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Atmospheric Carbonyl Compounds in the Central Taklimakan Desert in Summertime: Ambient Levels, Composition and Sources. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Although carbonyl compounds are a key species with atmospheric oxidation capacity, their concentrations and sources have not been sufficiently characterized in various atmospheres, especially in desert areas. In this study, atmospheric carbonyl compounds were measured from 16 May to 15 June 2018 in Tazhong in the central Taklimakan Desert, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Concentrations, chemical compositions, and sources of carbonyl compounds were investigated and compared with those of different environments worldwide. The average concentration of total carbonyls during the sampling period was 11.79 ± 4.03 ppbv. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls, with average concentrations of 6.08 ± 2.37, 1.68 ± 0.78, and 2.52 ± 0.68 ppbv, respectively. Strong correlations between formaldehyde and other carbonyls were found, indicating same or similar sources and sinks. A hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory was used to analyze 72 h back trajectories. The values of C1/C2 (formaldehyde to acetaldehyde, 3.22–4.59) and C2/C3 (acetaldehyde to propionaldehyde, 15.00–17.03) from different directions and distances of the trajectories were consistent with the characteristics of a remote area. Relative to various environments, the carbonyl concentration in the Tazhong desert site was lower than that in urban areas and higher than that in suburban and remote areas, implying contributions from local primary and secondary sources. The obtained data can be used to improve the source and sink estimation of carbonyls at the regional scale.
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Wang J, Sun S, Zhang C, Xue C, Liu P, Zhang C, Mu Y, Wu H, Wang D, Chen H, Chen J. The pollution levels, variation characteristics, sources and implications of atmospheric carbonyls in a typical rural area of North China Plain during winter. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:256-265. [PMID: 32653188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbonyls were measured at a typical rural area of the North China Plain (NCP) from November 13 to December 24, 2017 to investigate the pollution characteristics, sources and environmental implications. Fifteen carbonyls were detected, and formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone accounted for about 81% at most. The concentration of the total carbonyls in heavily polluted days was twice more than that in clean days. In contrast to other carbonyls, m-tolualdehyde exhibited relatively high concentrations in the clean days in comparison with the polluted days. The ratios of three principal carbonyls to CO showed similar daily variations at different pollution levels with significant daytime peaks. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the contributions of background, primary and secondary sources to three principal carbonyls showed similar variation trends from the clean level to the heavily polluted level. The OH formation rate of formaldehyde showed a similar variation trend to its photodegradation rate, reaching the peak value at noon, which is important to maintain relatively high OH levels to initiate the oxidation of various gas-phase pollutants for secondary pollutant formation at the rural site. OH radical consumption rate and ozone formation potential (OFP) calculations showed that formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the dominant oxidative species among measured carbonyls. As for OH radical consumption, n-butyraldehyde and m-tolualdehyde were important contributors, while for ozone formation potential, n-butyraldehyde and propionaldehyde made significant contributions. In addition, the contribution of carbonyl compounds to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation was also important and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhe Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Co-Innovation Center for Green Building of Shandong Province, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shuyu Sun
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Co-Innovation Center for Green Building of Shandong Province, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Chongxu Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Co-Innovation Center for Green Building of Shandong Province, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Hai Wu
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Defa Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Jiang Z, Zheng X, Zhai H, Wang Y, Wang Q, Yang Z. Seasonal and diurnal characteristics of carbonyls in the urban atmosphere of Changsha, a mountainous city in south-central China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:259-267. [PMID: 31319242 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal and diurnal variations of carbonyl compounds were investigated in the ambient air of a mountainous city in China, from September 2014 to July 2015. The most abundant carbonyl compounds are formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone, propionaldehyde and methacryladehyde (MACR), which were all measured in most samples. The average concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde and MACR in the atmosphere in Changsha were broken down into each season: 6.57, 3.29, 3.66, 0.67 and 0.54 μg/m3 respectively during Spring, 14.09, 8.28, 9.02, 1.28 and 0.6 μg/m3, respectively during Summer, 9.24, 5.48, 8.62, 0.73 and 0.62 μg/m3, respectively during Autumn, and 5.88, 4.84, 7.84, 0.87 and 0.26 μg/m3 respectively during Winter. And majority of the species had higher concentration during noon, showing photochemical oxidation and human activities played an important role in diurnal variation. The highest average C1/C2 (formaldehyde/acetaldehyde) ratio was observed in summer (2.10) compared to those (1.33-2.03) in other seasons, implying the photochemical activities had a positive effect on increasing the ratio of C1/C2. In this study, the monthly concentration of formaldehyde produced from isoprene accounts for 4.8%-39.1% of formaldehyde in ambient air. Strong correlation among some carbonyl compounds means that they came from the same sources. Photochemical reaction was the main source of carbonyl compounds in summer and vehicular exhaust (gasoline and diesel engines) in winter. Changsha is not a completely urbanized city and it is rich in vegetation of broadleaf evergreen shrubs. Both atmospheric photochemical reactions and anthropogenic sources, including vehicular exhaust and industrial processes, dominate the levels of carbonyls. The ILTCR and HQ values of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are 1.23E-04 and 1.34E-05, 2.80E-01 and 1.86E-01, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, PR China.
