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Chu F, Li S, Zhao C, Feng Y, Lin Y, Wu X, Yan X, Miljkovic N. Interfacial ice sprouting during salty water droplet freezing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2249. [PMID: 38480695 PMCID: PMC10937636 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Icing of seawater droplets is capable of causing catastrophic damage to vessels, buildings, and human life, yet it also holds great potential for enhancing applications such as droplet-based freeze desalination and anti-icing of sea sprays. While large-scale sea ice growth has been investigated for decades, the icing features of small salty droplets remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that salty droplet icing is governed by salt rejection-accompanied ice crystal growth, resulting in freezing dynamics different from pure water. Aided by the observation of brine films emerging on top of frozen salty droplets, we propose a universal definition of freezing duration to quantify the icing rate of droplets having varying salt concentrations. Furthermore, we show that the morphology of frozen salty droplets is governed by ice crystals that sprout from the bottom of the brine film. These crystals grow until they pierce the free interface, which we term ice sprouting. We reveal that ice sprouting is controlled by condensation at the brine film free interface, a mechanism validated through molecular dynamics simulations. Our findings shed light on the distinct physics that govern salty droplet icing, knowledge that is essential for the development of related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Chu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction for Metallurgical Industry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuxin Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Canjun Zhao
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanhui Feng
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction for Metallurgical Industry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yukai Lin
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400030, China.
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Nenad Miljkovic
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Gong X, Zhang J, Croft B, Yang X, Frey MM, Bergner N, Chang RYW, Creamean JM, Kuang C, Martin RV, Ranjithkumar A, Sedlacek AJ, Uin J, Willmes S, Zawadowicz MA, Pierce JR, Shupe MD, Schmale J, Wang J. Arctic warming by abundant fine sea salt aerosols from blowing snow. NATURE GEOSCIENCE 2023; 16:768-774. [PMID: 37692903 PMCID: PMC10482690 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-023-01254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic warms nearly four times faster than the global average, and aerosols play an increasingly important role in Arctic climate change. In the Arctic, sea salt is a major aerosol component in terms of mass concentration during winter and spring. However, the mechanisms of sea salt aerosol production remain unclear. Sea salt aerosols are typically thought to be relatively large in size but low in number concentration, implying that their influence on cloud condensation nuclei population and cloud properties is generally minor. Here we present observational evidence of abundant sea salt aerosol production from blowing snow in the central Arctic. Blowing snow was observed more than 20% of the time from November to April. The sublimation of blowing snow generates high concentrations of fine-mode sea salt aerosol (diameter below 300 nm), enhancing cloud condensation nuclei concentrations up to tenfold above background levels. Using a global chemical transport model, we estimate that from November to April north of 70° N, sea salt aerosol produced from blowing snow accounts for about 27.6% of the total particle number, and the sea salt aerosol increases the longwave emissivity of clouds, leading to a calculated surface warming of +2.30 W m-2 under cloudy sky conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianda Gong
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Jiaoshi Zhang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Betty Croft
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Xin Yang
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Markus M. Frey
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nora Bergner
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Y.-W. Chang
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Jessie M. Creamean
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Chongai Kuang
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Randall V. Martin
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Ananth Ranjithkumar
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arthur J. Sedlacek
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Janek Uin
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Sascha Willmes
- Department of Environmental Meteorology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Maria A. Zawadowicz
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Matthew D. Shupe
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Julia Schmale
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
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Hara K, Osada K, Yabuki M, Matoba S, Hirabayashi M, Fujita S, Nakazawa F, Yamanouchi T. Atmospheric sea-salt and halogen cycles in the Antarctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2003-2022. [PMID: 32749425 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00092b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric sea-salt and halogen cycles play important roles in atmospheric science and chemistry including cloud processes and oxidation capacity in the Antarctic troposphere. This paper presents a review and summarizes current knowledge related to sea-salt and halogen chemistry in the Antarctic. First, presented are the seasonal variations and size distribution of sea-salt aerosols (SSAs). Second, SSA origins and sea-salt fractionation on sea-ice and ice sheets on the Antarctic continent are presented and discussed. Third, we discuss SSA release from the cryosphere. Fourth, we present SSA dispersion in the Antarctic troposphere and transport into inland areas. Fifth, heterogeneous reactions on SSAs as a source of reactive halogen species and their relationship with atmospheric chemistry are shown and discussed. Finally, we attempt to propose an outlook for obtaining better knowledge related to sea-salt and halogen chemistry and their effects on the Antarctic and the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Hara
- Department of Earth System Science, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jyonan, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
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Young JN, Schmidt K. It's what's inside that matters: physiological adaptations of high-latitude marine microalgae to environmental change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1307-1318. [PMID: 32391569 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine microalgae within seawater and sea ice fuel high-latitude ecosystems and drive biogeochemical cycles through the fixation and export of carbon, uptake of nutrients, and production and release of oxygen and organic compounds. High-latitude marine environments are characterized by cold temperatures, dark winters and a strong seasonal cycle. Within this environment a number of diverse and dynamic habitats exist, particularly in association with the formation and melt of sea ice, with distinct microalgal communities that transition with the season. Algal physiology is a crucial component, both responding to the dynamic environment and in turn influencing its immediate physicochemical environment. As high-latitude oceans shift into new climate regimes the analysis of seasonal responses may provide insights into how microalgae will respond to long-term environmental change. This review discusses recent developments in our understanding of how the physiology of high-latitude marine microalgae is regulated over a polar seasonal cycle, with a focus on ice-associated (sympagic) algae. In particular, physiologies that impact larger scale processes will be explored, with an aim to improve our understanding of current and future ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi N Young
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Katrin Schmidt
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Antarctic Sea Ice Proxies from Marine and Ice Core Archives Suitable for Reconstructing Sea Ice over the Past 2000 Years. GEOSCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9120506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dramatic changes in sea ice have been observed in both poles in recent decades. However, the observational period for sea ice is short, and the climate models tasked with predicting future change in sea ice struggle to capture the current Antarctic trends. Paleoclimate archives, from marine sedimentary records and coastal Antarctic ice cores, provide a means of understanding sea ice variability and its drivers over decadal to centennial timescales. In this study, we collate published records of Antarctic sea ice over the past 2000 years (2 ka). We evaluate the current proxies and explore the potential of combining marine and ice core records to produce multi-archive reconstructions. Despite identifying 92 sea ice reconstructions, the spatial and temporal resolution is only sufficient to reconstruct circum-Antarctic sea ice during the 20th century, not the full 2 ka. Our synthesis reveals a 90 year trend of increasing sea ice in the Ross Sea and declining sea ice in the Bellingshausen, comparable with observed trends since 1979. Reconstructions in the Weddell Sea, the Western Pacific and the Indian Ocean reveal small negative trends in sea ice during the 20th century (1900–1990), in contrast to the observed sea ice expansion in these regions since 1979.
