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Validation of MIGHTI/ICON Atmospheric Wind Observations over China Region Based on Meteor Radar and Horizontal Wind Model (HWM14). ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13071078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) on board the ICON satellite provides effective measurement of horizontal winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region. In order to verify the measurement accuracy of the horizontal wind, this study uses the measurements of the meteor radar in Wuhan and the simulation results of a horizontal wind field model (HWM14) to compare and analyze the measurement results of MIGHTI/ICON in the whole year of 2020. The comparative analysis indicated that two datasets from MIGHTI/ICON and meteor radar are strongly correlated (r = 0.65, 0.76) with an RMS difference of 39.21 m/s (30.31 m/s). The consistency for meridional wind from MIGHTI/ICON, meteor radar, and HWM14 is worse than that of zonal wind. The accuracy of horizontal wind observations is influenced by altitude, diurnal, and seasonal patterns.
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Zou Y, Lyons LR, Shi X, Liu J, Wu Q, Conde M, Shepherd SG, Mende S, Zhang Y, Coster A. Effects of Subauroral Polarization Streams on the Upper Thermospheric Winds During Non-Storm Time. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2022; 127:e2021JA029988. [PMID: 35865125 PMCID: PMC9286583 DOI: 10.1029/2021ja029988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intense sunward (westward) plasma flows, named Subauroral Polarization Stream (SAPS), have been known to occur equatorward of the electron auroras for decades, yet their effect on the upper thermosphere has not been well understood. On the one hand, the large velocity of SAPS results in large momentum exchange upon each ion-neutral collision. On the other hand, the low plasma density associated with SAPS implies a low ion-neutral collision frequency. We investigate the SAPS effect during non-storm time by utilizing a Scanning Doppler Imager (SDI) for monitoring the upper thermosphere, SuperDARN radars for SAPS, all-sky imagers and DMSP Spectrographic Imager for the auroral oval, and GPS receivers for the total electron content. Our observations suggest that SAPS at times drives substantial (>50 m/s) westward winds at subauroral latitudes in the dusk-midnight sector, but not always. The occurrence of the westward winds varies with AE index, plasma content in the trough, and local time. The latitudinally averaged wind speed varies from 60 to 160 m/s, and is statistically 21% of the plasma. These westward winds also shift to lower latitude with increasing AE and increasing MLT. We do not observe SAPS driving poleward wind surges, neutral temperature enhancements, or acoustic-gravity waves, likely due to the somewhat weak forcing of SAPS during the non-storm time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zou
- Department of Space ScienceUniversity of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsvilleALUSA
| | - Larry R. Lyons
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Xueling Shi
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
- High Altitude ObservatoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space SciencesUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Qian Wu
- High Altitude ObservatoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Mark Conde
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAKUSA
| | | | - Stephen Mende
- Space Sciences LaboratoryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | - Antea Coster
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack ObservatoryWestfordMAUSA
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Dhadly MS, Englert CR, Drob DP, Emmert JT, Niciejewski R, Zawdie KA. Comparison of ICON/MIGHTI and TIMED/TIDI Neutral Wind Measurements in the Lower Thermosphere. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2021; 126:e2021JA029904. [PMID: 35211368 PMCID: PMC8862121 DOI: 10.1029/2021ja029904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study cross-compares ICON/MIGHTI and Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics & Dynamics (TIMED)/TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI) MLT region neutral winds from middle Northern Hemisphere to low Southern Hemisphere latitudes. We utilized MIGHTI level-2.2 (v4) and TIDI level-3 (v11) neutral winds from January 2020 to November 2020 and found their conjunctions using a space-time window of LST ± 15 min, latitude ± 4°, and longitude ± 4° around each TIDI wind measurement. Due to the nature of their orbital geometry, frequent conjunctions occurred between MIGHTI and TIDI. These conjunctions are spread in longitudes and they occur at approximately fixed LSTs and latitudes, which allows us to compare their observed diurnal variability. MIGHTI and TIDI wind observations agree well (except on the TIDI coldside during forward flight) and show similar large amplitude longitudinal variations that can reach more than 100 m/s. MIGHTI and TIDI zonal and meridional winds show moderate correlations of 0.60 and 0.55, respectively. The slopes of regression fits for zonal and meridional winds are 0.92 and 0.91, respectively. The root mean square differences in zonal and meridional winds are 56 and 66 m/s, respectively. We found that TIDI coldside measurements in forward flight show a systematic bias and this behavior is repetitive as the instrument pointing direction is changed by the periodic TIMED yaw maneuver. The nature of this systematic bias suggests that the TIDI zero-wind references (at least for the coldside telescopes) need revision. This investigation can provide guidance toward improving the TIDI data analysis. In addition, the results of this study act as a validation of MIGHTI MLT winds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manbharat S Dhadly
- Space Science Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Douglas P Drob
- Space Science Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John T Emmert
- Space Science Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rick Niciejewski
- Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kate A Zawdie
- Space Science Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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Abstract
For the first time thermospheric parameters (neutral composition, exospheric temperature and vertical plasma drift related to thermospheric winds) have been inferred for ionospheric G-conditions observed with Millstone Hill ISR on 11–13 September 2005; 13 June 2005, and 15 July 2012. The earlier developed method to extract a consistent set of thermospheric parameters from ionospheric observations has been revised to solve the problem in question. In particular CHAMP/STAR and GOCE neutral gas density observations were included into the retrieval process. It was found that G-condition days were distinguished by enhanced exospheric temperature and decreased by ~2 times of the column atomic oxygen abundance in a comparison to quiet reference days, the molecular nitrogen column abundance being practically unchanged. The inferred upward plasma drift corresponds to strong ~90 m/s equatorward thermospheric wind presumably related to strong auroral heating on G-condition days.
