1
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Revisiting the Contrasting Response of Polar Stratosphere to the Eastern and Central Pacific El Niños. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) invokes the release of a large amount of heat and moisture into the tropical atmosphere, inducing circulation anomalies. The circulation response to ENSO propagates both horizontally poleward and vertically into the stratosphere. Here, we investigate the remote response of the polar stratosphere to ENSO using reanalysis data, along with composite and regression analysis. In particular, we focus on inter-event variability resulting from two ENSO types (the Eastern Pacific (EP) and the Central Pacific (CP) El Niño) and the inter-hemispheric difference in the ENSO responses. Consistent with previous results, we show that ENSO is associated with a weakening in the stratospheric polar vortex but emphasize that the polar stratosphere response strongly depends on the ENSO types, differs between the hemispheres, and changes from the lower to middle stratosphere. The main inter-hemispheric asymmetry manifests in response to the EP El Niño, which is not significant in the Southern Hemisphere, while CP events are associated with pronounced weakening in the polar vortex in both hemispheres. The weakening in the stratospheric polar vortex arguably results from the intensification in the wave flux from the troposphere into the stratosphere and is accompanied by increased heat transport. The latter causes stratospheric warming in the Artic and Antarctic and slows zonal currents. The response of the lower stratosphere circulation to ENSO is approximately the opposite to that of the middle stratosphere.
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2
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Stocker M, Ladstädter F, Wilhelmsen H, Steiner AK. Quantifying Stratospheric Temperature Signals and Climate Imprints From Post-2000 Volcanic Eruptions. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 46:12486-12494. [PMID: 31857737 PMCID: PMC6916164 DOI: 10.1029/2019gl084396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Small volcanic eruptions and their effects have recently come into research focus. While large eruptions are known to strongly affect stratospheric temperature, the impacts of smaller eruptions are hard to quantify because their signals are masked by natural variability. Here, we quantify the temperature signals from small volcanic eruptions between 2002 and 2016 using new vertically resolved aerosol data and precise temperature observations from radio occultation. We find characteristic space-time signals that can be associated with specific eruptions. In the lower stratosphere, robust warming signals are observed, while in the midstratosphere also cooling signals of some eruptions appear. We find that the volcanic contribution to the temperature trend is up to 20%, depending on latitude and altitude. We conclude that detailed knowledge of the vertical structure of volcanic temperature impacts is crucial for comprehensive trend analysis in order to separate natural from anthropogenic temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stocker
- Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change (WEGC)University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Florian Ladstädter
- Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change (WEGC)University of GrazGrazAustria
- Institute for Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Meteorology/Institute of PhysicsUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Hallgeir Wilhelmsen
- Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change (WEGC)University of GrazGrazAustria
- FWF‐DK Climate ChangeUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Andrea K. Steiner
- Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change (WEGC)University of GrazGrazAustria
- Institute for Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Meteorology/Institute of PhysicsUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
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3
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Zhou X, Chen Q, Xie F, Li J, Li M, Ding R, Li Y, Xia X, Cheng Z. Nonlinear response of Northern Hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex to the Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) Niño. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13719. [PMID: 31548548 PMCID: PMC6757062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in tropical sea surface temperatures (SST) have pronounced impacts on the stratospheric polar vortex, with the role of El Niño being the focus of much research interest. However, the Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP), which is the warmest body of seawater in the world, has received less attention. The IPWP has been warming in recent years. This paper presents for the first time the remarkable nonlinearity in Northern Hemisphere (NH) stratospheric circulation and temperature response to IPWP warming (the so-called IPWP Niño) in boreal winter. The magnitude of NH stratospheric vortex weakening is strong and significant in case of moderate IPWP Niño, but is weak and insignificant in strong IPWP Niño case. This phenomenon is robust in both the historical simulations and observations. An idealized model experiments forced with linear varying SST forcing in the IPWP region isolate the nonlinearities arising from IPWP Niño strength. Westward extension of precipitation into the Maritime Continent drives attenuation and westward shift of extratropical waves during strong IPWP Niño events. Linear wave interference analysis reveals this leads to weak interference between the climatological and anomalous stationary waves and thereby a weak response of the stratospheric vortex. These findings imply a distinct stratospheric vortex response to the IPWP Niño, and provide extended implications for the surface climate in the NH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Quanliang Chen
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China.
