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Liu Y, He G, Chu B, Ma Q, He H. Atmospheric heterogeneous reactions on soot: A review. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 3:579-591. [PMID: 38933550 PMCID: PMC11197571 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soot particles, composed of elemental carbon and organic compounds, have attracted widespread attention in recent years due to their significant impacts on climate, the environment and human health. Soot has been found to be chemically and physically active in atmospheric aging processes, which leads to alterations in its composition, morphology, hygroscopicity and optical properties and thus changes its environmental and health effects. The heterogeneous reactions on soot also have a significant impact on the transformation of gaseous pollutants into secondary aerosols. Therefore, the interactions between soot and atmospheric substances have been widely investigated to better understand the environmental behaviors of soot. In this review, we systematically summarize the progress and developments in the heterogeneous chemistry on soot over the past 30 years. Atmospheric trace constituents such as NO2, O3, SO2, N2O5, HNO3, H2SO4, OH radical, HO2 radical, peroxyacetyl nitrate etc., are presented in detail from the aspect of their heterogeneous reactions on soot. The possible mechanisms and the effects of environmental conditions on these heterogeneous reactions are also addressed. Further, the impacts of the heterogeneous reactions of soot on the atmospheric environment are discussed, and some aspects of soot-related research which require further investigation are proposed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangzhi He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment and Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment and Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment and Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Wu Y, Liu D, Wang J, Shen F, Chen Y, Cui S, Ge S, Wu Y, Chen M, Ge X. Characterization of Size-Resolved Hygroscopicity of Black Carbon-Containing Particle in Urban Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14212-14221. [PMID: 31722174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The hygroscopic properties of BC-containing particles (BCc) are important to determine their wet scavenging, atmospheric lifetime, and interactions with clouds. Such information is still lacking in the real world because of the challenges in isolating BCc from other aerosols to be directly characterized. In this study, the size-resolved chemical components of BCc including the refractory BC core and associated coatings were measured by a soot particle-aerosol mass spectrometer in suburban Nanjing. The size-resolved hygroscopicity parameter of BCc (κBCc) was obtained based on this full chemical characterization of BCc. We found increased inorganic fraction and more oxidized organic coatings with thicker coatings, which modified κBCc besides the determinant of particle size. The bulk κBCc was observed to range from 0.11 to 0.34. The size-resolved κBCc consistently showed minima at coated diameter (Dcoated) of 100 nm, parametrized as κ(x) = 0.28-0.35 × exp(-0.004 × x), x = Dcoated. Under critical supersaturations (SS) of 0.1% and 0.2%, the D50 values of BCc were 200 ± 20 and 135 ± 18 nm, respectively. On average 33 ± 16% and 59 ± 20% of BCc in number could be activated at SS = 0.1% and 0.2%, respectively. These results provide constraints on surface CCN sources for the light-absorbing BC-containing particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhou Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P. R. China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
- School of Engineering and Applied Science , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Fuzhen Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Shijie Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Shun Ge
- Nanjing Tianbo Environmental Technology Co., Ltd. , Nanjing 210047 , P. R. China
| | - Yun Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
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Lee AKY, Rivellini LH, Chen CL, Liu J, Price DJ, Betha R, Russell LM, Zhang X, Cappa CD. Influences of Primary Emission and Secondary Coating Formation on the Particle Diversity and Mixing State of Black Carbon Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9429-9438. [PMID: 31348654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mixing state of black carbon (BC) affects its environmental fate and impacts. This work investigates particle diversity and mixing state for refractory BC (rBC) containing particles in an urban environment. The chemical compositions of individual rBC-containing particles were measured, from which a mixing state index and particle diversity were determined. The mixing state index (χ) varied between 26% and 69% with the average of 48% in this study and was slightly enhanced with the photochemical age of air masses, indicating that most of the rBC-containing particles cannot be simply explained by fully externally and internally mixed model. Clustering of single particle measurements was used to investigate the potential effects of different primary emissions and atmospheric processes on rBC-containing particle diversity and mixing state. The average particle species diversity and the bulk population species diversity both increased with primary traffic emissions and elevated nitrate concentrations in the morning but gradually decreased with secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the afternoon. The single particle clustering results illustrate that primary traffic emissions and entrainment of nitrate-containing rBC particles from the residual layer to the surface could lead to more heterogeneous aerosol compositions, whereas substantial fresh SOA formation near vehicular emissions made the rBC-containing particles more homogeneous. This work highlights the importance of considering particle diversity and mixing state for investigating the chemical evolution of rBC-containing particles and the potential effects of coating on BC absorption enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex K Y Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , National University of Singapore , 117576 , Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute , National University of Singapore , 117411 , Singapore
| | - Laura-Hélèna Rivellini
- NUS Environmental Research Institute , National University of Singapore , 117411 , Singapore
| | - Chia-Li Chen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Jun Liu
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Derek J Price
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Raghu Betha
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Lynn M Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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A key process controlling the wet removal of aerosols: new observational evidence. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34113. [PMID: 27703169 PMCID: PMC5050421 DOI: 10.1038/srep34113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lifetime and spatial distributions of accumulation-mode aerosols in a size range of approximately 0.05–1 μm, and thus their global and regional climate impacts, are primarily constrained by their removal via cloud and precipitation (wet removal). However, the microphysical process that predominantly controls the removal efficiency remains unidentified because of observational difficulties. Here, we demonstrate that the activation of aerosols to cloud droplets (nucleation scavenging) predominantly controls the wet removal efficiency of accumulation-mode aerosols, using water-insoluble black carbon as an observable particle tracer during the removal process. From simultaneous ground-based observations of black carbon in air (prior to removal) and in rainwater (after removal) in Tokyo, Japan, we found that the wet removal efficiency depends strongly on particle size, and the size dependence can be explained quantitatively by the observed size-dependent cloud-nucleating ability. Furthermore, our observational method provides an estimate of the effective supersaturation of water vapour in precipitating cloud clusters, a key parameter controlling nucleation scavenging. These novel data firmly indicate the importance of quantitative numerical simulations of the nucleation scavenging process to improve the model’s ability to predict the atmospheric aerosol burden and the resultant climate forcings, and enable a new validation of such simulations.
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Oshima N, Kondo Y, Moteki N, Takegawa N, Koike M, Kita K, Matsui H, Kajino M, Nakamura H, Jung JS, Kim YJ. Wet removal of black carbon in Asian outflow: Aerosol Radiative Forcing in East Asia (A-FORCE) aircraft campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kondo Y, Matsui H, Moteki N, Sahu L, Takegawa N, Kajino M, Zhao Y, Cubison MJ, Jimenez JL, Vay S, Diskin GS, Anderson B, Wisthaler A, Mikoviny T, Fuelberg HE, Blake DR, Huey G, Weinheimer AJ, Knapp DJ, Brune WH. Emissions of black carbon, organic, and inorganic aerosols from biomass burning in North America and Asia in 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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