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Makela JJ, Baughman M, Navarro LA, Harding BJ, Englert CR, Harlander JM, Marr KD, Benkhaldoun Z, Kaab M, Immel TJ. Validation of ICON-MIGHTI Thermospheric Wind Observations: 1. Nighttime Red-Line Ground-Based Fabry-Perot Interferometers. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2021; 126:e2020JA028726. [PMID: 33828935 PMCID: PMC8022839 DOI: 10.1029/2020ja028726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Observations of the nighttime thermospheric wind from two ground-based Fabry-Perot Interferometers are compared to the level 2.1 and 2.2 data products from the Michelson Interferometer Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) onboard National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Ionospheric Connection Explorer to assess and validate the methodology used to generate measurements of neutral thermospheric winds observed by MIGHTI. We find generally good agreement between observations approximately coincident in space and time with mean differences less than 11 m/s in magnitude and standard deviations of about 20-35 m/s. These results indicate that the independent calculations of the zero-wind reference used by the different instruments do not contain strong systematic or physical biases, even though the observations were acquired during solar minimum conditions when the measured airglow intensity is weak. We argue that the slight differences in the estimated wind quantities between the two instrument types can be attributed to gradients in the airglow and thermospheric wind fields and the differing viewing geometries used by the instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Makela
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Baughman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Luis A Navarro
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Brian J Harding
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth D Marr
- Space Science Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zouhair Benkhaldoun
- Laboratory of High Energy Physics and Astrophysics, Oukaimeden Observatory, FSSM, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Kaab
- Laboratory of High Energy Physics and Astrophysics, Oukaimeden Observatory, FSSM, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Thomas J Immel
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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A Comparison of Meteor Radar Observation over China Region with Horizontal Wind Model (HWM14). ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper compares the wind fields measured by the meteor radar at Mohe, Beijing, Wuhan, and Sanya stations and horizontal wind model (HWM14) predictions. HWM14 appears to successfully reproduce the height-time distribution of the monthly mean zonal winds, although large discrepancies occur in wind speed between the model and measurement, especially in the summer and winter months. For meridional wind, the consistency between model prediction and radar observation is worse than that of zonal wind. The consistency between radar measurements and model prediction at Sanya station is worse than other sites located at higher latitudes. Harmonic analysis reveals large discrepancies in diurnal, semidiurnal, and terdiurnal tides extracted from meteor radar observations and HWM14 predictions.
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7
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Statistical Approach to Observe the Atmospheric Density Variations Using Swarm Satellite Data. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over time, the initial algorithms to derive atmospheric density from accelerometers have been significantly enhanced. In this study, we discussed one of the accurate accelerometers—the Earth’s Magnetic Field and Environment Explorers, more commonly known as the Swarm satellites. Swarm satellite–C level 2 (measurements from the Swam accelerometers) density, solar index (F10.7), and geomagnetic index (Kp) data have been used for a year (mid 2014–2015), and the different types of temporal (the diurnal, multi–day, solar–rotational, semi–annual, and annual) atmospheric density variations have been investigated using the statistical approaches of correlation coefficient and wavelet transform. The result shows the density varies due to the recurrent geomagnetic force at multi–day, solar irradiance during the day, appearance and disappearance of the Sun’s active region, Sun–Earth distance, large scale circulation, and the formation of an aurora. Additionally, a correlation coefficient was used to observe whether F10.7 or Kp contributes strongly or weakly to annual density, and the result found a strong (medium) correlation with F10.7 (Kp). Accurate density measurement can help to reduce the model’s bias correction, and monitoring the physical mechanisms for the density variations can lead to improvements in the atmospheric density models.
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Drob DP, Emmert JT, Crowley G, Picone JM, Shepherd GG, Skinner W, Hays P, Niciejewski RJ, Larsen M, She CY, Meriwether JW, Hernandez G, Jarvis MJ, Sipler DP, Tepley CA, O'Brien MS, Bowman JR, Wu Q, Murayama Y, Kawamura S, Reid IM, Vincent RA. An empirical model of the Earth's horizontal wind fields: HWM07. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. P. Drob
- Space Science Division; Naval Research Laboratory; Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - J. T. Emmert
- Space Science Division; Naval Research Laboratory; Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - G. Crowley
- Atmospheric and Space Technology Research Associates; San Antonio Texas USA
| | - J. M. Picone
- Space Science Division; Naval Research Laboratory; Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - G. G. Shepherd
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - W. Skinner
- Space Physics Research Laboratory, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, College of Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - P. Hays
- Space Physics Research Laboratory, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, College of Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - R. J. Niciejewski
- Space Physics Research Laboratory, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, College of Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - M. Larsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - C. Y. She
- Physics Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - J. W. Meriwether
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina USA
| | - G. Hernandez
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | | | - D. P. Sipler
- Haystack Observatory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Westford Massachusetts USA
| | - C. A. Tepley
- Arecibo Observatory; Cornell University; Arecibo Puerto Rico
| | - M. S. O'Brien
- Science Applications International Corporation; San Diego California USA
| | - J. R. Bowman
- Science Applications International Corporation; San Diego California USA
| | - Q. Wu
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Y. Murayama
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - S. Kawamura
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - I. M. Reid
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of Adelaide; Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - R. A. Vincent
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of Adelaide; Adelaide, South Australia Australia
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