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Glaser DM, Hartnett HE, Finn DR, Perez-Montaño S, Cadillo-Quiroz H, Desch S. Water Vapor Adsorption Provides Daily, Sustainable Water to Soils of the Hyperarid Atacama Desert. ASTROBIOLOGY 2022; 22:1222-1238. [PMID: 36084088 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water is necessary for all life on Earth. Water is so critical that organisms have developed strategies to survive in hyperarid environments. These regions with extremely low water availability are also unique analogs in which to study the physico-chemical conditions of extraterrestrial environments such as Mars. We have identified a daily, sustainable cycle of water vapor adsorption (WVA) and desorption that measurably affects soil water content (SWC) in the hyperarid region of the Atacama Desert in southern Perú. We pair field-based soil temperature and relative humidity soil profiles with laboratory simulations to provide evidence for a daily WVA cycle. Using our WVA model, we estimate that one adsorptive period-one night-increases SWC by 0.2-0.3 mg/g of soil (∼30 μm rainfall). We can plausibly rule out other water inputs during our field campaign that could account for this water input, and we provide evidence that this WVA cycle is driven by solar heating and maintained by atmospheric water vapor. The WVA may also serve to retain water from infrequent rain events in these soils. If the water provided by WVA in these soils is bioavailable, it could have significant implications for the microorganisms that are endemic to hyperarid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Glaser
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Hilairy E Hartnett
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Damien R Finn
- Thünen Institut für Biodiversität, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Saul Perez-Montaño
- Arrhenius Research Institute, Arequipa, Perú
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Catolica San Pablo, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Hinsby Cadillo-Quiroz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Steven Desch
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Calafat FM, Wahl T, Tadesse MG, Sparrow SN. Trends in Europe storm surge extremes match the rate of sea-level rise. Nature 2022; 603:841-845. [PMID: 35355000 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Coastal communities across the world are already feeling the disastrous impacts of climate change through variations in extreme sea levels1. These variations reflect the combined effect of sea-level rise and changes in storm surge activity. Understanding the relative importance of these two factors in altering the likelihood of extreme events is crucial to the success of coastal adaptation measures. Existing analyses of tide gauge records2-10 agree that sea-level rise has been a considerable driver of trends in sea-level extremes since at least 1960. However, the contribution from changes in storminess remains unclear, owing to the difficulty of inferring this contribution from sparse data and the consequent inconclusive results that have accumulated in the literature11,12. Here we analyse tide gauge observations using spatial Bayesian methods13 to show that, contrary to current thought, trends in surge extremes and sea-level rise both made comparable contributions to the overall change in extreme sea levels in Europe since 1960 . We determine that the trend pattern of surge extremes reflects the contributions from a dominant north-south dipole associated with internal climate variability and a single-sign positive pattern related to anthropogenic forcing. Our results demonstrate that both external and internal influences can considerably affect the likelihood of surge extremes over periods as long as 60 years, suggesting that the current coastal planning practice of assuming stationary surge extremes1,14 might be inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Wahl
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.,National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Michael Getachew Tadesse
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.,National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sarah N Sparrow
- Oxford e-Research Centre, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Breuer H, Berényi A, Mari L, Nagy B, Szalai Z, Tordai Á, Weidinger T. Analog Site Experiment in the High Andes-Atacama Region: Surface Energy Budget Components on Ojos del Salado from Field Measurements and WRF Simulations. ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:684-700. [PMID: 32048870 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Remote sensing data are abundant, whereas surface in situ verification of atmospheric conditions is rare on Mars. Earth-based analogs could help gain an understanding of soil and atmospheric processes on Mars and refine existing models. In this work, we evaluate the applicability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model against measurements from the Mars analog High Andes-Atacama Desert. Validation focuses on the surface conditions and on the surface energy budget. Measurements show that the average daily net radiation, global radiation, and latent heat flux amount to 131, 273, and about 10 W/m2, respectively, indicating extremely dry atmospheric conditions. Dynamically, the effect of topography is also well simulated. One of the main modeling problems is the inaccurate initial soil and surface conditions in the area. Correction of soil moisture based on in situ and satellite soil moisture measurements, as well as the removal of snow coverage, reduced the surface skin temperature root mean square error from 9.8°C to 4.3°C. The model, however, has shortcomings when soil condition modeling is considered. Sensible heat flux estimations are on par with the measurements (daily maxima around 500 W/m2), but surface soil heat flux is greatly overestimated (by 150-500 W/m2). Soil temperature and soil moisture diurnal variations are inconsistent with the measurements, partially due to the lack of water vapor representation in soil calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajnalka Breuer
- Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Berényi
- Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Mari
