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Palmerio E, Nieves‐Chinchilla T, Kilpua EKJ, Barnes D, Zhukov AN, Jian LK, Witasse O, Provan G, Tao C, Lamy L, Bradley TJ, Mays ML, Möstl C, Roussos E, Futaana Y, Masters A, Sánchez‐Cano B. Magnetic Structure and Propagation of Two Interacting CMEs From the Sun to Saturn. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2021; 126:e2021JA029770. [PMID: 35864948 PMCID: PMC9286593 DOI: 10.1029/2021ja029770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the grand challenges in heliophysics is the characterization of coronal mass ejection (CME) magnetic structure and evolution from eruption at the Sun through heliospheric propagation. At present, the main difficulties are related to the lack of direct measurements of the coronal magnetic fields and the lack of 3D in-situ measurements of the CME body in interplanetary space. Nevertheless, the evolution of a CME magnetic structure can be followed using a combination of multi-point remote-sensing observations and multi-spacecraft in-situ measurements as well as modeling. Accordingly, we present in this work the analysis of two CMEs that erupted from the Sun on April 28, 2012. We follow their eruption and early evolution using remote-sensing data, finding indications of CME-CME interaction, and then analyze their interplanetary counterpart(s) using in-situ measurements at Venus, Earth, and Saturn. We observe a seemingly single flux rope at all locations, but find possible signatures of interaction at Earth, where high-cadence plasma data are available. Reconstructions of the in-situ flux ropes provide almost identical results at Venus and Earth but show greater discrepancies at Saturn, suggesting that the CME was highly distorted and/or that further interaction with nearby solar wind structures took place before 10 AU. This work highlights the difficulties in connecting structures from the Sun to the outer heliosphere and demonstrates the importance of multi-spacecraft studies to achieve a deeper understanding of the magnetic configuration of CMEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Palmerio
- Space Sciences LaboratoryUniversity of California–BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
- CPAESSUniversity Corporation for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | | | | | - David Barnes
- STFC RAL SpaceRutherford Appleton LaboratoryHarwell CampusOxfordshireUK
| | - Andrei N. Zhukov
- Solar–Terrestrial Centre of Excellence—SIDCRoyal Observatory of BelgiumBrusselsBelgium
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear PhysicsMoscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | - Lan K. Jian
- Heliophysics Science DivisionNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | | | - Gabrielle Provan
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Chihiro Tao
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)KoganeiJapan
| | - Laurent Lamy
- LESIAObservatoire de ParisPSLCNRSUPMCUniversité Paris DiderotMeudonFrance
- LAMPythéasAix Marseille UniversitéCNRSCNESMarseilleFrance
| | | | - M. Leila Mays
- Heliophysics Science DivisionNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Christian Möstl
- Space Research InstituteAustrian Academy of SciencesGrazAustria
- Institute of GeodesyGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
| | - Elias Roussos
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | | | - Adam Masters
- The Blackett LaboratoryImperial College LondonLondonUK
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Ingersoll AP. Cassini Exploration of the Planet Saturn: A Comprehensive Review. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2020; 216:122. [PMID: 35027776 PMCID: PMC8753610 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-020-00751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Before Cassini, scientists viewed Saturn's unique features only from Earth and from three spacecraft flying by. During more than a decade orbiting the gas giant, Cassini studied the planet from its interior to the top of the atmosphere. It observed the changing seasons, provided up-close observations of Saturn's exotic storms and jet streams, and heard Saturn's lightning, which cannot be detected from Earth. During the Grand Finale orbits, it dove through the gap between the planet and its rings and gathered valuable data on Saturn's interior structure and rotation. Key discoveries and events include: watching the eruption of a planet-encircling storm, which is a 20- or 30-year event, detection of gravity perturbations from winds 9000 km below the tops of the clouds, demonstration that eddies are supplying energy to the zonal jets, which are remarkably steady over the 25-year interval since the Voyager encounters, re-discovery of the north polar hexagon after 25 years, determination of elemental abundance ratios He/H, C/H, N/H, P/H, and As/H, which are clues to planet formation and evolution, characterization of the semiannual oscillation of the equatorial stratosphere, documentation of the mysteriously high temperatures of the thermosphere outside the auroral zone, and seeing the strange intermittency of lightning, which typically ceases to exist on the planet between outbursts every 1-2 years. These results and results from the Jupiter flyby are all discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Ingersoll
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Lamy L, Zarka P, Cecconi B, Prangé R, Kurth WS, Hospodarsky G, Persoon A, Morooka M, Wahlund JE, Hunt GJ. The low-frequency source of Saturn’s kilometric radiation. Science 2018; 362:362/6410/eaat2027. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how auroral radio emissions are produced by magnetized bodies requires in situ measurements within their source region. Saturn’s kilometric radiation (SKR) has been widely used as a remote proxy of Saturn’s magnetosphere. We present wave and plasma measurements from the Cassini spacecraft during its ring-grazing high-inclination orbits, which passed three times through the high-altitude SKR emission region. Northern dawn-side, narrow-banded radio sources were encountered at frequencies of 10 to 20 kilohertz, within regions of upward currents mapping to the ultraviolet auroral oval. The kilometric waves were produced on the extraordinary mode by the cyclotron maser instability from 6– to 12–kilo–electron volt electron beams and radiated quasi-perpendicularly to the auroral magnetic field lines. The SKR low-frequency sources appear to be strongly controlled by time-variable magnetospheric electron densities.
