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Chaiyarat R, Thongkrathok P, Maisuwan W, Chantra A, Chimplee J, Jieychien N, Assawaklang S, Youngpoy N. Variation in water utilization by mammal diversity in Khao Phaeng Ma Non-hunting area, Thailand. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29786. [PMID: 38699731 PMCID: PMC11063426 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Access to suitable water sources is important for mammals. This study aimed to compared mammal diversity and water use among water springs, standard artificial ponds, and water pans within the Khao Phaeng Ma Non-Hunting Area in 2020 and 2021. Two camera traps were installed at each water sources for 749 nights with a total of 12 camera traps of 6 water sources. A total of 19,467 photographs were recorded comprising 13,777 photographs of gaur (Bos gaurus, vulnerable and the most important species in the area), and 5690 photographs of other mammals. In the wet season, relative use was highest at standard artificial pond number 2, which is established in the forest plantation area (4 × 4 m spacing, 12-20 m height, and 60%-80 % crown cover) and has a high volume of water, and at water pan number 1, which mimics a natural water spring in the man-made grassland and can supply water to mammals throughout the year. In the dry seasons, relative use was highest at water pan numbers 1 and 2; at the same time, other water sources dried up. During the study period, the number of mammal species was highest at water pan number 1 (10 species, diversity index [H'] = 1.38), and water pan number 2 (11 species, H' = 1.75). Grazers and browsers, including gaur, sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), northern red muntjac (Muntiacus vaginalis), omnivores (e.g. wild boar, Sus scrofa), and Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus), used the water pan in the artificial grassland and standard artificial pond in the forest plantation rather than the water spring in the dry evergreen forest. Beside forest types, the use of water springs was associated with water period (months), while the use of standard artificial pond and water pans was associated with water surface area, water depth, altitude, species diversity, and species richness, and number of mammals photographed. The results show that water pans were more suitable for utilization by mammals than are other water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rattanawat Chaiyarat
- Wildlife and Plant Research Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | | | - Wanwipa Maisuwan
- Wildlife and Plant Research Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Amornrat Chantra
- Wildlife and Plant Research Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Jinda Chimplee
- Forest Protection Operation Base 4 (Khao Phu Luang), Nakhonratchasima, 30370, Thailand
| | - Nawee Jieychien
- Wildlife and Plant Research Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Songkrit Assawaklang
- Engine Maintenance Section 3, Directorate of Aeronautical Engineering, Nakhonratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Namphung Youngpoy
- Wildlife and Plant Research Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
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Qian Y, Chakraborty TC, Li J, Li D, He C, Sarangi C, Chen F, Yang X, Leung LR. Urbanization Impact on Regional Climate and Extreme Weather: Current Understanding, Uncertainties, and Future Research Directions. ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 2022; 39:819-860. [PMID: 35095158 PMCID: PMC8786627 DOI: 10.1007/s00376-021-1371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Urban environments lie at the confluence of social, cultural, and economic activities and have unique biophysical characteristics due to continued infrastructure development that generally replaces natural landscapes with built-up structures. The vast majority of studies on urban perturbation of local weather and climate have been centered on the urban heat island (UHI) effect, referring to the higher temperature in cities compared to their natural surroundings. Besides the UHI effect and heat waves, urbanization also impacts atmospheric moisture, wind, boundary layer structure, cloud formation, dispersion of air pollutants, precipitation, and storms. In this review article, we first introduce the datasets and methods used in studying urban areas and their impacts through both observation and modeling and then summarize the scientific insights on the impact of urbanization on various aspects of regional climate and extreme weather based on more than 500 studies. We also highlight the major research gaps and challenges in our understanding of the impacts of urbanization and provide our perspective and recommendations for future research priorities and directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qian
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354 USA
| | - T. C. Chakraborty
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354 USA
- Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354 USA
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Cenlin He
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301 USA
| | - Chandan Sarangi
- Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036 India
| | - Fei Chen
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301 USA
| | | | - L. Ruby Leung
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354 USA
