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Impact of Stratosphere on Cold Air Outbreak: Observed Evidence by CrIS on SNPP and Its Comparison with Models. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A cold air outbreak (CAO) is an extreme weather phenomenon that has significant social and economic impacts over a large region of the midlatitudes. However, the dynamical mechanism of the occurrence and evolution of CAO events, particularly the role of the stratosphere, is not well understood. Through an analysis of one extreme CAO episode that occurred on 27–31 January 2019 across much of the US Midwest, this study examined its thermodynamic structure and the impact of stratospheric downward transport using the single-field-view (SFOV) satellite products (with a spatial resolution of ~14 km at nadir) from the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) onboard Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (SNPP) in conjunction with MERRA-2 and ERA-5 reanalysis products. It is found that along the path of cold air transport, particularly near the coldest surface center, there exists a large enhancement of O3, deep tropopause folding, significant downward transport of stratospheric dry air, and a warm center above the tropopause. The upper warm center can be observed directly using the brightness temperature (BT) of CrIS stratospheric sounding channels. While similar large-scale patterns of temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and ozone (O3) are captured from CrIS, MERRA-2, and ERA-5 products, it is found that, in the regions impacted by CAO, MERRA-2 has a thicker dry layer under the tropopause (with the difference of RH up to ~10%) and the total column ozone (TCO) from ERA-5 has a relatively large positive bias of 2.8 ± 2.8% compared to that measured by Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS). This study provides some observational evidence from CrIS that confirm the impact of the stratosphere on CAO through downward transport and demonstrates the value of the SFOV retrieval products for CAO dynamic transport study and model evaluation.
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Wargan K, Orbe C, Pawson S, Ziemke JR, Oman LD, Olsen MA, Coy L, Knowland KE. Recent decline in extratropical lower stratospheric ozone attributed to circulation changes. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 45:5166-5176. [PMID: 30381777 PMCID: PMC6204267 DOI: 10.1029/2018gl077406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
1998-2016 ozone trends in the lower stratosphere (LS) are examined using the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2) and related NASA products. After removing biases resulting from step-changes in the MERRA-2 ozone observations, a discernible negative trend of -1.67±0.54 Dobson units per decade (DU/decade) is found in the 10-km layer above the tropopause between 20°N and 60°N. A weaker but statistically significant trend of -1.17±0.33 DU/decade exists between 50°S and 20°S. In the Tropics, a positive trend is seen in a 5-km layer above the tropopause. Analysis of an idealized tracer in a model simulation constrained by MERRA-2 meteorological fields provides strong evidence that these trends are driven by enhanced isentropic transport between the tropical (20°S-20°N) and extratropical LS in the past two decades. This is the first time that a reanalysis dataset has been used to detect and attribute trends in lower stratospheric ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Wargan
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, Maryland, USA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Clara Orbe
- Code 611, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Jerald R. Ziemke
- Goddard Earth Science Technology & Research (GESTAR) Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, Code 614, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Luke D. Oman
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, Code 614, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark A. Olsen
- Goddard Earth Science Technology & Research (GESTAR) Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, Code 614, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence Coy
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, Maryland, USA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - K. Emma Knowland
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, Code 610.1, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Goddard Earth Science Technology & Research (GESTAR), Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Columbia, MD USA
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Nielsen JE, Pawson S, Molod A, Auer B, da Silva AM, Douglass AR, Duncan B, Liang Q, Manyin M, Oman LD, Putman W, Strahan SE, Wargan K. Chemical Mechanisms and Their Applications in the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Earth System Model. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2017; 9:3019-3044. [PMID: 29497478 PMCID: PMC5815385 DOI: 10.1002/2017ms001011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Earth System Model (ESM) is a modular, general circulation model (GCM), and data assimilation system (DAS) that is used to simulate and study the coupled dynamics, physics, chemistry, and biology of our planet. GEOS is developed by the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. It generates near-real-time analyzed data products, reanalyses, and weather and seasonal forecasts to support research targeted to understanding interactions among Earth System processes. For chemistry, our efforts are focused on ozone and its influence on the state of the atmosphere and oceans, and on trace gas data assimilation and global forecasting at mesoscale discretization. Several chemistry and aerosol modules are coupled to the GCM, which enables GEOS to address topics pertinent to NASA's Earth Science Mission. This paper describes the atmospheric chemistry components of GEOS and provides an overview of its Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF)-based software infrastructure, which promotes a rich spectrum of feedbacks that influence circulation and climate, and impact human and ecosystem health. We detail how GEOS allows model users to select chemical mechanisms and emission scenarios at run time, establish the extent to which the aerosol and chemical components communicate, and decide whether either or both influence the radiative transfer calculations. A variety of resolutions facilitates research on spatial and temporal scales relevant to problems ranging from hourly changes in air quality to trace gas trends in a changing climate. Samples of recent GEOS chemistry applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Eric Nielsen