| | - Fei Xie
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography-Institute for Advanced Ocean Studies, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Minggang Li
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiqiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Cheng
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
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Weinberger I, Garfinkel CI, White IP, Oman LD. The salience of nonlinearities in the boreal winter response to ENSO: Arctic stratosphere and Europe. CLIMATE DYNAMICS 2019; 53:4591-4610. [PMID: 31631950 PMCID: PMC6769094 DOI: 10.1007/s00382-019-04805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic stratospheric response to El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN) is evaluated in a 41 member ensemble of the period 1980 to 2009 in the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model. We consider whether the responses to EN and LN are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign, whether the responses to moderate and extreme events are proportionate, and if the response depends on whether sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTs) peak in the Eastern Pacific (EP) or Central Pacific (CP). There is no indication of any nonlinearities between EN and LN, though in ~ 15% of the ensemble members the stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) frequencies for EN and LN are similar, suggesting that a similar SSW frequency for EN and LN, as has occurred over the past ~ 60 years, can occur by chance. The response to extreme EN events is not proportionate to the amplitude of the underlying SST anomalies in spring. EP EN events preferentially increase zonal wavenumber 1 and decrease zonal wavenumber 2 as compared to CP EN events, however the zonal-mean Arctic stratospheric and subpolar surface response is generally little different between EP EN and CP EN once one accounts for the relative weakness of CP events. These differences between EP and CP events and between moderate and extreme EN events only emerge if at least 25 events are composited, however, due to the small signal-to-noise ratio, and hence these differences may be of little practical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Weinberger
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chaim I. Garfinkel
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ian P. White
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Luke D. Oman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
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Combined Impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the Northern Winter Stratosphere. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10040211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using reanalysis and the sea surface temperature (SST) analysis, the combined impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the northern winter stratosphere is investigated. The warm and weak stratospheric polar vortex response to El Niño simply appears during positive PDO, whereas the cold and strong stratospheric polar vortex response to La Niña is preferable during negative PDO in the reanalysis. Two mechanisms may account for the enhanced stratospheric response when ENSO and PDO are in phase. First, the asymmetries of the intensity and frequency between El Niño and La Niña can be identified for the two PDO phases. Second, the extratropical SST anomalies in the North Pacific may also play a role in the varying extratropical response to ENSO. The North Pacific SST anomalies related to PDO superimpose ENSO SST anomalies when they are in phase but undermine them when they are out of phase. The superimposed North Pacific SST anomalies help to increase SST meridional gradient anomalies between tropical and extratropics, as well as to lock the local height response to ENSO. Therefore, the passages for the upward propagation of waves from the troposphere is more unimpeded when positive PDO is configured with El Niño, and vice versa when negative PDO is configured with La Niña.