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Assessing Desert Dust Indirect Effects on Cloud Microphysics through a Cloud Nucleation Scheme: A Case Study over the Western Mediterranean. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12213473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the performance and characteristics of the advanced cloud nucleation scheme of Fountoukis and Nenes, embedded in the fully coupled Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF/Chem) model, are investigated. Furthermore, the impact of dust particles on the distribution of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and the way they modify the pattern of the precipitation are also examined. For the simulation of dust particle concentration, the Georgia Tech Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport of Air Force Weather Agency (GOCART-AFWA) is used as it includes components for the representation of dust emission and transport. The aerosol activation parameterization scheme of Fountoukis and Nenes has been implemented in the six-class WRF double-moment (WDM6) microphysics scheme, which treats the CCN distribution as a prognostic variable, but does not take into account the concentration of dust aerosols. Additionally, the presence of dust particles that may facilitate the activation of CCN into cloud or rain droplets has also been incorporated in the cumulus scheme of Grell and Freitas. The embedded scheme is assessed through a case study of significant dust advection over the Western Mediterranean, characterized by severe rainfall. Inclusion of CCN based on prognostic dust particles leads to the suppression of precipitation over hazy areas. On the contrary, precipitation is enhanced over areas away from the dust event. The new prognostic CCN distribution improves in general the forecasting skill of the model as bias scores, the root mean square error (RMSE), false alarm ratio (FAR) and frequencies of missed forecasts (FOM) are limited when modelled data are compared against satellite, LIDAR and aircraft observations.
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Variability of orographic enhancement of precipitation in the Alpine region. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13352. [PMID: 31527776 PMCID: PMC6746858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change impacts are non uniformly distributed over the globe. Mountains have a peculiar response to large scale variations, documented by elevation gradients of surface temperature increase observed over many mountain ranges in the last decades. Significant changes of precipitation are expected in the changing climate and orographic effects are important in determining the amount of rainfall at a given location. It thus becomes particularly important to understand how orographic precipitation responds to global warming and to anthropogenic forcing. Here, using a large rain gauge dataset over the European Alpine region, we show that the distribution of annual precipitation among the lowlands and the mountains has varied over time, with an increase of the precipitation at the high elevations compared to the low elevations starting in the mid 20 century and peaking in the 1980s. The simultaneous increase and peak of anthropogenic aerosol load is discussed as a possible source for this interdecadal change. These results provide new insights to further our understanding and improve predictions of anthropic effects on mountain precipitations, which are fundamental for water security and management.
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A Numerical Study of Aerosol Effects on Electrification with Different Intensity Thunderclouds. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10090508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the effect of varying CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) concentration on dynamic, microphysics, electrification, and charge structure in weak, moderate, and severe thunderstorms. The results show that the response of electrification to the increase of CCN concentration is a nonlinear relationship in different types of thunderclouds. The increase in CCN concentration leads to a significant enhancement of updraft in the weak thunderclouds, while the high CCN concentration in moderate and severe thunderclouds leads to a slight reduction in maximum updraft speed. The increase of the convection promotes the lift of more small cloud droplets, which leads to a faster and stronger production of ice crystals. The production of graupel is insensitive to the CCN concentration. The content of graupel increases from low CCN concentration to moderate CCN concentration, and slightly decreases at high CCN concentration, which arises from the profound enhancement of small ice crystals production. When the intensity of thundercloud increases, the reduction of graupel production will arise in advance as the CCN concentration increases. Charge production tends to increase as the aerosol concentration rises from low to high in weak and moderate thundercloud cases. However, the magnitude of charging rates in the severe thundercloud cases keeps roughly stable under the high CCN concentration condition, which can be attributed to the profound reduction of graupel content. The charge structure in the weak thundercloud at low CCN concentrations keeps as a dipole, while the weak thunderclouds in the other cases (the CCN concentration above 100 cm−3) change from a dipole charge structure to a tripole charge structure, and finally disappear with a dipole. In cases of moderate and severe intensity thunderclouds, the charge structure depicts a relatively complex structure that includes a multilayer charge region.
