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Thirty Years of Atmospheric CO2 Observations at the Plateau Rosa Station, Italy. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10070418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The atmospheric background CO2 concentration is a key quantity for the analysis and evaluation of the ongoing climate change. Long-term CO2 observations have been carried out at the high Plateau Rosa mountain station, in the north-western Alps since 1989. The complete time series covers thirty years, and it is suitable for climatological analysis. The continuous CO2 measurements, collected since 1993, were selected, by means of a BaDS (Background Data Selection) filter, to obtain the hourly background data. The monthly background data series was analysed in order to individuate the parameters that characterise the seasonal cycle and the long-term trend. The growth rate was found to be 2.05 ± 0.03 ppm/year, which is in agreement with the global trend. The increased background CO2 concentration at the Plateau Rosa site is the consequence of global anthropic emissions, whereas the natural variability of the climatic system taken from the SOI (South Oscillation Index) and MEI (Multivariate ENSO Index) signals was detected in the inter-annual changes of the Plateau Rosa growth rate.
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Elvira S, González-Fernández I, Alonso R, Sanz J, Bermejo-Bermejo V. Ozone levels in the Spanish Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range are above the thresholds for plant protection: analysis at 2262, 1850, and 995 m a.s.l. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:593. [PMID: 27679512 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range, located at 60 km from Madrid City (Spain), includes high valuable ecosystems following an altitude gradient, some of them protected under the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park. The characteristic Mediterranean climatic conditions and the precursors emitted from Madrid favor a high photochemical production of ozone (O3) in the region. However, very little information is available about the patterns and levels of O3 and other air pollutants in the high elevation areas and their potential effects on vegetation. Ozone levels were monitored at three altitudes (2262, 1850, and 995 m a.s.l.) for at least 3 years within the 2005-2011 period. NO x and SO2 were also recorded at the highest and lowest altitude sites. Despite the inter-annual and seasonal variations detected in the O3 concentrations, the study revealed that SG is exposed to a chronic O3 pollution. The two high elevation sites showed high O3 levels even in winter and at nighttime, having low correlation with local meteorological variables. At the lower elevation site, O3 levels were more related with local meteorological and pollution conditions. Ozone concentrations at the three sites exceeded the thresholds for the protection of human health and vegetation according to the European Air Quality Directive (EU/50/2008) and the thresholds for vegetation protection of the CLRTAP. Ozone should be considered as a stress factor for the health of the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain ecosystems. Furthermore, since O3 levels at foothills differ from concentration in high elevation, monitoring stations in mountain ranges should be incorporated in regional air quality monitoring networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elvira
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - I González-Fernández
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Alonso
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Sanz
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Bermejo-Bermejo
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Fischer EV, Jacob DJ, Yantosca RM, Sulprizio MP, Millet DB, Mao J, Paulot F, Singh HB, Roiger A, Ries L, Talbot R, Dzepina K, Pandey Deolal S. Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): a global budget and source attribution. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2014; 14:2679-2698. [PMID: 33758588 PMCID: PMC7983850 DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-2679-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formed in the atmospheric oxidation of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) is the principal tropospheric reservoir for nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx = NO + NO2). PAN enables the transport and release of NOx to the remote troposphere with major implications for the global distributions of ozone and OH, the main tropospheric oxidants. Simulation of PAN is a challenge for global models because of the dependence of PAN on vertical transport as well as complex and uncertain NMVOC sources and chemistry. Here we use an improved representation of NMVOCs in a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and show that it can simulate PAN observations from aircraft campaigns worldwide. The immediate carbonyl precursors for PAN formation include acetaldehyde (44% of the global source), methylglyoxal (30 %), acetone (7 %), and a suite of other isoprene and terpene oxidation products (19 %). A diversity of NMVOC emissions is responsible for PAN formation globally including isoprene (37 %) and alkanes (14 %). Anthropogenic sources are dominant in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere outside the growing season. Open fires appear to play little role except at high northern latitudes in spring, although results are very sensitive to plume chemistry and plume rise. Lightning NOx is the dominant contributor to the observed PAN maximum in the free troposphere over the South Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. V. Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R. M. Yantosca
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M. P. Sulprizio
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D. B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - J. Mao
- Princeton University, GFDL, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - F. Paulot
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - H. B. Singh
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - A. Roiger
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - L. Ries
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R.W. Talbot
- Federal Environment Agency, GAW Global Station Zugspitze/Hohenpeissenberg, Zugspitze, Germany
| | - K. Dzepina
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
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Nyeki S, Halios CH, Baum W, Eleftheriadis K, Flentje H, Gröbner J, Vuilleumier L, Wehrli C. Ground-based aerosol optical depth trends at three high-altitude sites in Switzerland and southern Germany from 1995 to 2010. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cui J, Pandey Deolal S, Sprenger M, Henne S, Staehelin J, Steinbacher M, Nédélec P. Free tropospheric ozone changes over Europe as observed at Jungfraujoch (1990–2008): An analysis based on backward trajectories. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fischer EV, Jaffe DA, Reidmiller DR, Jaeglé L. Meteorological controls on observed peroxyacetyl nitrate at Mount Bachelor during the spring of 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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