| | - Xuan Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, PR China
| | - Haiqing Zhai
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, PR China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, PR China
| | - Qiong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, PR China
| | - Zhishu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, PR China
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de Blas M, Ibáñez P, García JA, Gómez MC, Navazo M, Alonso L, Durana N, Iza J, Gangoiti G, de Cámara ES. Summertime high resolution variability of atmospheric formaldehyde and non-methane volatile organic compounds in a rural background area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:862-877. [PMID: 30096675 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
On rural background areas atmospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) is important for its abundance and chemical reactivity, directly linked to the tropospheric ozone formation processes. HCHO is also toxic and carcinogenic to humans. Atmospheric HCHO was continuously measured in summer 2016 during 81 days (N = 6722, average: 1.42 ppbv) in a rural background area in Northern Spain, Valderejo Natural Park (VNP) using a Hantzsch fluorimetric system. To better characterize the photochemical processes the database was completed with hourly measurements of 63 Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC) performed by gas chromatography and other common atmospheric pollutants and meteorological parameters. HCHO mixing ratios were highly correlated with ozone and isoprene. Cloudy and rainy days, with low temperature and radiation, led to low HCHO mixing ratios, with maxima (<2 ppbv) registered around 14 UTC. On days with increased radiation and temperature HCHO maxima occurred slightly later (<6 ppbv, ≈16:00 UTC). During clear summer days with high temperature and radiation, two HCHO peaks were registered daily, one synchronized with the radiation maximum (≈3-4 ppbv, ≈13:00 UTC) and an absolute maximum (<10 ppbv, ≈18:00 UTC), associated with the addition of HCHO coming into VNP due to inbound transport of old polluted air masses. In the ozone episode studied, the processes of accumulation and recharge of ozone and of HCHO ran in parallel, leading to similar daily patterns of variation. Finally, HCHO mixing ratios measured in VNP were compared with other measurements at rural, forested, and remote sites all over the world, obtaining similar values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite de Blas
- Faculty of Engineering - Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain.
| | - Pablo Ibáñez
- Faculty of Engineering - Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio García
- Faculty of Engineering - Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Gómez
- Faculty of Engineering - Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
| | - Marino Navazo
- Faculty Engineering of Vitoria-Gasteiz, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
| | - Lucio Alonso
- Faculty of Engineering - Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
| | - Nieves Durana
- Faculty Engineering of Vitoria-Gasteiz, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
| | - Jon Iza
- Faculty Engineering of Vitoria-Gasteiz, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
| | - Gotzon Gangoiti
- Faculty of Engineering - Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
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Ho KF, Ho SSH, Huang RJ, Dai WT, Cao JJ, Tian L, Deng WJ. Spatiotemporal distribution of carbonyl compounds in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 197:316-324. [PMID: 25433759 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A sampling campaign was carried out at nine Chinese cities in 2010/2011. Fifteen monocarbonyls (C# = 1-9) were quantified. Temperature is the rate-determining factor of the summertime carbonyl levels. The carbonyl emissions in winter are mainly driven by the primary anthropogenic sources like automobile. A molar ratio of propionaldehyde to nonaldehyde is a barometer of the impact of atmospheric vegetation emission which suggesting that strong vegetation emissions exist in summer and high propionaldehyde abundance is caused by fossil fuel combustion in winter. Potential health risk assessment of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde was conducted and the highest cumulative risks were observed at Chengdu in summer and Wuhan in winter. Because of the strong photochemical reaction and large amount of anthropogenic emissions, high concentrations of carbonyl compounds were observed in Chengdu. The use of ethanol-blended gasoline in Wuhan is the key reason of acetaldehyde emission and action should be taken to avoid potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Ho
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China.
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States
| | - R-J Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland; Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - W T Dai
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - J J Cao
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Linwei Tian
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - W J Deng
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
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Ho KF, Ho SSH, Dai WT, Cao JJ, Huang RJ, Tian L, Deng WJ. Seasonal variations of monocarbonyl and dicarbonyl in urban and sub-urban sites of Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:2835-49. [PMID: 24420739 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen airborne carbonyls including monocarbonyls and dicarbonyls were determined in urban and sub-urban sites of Xi'an, China in three seasons in 2010. In winter, acetone was the most abundant carbonyl in the urban site due to usage of organic solvents in constructions and laboratories and its slower atmospheric removal mechanisms by photolysis and reaction with hydroxyl radical than those of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. In the sub-urban site, acetaldehyde was the most abundant carbonyl, followed by formaldehyde and acetone. During summer, however, formaldehyde was the most dominant carbonyl in both sites. The photooxidations of a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) yielded much more formaldehyde than other carbonyls under high solar radiation and temperature. In the urban site, the average concentrations of dicarbonyls (i.e., glyoxal and methyglyoxal) in spring and summer were higher than that in winter. Transformation of aromatic VOCs emitted from fuel evaporation leads to the formation of 1,2-dicarbonyls. A reverse trend was observed in sub-urban sites, as explained by the relatively low abundances and accumulations of VOC precursors in the rural atmosphere during warm seasons. Moreover, cumulative cancer risk based on measured outdoor carbonyls (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) in Xi'an Jiaotong University and Heihe was estimated (8.82 × 10(-5) and 4.96 × 10(-5), respectively). This study provides a clear map on the abundances of carbonyls and their source interpretation in the largest and the most economic city in Northwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Ho
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,
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Xue LK, Wang T, Zhang JM, Zhang XC, Deliger, Poon CN, Ding AJ, Zhou XH, Wu WS, Tang J, Zhang QZ, Wang WX. Source of surface ozone and reactive nitrogen speciation at Mount Waliguan in western China: New insights from the 2006 summer study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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