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Korolev A, McFarquhar G, Field PR, Franklin C, Lawson P, Wang Z, Williams E, Abel SJ, Axisa D, Borrmann S, Crosier J, Fugal J, Krämer M, Lohmann U, Schlenczek O, Schnaiter M, Wendisch M. Mixed-Phase Clouds: Progress and Challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1175/amsmonographs-d-17-0001.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Korolev
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G. McFarquhar
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - P. R. Field
- Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom
- University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - C. Franklin
- Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - P. Lawson
- Stratton Park Engineering Corporation, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Z. Wang
- University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - E. Williams
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - D. Axisa
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
| | - S. Borrmann
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Crosier
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - J. Fugal
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - M. Krämer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - U. Lohmann
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - O. Schlenczek
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - M. Schnaiter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Ssenyonga T, Muyimbwa D, Okullo W, Chen YC, Frette Ø, Hamre B, Steigen A, Dahlback A, Stamnes JJ. Aerosols in coastal and inland areas in the equatorial African belt. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:2964-2973. [PMID: 24922014 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.002964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols affect the climate directly through absorption and reflection of sunlight back to space and indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. This paper is based on more than three decades of satellite data (1979-1994 and 1996-2012) from total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) and ozone monitoring instrument (OMI), which have provided measurements of backscattered radiances in the wavelength range from 331 to 380 nm. These data have been used to determine the aerosol climatology and to investigate the influence of the aerosol index (AI) on the ultraviolet index (UVI) in coastal land areas in Serrekunda (13.28°N, 16.34°W), The Gambia, and Dar-es-Salaam (6.8°S, 39.26°E), Tanzania, as well as in inland areas in Kampala (0.19°N, 32.34°E), Uganda. Heavy aerosol loadings were found to occur in the dry seasons at all three locations. To reduce the influence of clouds, we disregarded TOMS and OMI data for days during which the UV reflectivity was larger than 9% and investigated the correlation of the AI with the UVI for the remaining days at the three locations. We found a high correlation coefficient of 0.82 for Serrekunda, but poor correlation for Kampala and Dar-es-Salaam. The average AI for Serrekunda was found to be about three times higher than that for Kampala or Dar-es-Salaam, and a positive trend was found for the AI in Kampala and Dar-es-Salaam, whereas a negative trend was found for the AI in Serrekunda.
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Ault AP, Williams CR, White AB, Neiman PJ, Creamean JM, Gaston CJ, Ralph FM, Prather KA. Detection of Asian dust in California orographic precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Noppel H, Pokrovsky A, Lynn B, Khain AP, Beheng KD. A spatial shift of precipitation from the sea to the land caused by introducing submicron soluble aerosols: Numerical modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Khain AP, Leung LR, Lynn B, Ghan S. Effects of aerosols on the dynamics and microphysics of squall lines simulated by spectral bin and bulk parameterization schemes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Khain A, Lynn B. Simulation of a supercell storm in clean and dirty atmosphere using weather research and forecast model with spectral bin microphysics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fan J, Ovtchinnikov M, Comstock JM, McFarlane SA, Khain A. Ice formation in Arctic mixed-phase clouds: Insights from a 3-D cloud-resolving model with size-resolved aerosol and cloud microphysics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rosenfeld D, Woodley WL, Axisa D, Freud E, Hudson JG, Givati A. Aircraft measurements of the impacts of pollution aerosols on clouds and precipitation over the Sierra Nevada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Iguchi T, Nakajima T, Khain AP, Saito K, Takemura T, Suzuki K. Modeling the influence of aerosols on cloud microphysical properties in the east Asia region using a mesoscale model coupled with a bin-based cloud microphysics scheme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lynn B, Khain A. Utilization of spectral bin microphysics and bulk parameterization schemes to simulate the cloud structure and precipitation in a mesoscale rain event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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