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Steven Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Andrea Molod
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Benjamin Auer
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Arlindo M. da Silva
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Anne R. Douglass
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Bryan Duncan
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Qing Liang
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Goddard Earth Science and Technology Center, Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Michael Manyin
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Luke D. Oman
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - William Putman
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Susan E. Strahan
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Goddard Earth Science and Technology Center, Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Krzysztof Wargan
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
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Liu J, Rodriguez JM, Thompson AM, Logan JA, Douglass AR, Olsen MA, Steenrod SD, Posny F. Origins of tropospheric ozone interannual variation (IAV) over Réunion: A model investigation. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2016; 121:521-537. [PMID: 29657911 PMCID: PMC5896576 DOI: 10.1002/2015jd023981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Observations from long-term ozonesonde measurements show robust variations and trends in the evolution of ozone in the middle and upper troposphere over Réunion Island (21.1°S, 55.5°E) in June-August. Here we examine possible causes of the observed ozone variation at Réunion Island using hindcast simulations by the stratosphere-troposphere Global Modeling Initiative chemical transport model (GMI-CTM) for 1992-2014, driven by assimilated Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) meteorological fields. Réunion Island is at the edge of the subtropical jet, a region of strong stratospheric-tropospheric exchange (STE). Our analysis implies that the large interannual variation (IAV) of upper tropospheric ozone over Réunion is driven by the large IAV of the stratospheric influence. The IAV of the large-scale, quasi-horizontal wind patterns also contributes to the IAV of ozone in the upper troposphere. Comparison to a simulation with constant emissions indicates that increasing emissions do not lead to the maximum trend in the middle and upper troposphere over Réunion during austral winter implied by the sonde data. The effects of increasing emission over southern Africa are limited to the lower troposphere near the surface in August - September.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Liu
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA), GESTAR, Columbia, MD, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer A. Logan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Mark A. Olsen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen D. Steenrod
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA), GESTAR, Columbia, MD, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Francoise Posny
- Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Université de La Réunion/CNRS, La Réunion, France
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Climate variability modulates western US ozone air quality in spring via deep stratospheric intrusions. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7105. [PMID: 25964012 PMCID: PMC4432627 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests deep stratospheric intrusions can elevate western US surface ozone to unhealthy levels during spring. These intrusions can be classified as 'exceptional events', which are not counted towards non-attainment determinations. Understanding the factors driving the year-to-year variability of these intrusions is thus relevant for effective implementation of the US ozone air quality standard. Here we use observations and model simulations to link these events to modes of climate variability. We show more frequent late spring stratospheric intrusions when the polar jet meanders towards the western United States, such as occurs following strong La Niña winters (Niño3.4<-1.0 °C). While El Niño leads to enhancements of upper tropospheric ozone, we find this influence does not reach surface air. Fewer and weaker intrusion events follow in the two springs after the 1991 volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. The linkage between La Niña and western US stratospheric intrusions can be exploited to provide a few months of lead time during which preparations could be made to deploy targeted measurements aimed at identifying these exceptional events.
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Lin M, Fiore AM, Cooper OR, Horowitz LW, Langford AO, Levy H, Johnson BJ, Naik V, Oltmans SJ, Senff CJ. Springtime high surface ozone events over the western United States: Quantifying the role of stratospheric intrusions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kunz A, Pan LL, Konopka P, Kinnison DE, Tilmes S. Chemical and dynamical discontinuity at the extratropical tropopause based on START08 and WACCM analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kunz
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung: Stratosphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - L. L. Pan
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. Konopka
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung: Stratosphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich Germany
| | - D. E. Kinnison
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. Tilmes
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
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