- Department of Physical Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Nagy
- Department of Physical Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szalai
- Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Geographical Research Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágoston Tordai
- Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Weidinger
- Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Adapa S, Swamy DR, Kancharla S, Pradhan S, Malani A. Role of Mono- and Divalent Surface Cations on the Structure and Adsorption Behavior of Water on Mica Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:14472-14488. [PMID: 30398348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding solid-water(vapor) interfacial systems is relevant for both industrial and academic scenarios for their presence in wide areas ranging from tribology to geochemistry. Using grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations, we have investigated the role of monovalent (lithium, Li+; sodium, Na+; and potassium, K+) and divalent (magnesium, Mg2+; calcium, Ca2+) cations on the structure and adsorption behavior of water on mica surface. The water density adjacent to the surface exhibits (a) oscillations due to hydration of surface cations (interfacial layer), (b) followed by a thick liquidlike layer. The thickness of the interfacial layer is strongly dependent on the hydration shell size and hydration energy of surface ions. Water molecules immediately next to the surface (contact layers) adsorb on ditrigonal (hexagonal) cavities of mica surface and form an ordered structure. The Li+, Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ surface ions are coadsorbed with water molecules on the ditrigonal cavities due to their smaller hydration shell. Majority of water molecules in the second contact layer hydrate the surface ions and, together with the rest of the water molecules, form hydrogen bonds among themselves. The structure of the water molecules in the third and subsequent layer is random and more bulk liquidlike, except those molecules that hydrate the surface ions. The adsorption isotherm of water on all ion-exposed mica surface exhibits three regimes: (a) an initial rapid increase in water loading for relative vapor pressure ( p/ p0) ≤0.2 due to hydration of surface ions; (b) followed by a linear increase between p/ p0 = 0.2 and 0.7, where the hydrogen bond formation between the water molecules of the interfacial layer occurs; and (c) exponential growth beyond p/ p0 = 0.7 due to thickening of the liquidlike layer. The water loading on divalent-ion-exposed mica surface is higher compared to the monovalent ions case. Although the divalent ions have higher hydration energy, the fraction of water molecules hydrating the surface ions is less compared to nonhydrating water molecules. We found that ion hydration energy and size of hydration shell play a crucial role in their structure adjacent to mica surface. At lower water loadings, the surface ions form a hydration shell with surface bridging oxygens, whereas at higher water content, the hydration preference is shifted toward mobile water molecules. The detailed understanding obtained from this work will be useful in identifying the role of ions in cloud formation, nanotribological studies, and activities of biological molecules and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Adapa
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Dhananjay R Swamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Institute of Chemical Technology , Mumbai 400019 , India
| | - Samhitha Kancharla
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039 , India
| | - Swastik Pradhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721302 , India
| | - Ateeque Malani
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
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Meslin PY, Gasnault O, Forni O, Schröder S, Cousin A, Berger G, Clegg SM, Lasue J, Maurice S, Sautter V, Le Mouélic S, Wiens RC, Fabre C, Goetz W, Bish D, Mangold N, Ehlmann B, Lanza N, Harri AM, Anderson R, Rampe E, McConnochie TH, Pinet P, Blaney D, Léveillé R, Archer D, Barraclough B, Bender S, Blake D, Blank JG, Bridges N, Clark BC, DeFlores L, Delapp D, Dromart G, Dyar MD, Fisk M, Gondet B, Grotzinger J, Herkenhoff K, Johnson J, Lacour JL, Langevin Y, Leshin L, Lewin E, Madsen MB, Melikechi N, Mezzacappa A, Mischna MA, Moores JE, Newsom H, Ollila A, Perez R, Renno N, Sirven JB, Tokar R, de la Torre M, d'Uston L, Vaniman D, Yingst A. Soil diversity and hydration as observed by ChemCam at Gale crater, Mars. Science 2013; 341:1238670. [PMID: 24072924 DOI: 10.1126/science.1238670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The ChemCam instrument, which provides insight into martian soil chemistry at the submillimeter scale, identified two principal soil types along the Curiosity rover traverse: a fine-grained mafic type and a locally derived, coarse-grained felsic type. The mafic soil component is representative of widespread martian soils and is similar in composition to the martian dust. It possesses a ubiquitous hydrogen signature in ChemCam spectra, corresponding to the hydration of the amorphous phases found in the soil by the CheMin instrument. This hydration likely accounts for an important fraction of the global hydration of the surface seen by previous orbital measurements. ChemCam analyses did not reveal any significant exchange of water vapor between the regolith and the atmosphere. These observations provide constraints on the nature of the amorphous phases and their hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-Y Meslin
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse, France.
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Stillman DE, Grimm RE. Dielectric signatures of adsorbed and salty liquid water at the Phoenix landing site, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011je003838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Appéré T, Schmitt B, Langevin Y, Douté S, Pommerol A, Forget F, Spiga A, Gondet B, Bibring JP. Winter and spring evolution of northern seasonal deposits on Mars from OMEGA on Mars Express. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010je003762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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