C, Bibring JP, Langevin Y, Gondet B, Pinet P, Belluci G, Mustard J. Martian surface mineralogy from Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité on board the Mars Express spacecraft (OMEGA/MEx): Global mineral maps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Poulet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - C. Gomez
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - J.-P. Bibring
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - Y. Langevin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - B. Gondet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris-Sud; Orsay France
| | - P. Pinet
- Laboratoire Dynamique Terrestre et Planétaire/UMR5562; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Toulouse France
| | - G. Belluci
- Istituto Nazionale Di Astrofiscia dello Spazio Interplanetario; Rome Italy
| | - J. Mustard
- Geological Sciences; Brown University; Providence Rhode Island USA
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11
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Minitti ME, Weitz CM, Lane MD, Bishop JL. Morphology, chemistry, and spectral properties of Hawaiian rock coatings and implications for Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Squyres SW, Aharonson O, Clark BC, Cohen BA, Crumpler L, de Souza PA, Farrand WH, Gellert R, Grant J, Grotzinger JP, Haldemann AFC, Johnson JR, Klingelhöfer G, Lewis KW, Li R, McCoy T, McEwen AS, McSween HY, Ming DW, Moore JM, Morris RV, Parker TJ, Rice JW, Ruff S, Schmidt M, Schröder C, Soderblom LA, Yen A. Pyroclastic activity at Home Plate in Gusev Crater, Mars. Science 2007; 316:738-42. [PMID: 17478719 DOI: 10.1126/science.1139045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Home Plate is a layered plateau in Gusev crater on Mars. It is composed of clastic rocks of moderately altered alkali basalt composition, enriched in some highly volatile elements. A coarsegrained lower unit lies under a finer-grained upper unit. Textural observations indicate that the lower strata were emplaced in an explosive event, and geochemical considerations favor an explosive volcanic origin over an impact origin. The lower unit likely represents accumulation of pyroclastic materials, whereas the upper unit may represent eolian reworking of the same pyroclastic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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13
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Farrand WH, Bell JF, Johnson JR, Jolliff BL, Knoll AH, McLennan SM, Squyres SW, Calvin WM, Grotzinger JP, Morris RV, Soderblom J, Thompson SD, Watters WA, Yen AS. Visible and near-infrared multispectral analysis of rocks at Meridiani Planum, Mars, by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Ruff SW, Christensen PR, Blaney DL, Farrand WH, Johnson JR, Michalski JR, Moersch JE, Wright SP, Squyres SW. The rocks of Gusev Crater as viewed by the Mini-TES instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Ruff
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - D. L. Blaney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | | | | | - J. R. Michalski
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - J. E. Moersch
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - S. P. Wright
- School of Earth and Space Exploration; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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15
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Johnson JR, Sohl-Dickstein J, Grundy WM, Arvidson RE, Bell J, Christensen P, Graff T, Guinness EA, Kinch K, Morris R, Shepard MK. Radiative transfer modeling of dust-coated Pancam calibration target materials: Laboratory visible/near-infrared spectrogoniometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - James Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Phil Christensen
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Trevor Graff
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Edward A. Guinness
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Kjartan Kinch
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - Michael K. Shepard
- Department of Geography and Geosciences; Bloomsburg University; Bloomsburg Pennsylvania USA
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16
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Wang A, Haskin LA, Squyres SW, Jolliff BL, Crumpler L, Gellert R, Schröder C, Herkenhoff K, Hurowitz J, Tosca NJ, Farrand WH, Anderson R, Knudson AT. Sulfate deposition in subsurface regolith in Gusev crater, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alian Wang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - L. A. Haskin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - B. L. Jolliff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - L. Crumpler
- New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - R. Gellert
- Abteilung Kosmochemie; Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
| | - C. Schröder
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | | | - J. Hurowitz
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - N. J. Tosca
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
| | | | - Robert Anderson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. T. Knudson
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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17
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Herkenhoff KE, Squyres SW, Anderson R, Archinal BA, Arvidson RE, Barrett JM, Becker KJ, Bell JF, Budney C, Cabrol NA, Chapman MG, Cook D, Ehlmann BL, Farmer J, Franklin B, Gaddis LR, Galuszka DM, Garcia PA, Hare TM, Howington-Kraus E, Johnson JR, Johnson S, Kinch K, Kirk RL, Lee EM, Leff C, Lemmon M, Madsen MB, Maki JN, Mullins KF, Redding BL, Richter L, Rosiek MR, Sims MH, Soderblom LA, Spanovich N, Springer R, Sucharski RM, Sucharski T, Sullivan R, Torson JM, Yen A. Overview of the Microscopic Imager Investigation during Spirit's first 450 sols in Gusev crater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Robert Anderson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Janet M. Barrett
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Kris J. Becker
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - James F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Charles Budney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - Mary G. Chapman
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Debbie Cook
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Bethany L. Ehlmann
- Environmental Change Institute, Department of Geography and Environment; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Jack Farmer
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Brenda Franklin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Lisa R. Gaddis
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | | | | | - Trent M. Hare
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | | | | | - Sarah Johnson
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Kjartan Kinch
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Randolph L. Kirk
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Ella Mae Lee
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Craig Leff
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Mark Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - Morten B. Madsen
- Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Justin N. Maki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Kevin F. Mullins
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | | | - Lutz Richter
- DLR Institut für Raumsimulation; Cologne Germany
| | - Mark R. Rosiek
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | | | | | - Nicole Spanovich
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Richard Springer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - Tracie Sucharski
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Rob Sullivan
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - James M. Torson
- Astrogeology Team; U.S. Geological Survey; Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Albert Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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18
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Wang A, Korotev RL, Jolliff BL, Haskin LA, Crumpler L, Farrand WH, Herkenhoff KE, de Souza P, Kusack AG, Hurowitz JA, Tosca NJ. Evidence of phyllosilicates in Wooly Patch, an altered rock encountered at West Spur, Columbia Hills, by the Spirit rover in Gusev crater, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alian Wang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for Space Science; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Randy L. Korotev
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for Space Science; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Bradley L. Jolliff
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for Space Science; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Larry A. Haskin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for Space Science; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Larry Crumpler
- New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Joel A. Hurowitz
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
| | - Nicholas J. Tosca
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
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19
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Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Blaney DL, Clark BC, Crumpler L, Farrand WH, Gorevan S, Herkenhoff KE, Hurowitz J, Kusack A, McSween HY, Ming DW, Morris RV, Ruff SW, Wang A, Yen A. Rocks of the Columbia Hills. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Diana L. Blaney
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - Larry Crumpler
- New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | | | | | | | - Joel Hurowitz
- Department of Geosciences; State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
| | | | - Harry Y. McSween
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | | | | | - Steven W. Ruff
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Alian Wang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Albert Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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Johnson JR, Grundy WM, Lemmon MT, Bell JF, Johnson MJ, Deen RG, Arvidson RE, Farrand WH, Guinness EA, Hayes AG, Herkenhoff KE, Seelos F, Soderblom J, Squyres S. Spectrophotometric properties of materials observed by Pancam on the Mars Exploration Rovers: 1. Spirit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark T. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - James F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Miles J. Johnson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Robert G. Deen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Raymond E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | - Edward A. Guinness
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | | | - Frank Seelos
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Jason Soderblom
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - Steve Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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21
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Ming DW, Mittlefehldt DW, Morris RV, Golden DC, Gellert R, Yen A, Clark BC, Squyres SW, Farrand WH, Ruff SW, Arvidson RE, Klingelhöfer G, McSween HY, Rodionov DS, Schröder C, de Souza PA, Wang A. Geochemical and mineralogical indicators for aqueous processes in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. W. Ming
- NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston Texas USA
| | | | | | | | - R. Gellert
- Institut für Inorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie; Mainz Germany
- University of Guelph; Guelph Canada
| | - A. Yen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - B. C. Clark
- Lockheed Martin Corporation; Littleton Colorado USA
| | - S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - S. W. Ruff
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - G. Klingelhöfer
- Institut für Inorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | - H. Y. McSween
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - D. S. Rodionov
- Institut für Inorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
- Space Research Institute IKI; Moscow Russia
| | - C. Schröder
- Institut für Inorganische und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Mainz Germany
| | | | - A. Wang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri USA
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22
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Arvidson RE, Squyres SW, Anderson RC, Bell JF, Blaney D, Brückner J, Cabrol NA, Calvin WM, Carr MH, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crumpler L, Des Marais DJ, de Souza PA, d'Uston C, Economou T, Farmer J, Farrand WH, Folkner W, Golombek M, Gorevan S, Grant JA, Greeley R, Grotzinger J, Guinness E, Hahn BC, Haskin L, Herkenhoff KE, Hurowitz JA, Hviid S, Johnson JR, Klingelhöfer G, Knoll AH, Landis G, Leff C, Lemmon M, Li R, Madsen MB, Malin MC, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Ming DW, Moersch J, Morris RV, Parker T, Rice JW, Richter L, Rieder R, Rodionov DS, Schröder C, Sims M, Smith M, Smith P, Soderblom LA, Sullivan R, Thompson SD, Tosca NJ, Wang A, Wänke H, Ward J, Wdowiak T, Wolff M, Yen A. Overview of the Spirit Mars Exploration Rover Mission to Gusev Crater: Landing site to Backstay Rock in the Columbia Hills. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bell JF, Joseph J, Sohl-Dickstein JN, Arneson HM, Johnson MJ, Lemmon MT, Savransky D. In-flight calibration and performance of the Mars Exploration Rover Panoramic Camera (Pancam) instruments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - J. Joseph
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - H. M. Arneson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - M. J. Johnson
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - M. T. Lemmon
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas USA
| | - D. Savransky
- Department of Astronomy; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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McSween HY, Ruff SW, Morris RV, Bell JF, Herkenhoff K, Gellert R, Stockstill KR, Tornabene LL, Squyres SW, Crisp JA, Christensen PR, McCoy TJ, Mittlefehldt DW, Schmidt M. Alkaline volcanic rocks from the Columbia Hills, Gusev crater, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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