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Jia X, Kivelson MG. Driving Saturn's magnetospheric periodicities from the upper atmosphere/ionosphere: Magnetotail response to dual sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012ja018183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Badman SV, Andrews DJ, Cowley SWH, Lamy L, Provan G, Tao C, Kasahara S, Kimura T, Fujimoto M, Melin H, Stallard T, Brown RH, Baines KH. Rotational modulation and local time dependence of Saturn's infrared H3+auroral intensity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012ja017990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jia X, Kivelson MG, Gombosi TI. Driving Saturn's magnetospheric periodicities from the upper atmosphere/ionosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Menietti JD, Mutel RL, Schippers P, Ye SY, Gurnett DA, Lamy L. Analysis of Saturn kilometric radiation near a source center. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Menietti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - R. L. Mutel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - P. Schippers
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - S.-Y. Ye
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - D. A. Gurnett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - L. Lamy
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris; Université Paris Diderot, UPMC, CNRS; Meudon France
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Andrews DJ, Cecconi B, Cowley SWH, Dougherty MK, Lamy L, Provan G, Zarka P. Planetary period oscillations in Saturn's magnetosphere: Evidence in magnetic field phase data for rotational modulation of Saturn kilometric radiation emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Andrews
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - B. Cecconi
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC; Université Paris VII - Denis Diderot; Meudon France
| | - S. W. H. Cowley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | | | - L. Lamy
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC; Université Paris VII - Denis Diderot; Meudon France
| | - G. Provan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - P. Zarka
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC; Université Paris VII - Denis Diderot; Meudon France
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Galand M, Moore L, Mueller-Wodarg I, Mendillo M, Miller S. Response of Saturn's auroral ionosphere to electron precipitation: Electron density, electron temperature, and electrical conductivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Galand
- Space and Atmospheric Physics Group, Department of Physics; Imperial College London; London UK
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Luke Moore
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Ingo Mueller-Wodarg
- Space and Atmospheric Physics Group, Department of Physics; Imperial College London; London UK
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Michael Mendillo
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Steve Miller
- Atmospheric Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy; University College London; London UK
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Provan G, Andrews DJ, Cecconi B, Cowley SWH, Dougherty MK, Lamy L, Zarka PM. Magnetospheric period magnetic field oscillations at Saturn: Equatorial phase “jitter” produced by superposition of southern and northern period oscillations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Provan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - D. J. Andrews
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - B. Cecconi
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC; Université Paris Diderot; Meudon France
| | - S. W. H. Cowley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | | | - L. Lamy
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC; Université Paris Diderot; Meudon France
| | - P. M. Zarka
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC; Université Paris Diderot; Meudon France
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Lamy L, Cecconi B, Zarka P, Canu P, Schippers P, Kurth WS, Mutel RL, Gurnett DA, Menietti D, Louarn P. Emission and propagation of Saturn kilometric radiation: Magnetoionic modes, beaming pattern, and polarization state. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja016195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Lamy
- Laboratoire d'Etudes et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris; CNRS; Meudon France
- Space and Atmospheric Physics, Blackett Laboratory; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - B. Cecconi
- Laboratoire d'Etudes et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris; CNRS; Meudon France
| | - P. Zarka
- Laboratoire d'Etudes et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris; CNRS; Meudon France
| | - P. Canu
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas; Palaiseau France
| | - P. Schippers
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - W. S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - R. L. Mutel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - D. A. Gurnett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - D. Menietti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - P. Louarn
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, Université Paul Sabatier; CNRS; Toulouse France
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Ye SY, Gurnett DA, Groene JB, Wang Z, Kurth WS. Dual periodicities in the rotational modulation of Saturn narrowband emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.-Y. Ye
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - D. A. Gurnett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - J. B. Groene
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - Z. Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - W. S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
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Andrews DJ, Coates AJ, Cowley SWH, Dougherty MK, Lamy L, Provan G, Zarka P. Magnetospheric period oscillations at Saturn: Comparison of equatorial and high-latitude magnetic field periods with north and south Saturn kilometric radiation periods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Andrews
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking UK
- Centre for Planetary Sciences; University College London/Birkbeck; London UK
| | - S. W. H. Cowley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | | | - L. Lamy
- Blackett Laboratory; Imperial College London; London UK
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC; Université Paris Diderot; Meudon France
| | - G. Provan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - P. Zarka
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC; Université Paris Diderot; Meudon France
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15
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Bunce EJ, Cowley SWH, Talboys DL, Dougherty MK, Lamy L, Kurth WS, Schippers P, Cecconi B, Zarka P, Arridge CS, Coates AJ. Extraordinary field-aligned current signatures in Saturn's high-latitude magnetosphere: Analysis of Cassini data during Revolution 89. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Bunce
- Department of Physics & Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - S. W. H. Cowley
- Department of Physics & Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - D. L. Talboys
- Department of Physics & Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | | | - L. Lamy
- Blackett Laboratory; Imperial College; London UK
| | - W. S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - P. Schippers
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - B. Cecconi
- LESIA, CNRS; Observatoire de Paris; Meudon France
| | - P. Zarka
- LESIA, CNRS; Observatoire de Paris; Meudon France
| | - C. S. Arridge
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking UK
- Centre for Planetary Sciences at UCL/Birkbeck; London UK
| | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking UK
- Centre for Planetary Sciences at UCL/Birkbeck; London UK
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