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Kirpes R, Bonanno D, May NW, Fraund M, Barget AJ, Moffet RC, Ault AP, Pratt KA. Wintertime Arctic Sea Spray Aerosol Composition Controlled by Sea Ice Lead Microbiology. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1760-1767. [PMID: 31807677 PMCID: PMC6891865 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is experiencing the greatest warming on Earth, as most evident by rapid sea ice loss. Delayed sea ice freeze-up in the Alaskan Arctic is decreasing wintertime sea ice extent and changing marine biological activity. However, the impacts of newly open water on wintertime sea spray aerosol (SSA) production and atmospheric composition are unknown. Herein, we identify SSA, produced locally from open sea ice fractures (leads), as the dominant aerosol source in the coastal Alaskan Arctic during winter, highlighting the year-round nature of Arctic SSA emissions. Nearly all of the individual SSA featured thick organic coatings, consisting of marine saccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, and divalent cations, consistent with exopolymeric secretions produced as cryoprotectants by sea ice algae and bacteria. In contrast, local summertime SSA lacked these organic carbon coatings, or featured thin coatings, with only open water nearby. The individual SSA composition was not consistent with frost flowers or surface snow above sea ice, suggesting that neither hypothesized frost flower aerosolization nor blowing snow sublimation resulted in the observed SSA. These results further demonstrate the need for inclusion of lead-based SSA production in modeling of Arctic atmospheric composition. The identified connections between changing sea ice, microbiology, and SSA point to the significance of sea ice lead biogeochemistry in altering Arctic atmospheric composition, clouds, and climate feedbacks during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
M. Kirpes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Daniel Bonanno
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Nathaniel W. May
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matthew Fraund
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Anna J. Barget
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ryan C. Moffet
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kerri A. Pratt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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7
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Investigations into Frost Flower Physical Characteristics and the C-Band Scattering Response. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10070991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Severi M, Becagli S, Caiazzo L, Ciardini V, Colizza E, Giardi F, Mezgec K, Scarchilli C, Stenni B, Thomas ER, Traversi R, Udisti R. Sea salt sodium record from Talos Dome (East Antarctica) as a potential proxy of the Antarctic past sea ice extent. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 177:266-274. [PMID: 28314231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Antarctic sea ice has shown an increasing trend in recent decades, but with strong regional differences from one sector to another of the Southern Ocean. The Ross Sea and the Indian sectors have seen an increase in sea ice during the satellite era (1979 onwards). Here we present a record of ssNa+ flux in the Talos Dome region during a 25-year period spanning from 1979 to 2003, showing that this marker could be used as a potential proxy for reconstructing the sea ice extent in the Ross Sea and Western Pacific Ocean at least for recent decades. After finding a positive relationship between the maxima in sea ice extent for a 25-year period, we used this relationship in the TALDICE record in order to reconstruct the sea ice conditions over the 20th century. Our tentative reconstruction highlighted a decline in the sea ice extent (SIE) starting in the 1950s and pointed out a higher variability of SIE starting from the 1960s and that the largest sea ice extents of the last century occurred during the 1990s.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Severi
- University of Florence, Chemistry Dept. "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - S Becagli
- University of Florence, Chemistry Dept. "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - L Caiazzo
- University of Florence, Chemistry Dept. "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - V Ciardini
- Laboratory for Earth Observations and Analyses, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - E Colizza
- Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Giardi
- University of Florence, Chemistry Dept. "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - K Mezgec
- Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - C Scarchilli
- Laboratory for Earth Observations and Analyses, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - B Stenni
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, "Ca' Foscari" University of Venice, Italy
| | | | - R Traversi
- University of Florence, Chemistry Dept. "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - R Udisti
- University of Florence, Chemistry Dept. "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; ISAC CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
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