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Weinberger I, Garfinkel CI, White IP, Oman LD. The salience of nonlinearities in the boreal winter response to ENSO: Arctic stratosphere and Europe. CLIMATE DYNAMICS 2019. [PMID: 31631950 DOI: 10.1007/s00382-018-4386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic stratospheric response to El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN) is evaluated in a 41 member ensemble of the period 1980 to 2009 in the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model. We consider whether the responses to EN and LN are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign, whether the responses to moderate and extreme events are proportionate, and if the response depends on whether sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTs) peak in the Eastern Pacific (EP) or Central Pacific (CP). There is no indication of any nonlinearities between EN and LN, though in ~ 15% of the ensemble members the stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) frequencies for EN and LN are similar, suggesting that a similar SSW frequency for EN and LN, as has occurred over the past ~ 60 years, can occur by chance. The response to extreme EN events is not proportionate to the amplitude of the underlying SST anomalies in spring. EP EN events preferentially increase zonal wavenumber 1 and decrease zonal wavenumber 2 as compared to CP EN events, however the zonal-mean Arctic stratospheric and subpolar surface response is generally little different between EP EN and CP EN once one accounts for the relative weakness of CP events. These differences between EP and CP events and between moderate and extreme EN events only emerge if at least 25 events are composited, however, due to the small signal-to-noise ratio, and hence these differences may be of little practical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Weinberger
- 1The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chaim I Garfinkel
- 1The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ian P White
- 1The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Luke D Oman
- 2NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
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Garfinkel CI, Gordon A, Oman LD, Li F, Davis S, Pawson S. Nonlinear response of tropical lower stratospheric temperature and water vapor to ENSO. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:4597-4615. [PMID: 30008736 PMCID: PMC6041696 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-4597-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of simulations using the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model are analyzed in order to assess interannual and sub-decadal variability in the tropical lower stratosphere over the past 35 years. The impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on temperature and water vapor in this region is nonlinear in boreal spring. While moderate El Niño events lead to cooling in this region, strong El Niño events lead to warming, even as the response of the large scale Brewer Dobson Circulation appears to scale nearly linearly with El Niño. This nonlinearity is shown to arise from the response in the Indo-West Pacific to El Niño: strong El Niño events lead to tropospheric warming extending into the tropical tropopause layer and up to the cold point in this region, where it allows for more water vapor to enter the stratosphere. The net effect is that both strong La Niña and strong El Niño events lead to enhanced entry water vapor and stratospheric moistening in boreal spring and early summer. These results lead to the following interpretation of the contribution of sea surface temperatures to the decline in water vapor from the late 1990s to the early 2000s: the very strong El Niño event in 1997/1998, followed by more than two consecutive years of La Niña, led to enhanced lower stratospheric water vapor. As this period ended in early 2001, entry water vapor concentrations declined. This effect accounts for approximately one-quarter of the observed drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim I Garfinkel
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amit Gordon
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Luke D Oman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Sean Davis
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven Pawson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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Garfinkel CI, Gordon A, Oman LD, Li F, Davis S, Pawson S. Nonlinear response of tropical lower stratospheric temperature and water vapor to ENSO. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:4597-4615. [PMID: 30008736 DOI: 10.5194/acp-2017-520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of simulations using the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model are analyzed in order to assess interannual and sub-decadal variability in the tropical lower stratosphere over the past 35 years. The impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on temperature and water vapor in this region is nonlinear in boreal spring. While moderate El Niño events lead to cooling in this region, strong El Niño events lead to warming, even as the response of the large scale Brewer Dobson Circulation appears to scale nearly linearly with El Niño. This nonlinearity is shown to arise from the response in the Indo-West Pacific to El Niño: strong El Niño events lead to tropospheric warming extending into the tropical tropopause layer and up to the cold point in this region, where it allows for more water vapor to enter the stratosphere. The net effect is that both strong La Niña and strong El Niño events lead to enhanced entry water vapor and stratospheric moistening in boreal spring and early summer. These results lead to the following interpretation of the contribution of sea surface temperatures to the decline in water vapor from the late 1990s to the early 2000s: the very strong El Niño event in 1997/1998, followed by more than two consecutive years of La Niña, led to enhanced lower stratospheric water vapor. As this period ended in early 2001, entry water vapor concentrations declined. This effect accounts for approximately one-quarter of the observed drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim I Garfinkel
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amit Gordon
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Luke D Oman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Sean Davis
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven Pawson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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A New Strategy for Extracting ENSO Related Signals in the Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere from GNSS RO Specific Humidity Observations. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Park TW, Deng Y, Cai M. Feedback attribution of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation-related atmospheric and surface temperature anomalies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Garfinkel CI, Butler AH, Waugh DW, Hurwitz MM, Polvani LM. Why might stratospheric sudden warmings occur with similar frequency in El Niño and La Niña winters? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Zubiaurre I, Calvo N. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Modoki signal in the stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Calvo N, Marsh DR. The combined effects of ENSO and the 11 year solar cycle on the Northern Hemisphere polar stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Mitchell DM, Gray LJ, Charlton-Perez AJ. The structure and evolution of the stratospheric vortex in response to natural forcings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Hood LL, Soukharev BE, McCormack JP. Decadal variability of the tropical stratosphere: Secondary influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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