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Chen X, Kang S, Yang J, Ji Z. Investigation of black carbon climate effects in the Arctic in winter and spring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:142145. [PMID: 33181988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) exerts a potential influence on climate, especially in the Arctic, where the environment is very sensitive to climate change. Therefore, the study of climate effects of BC in this region is particularly important. In this study, numerical simulations were performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) in the Arctic in winter and spring for two years to investigate the atmospheric BC causing changes in surface radiation, meteorology, and atmospheric stability. Generally, WRF-Chem well reproduced the temporal variations of meteorological variables and BC concentration. Numerical simulations showed that BC concentrations in the Arctic in winter were mostly higher than those in spring, and the BC-induced near-surface temperature changes were also stronger. The effects of BC on near-surface water vapor mixing ratio were consistent with the spatial pattern of near-surface temperature changes. That was probably the result of the regional circulation anomaly due to the temperature changes. Additionally, the distributions of near-surface temperature changes and horizontal wind changes also reflected in the distribution of planetary boundary layer height. Ultimately, this study revealed that the downward longwave radiation related to cloudiness changes played an important role for driving near-surface temperature in the Arctic in winter. While in spring, the relatively less changes in near-surface temperature may be the result of the mutual compensation between the surface longwave and shortwave radiation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Junhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhenming Ji
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519000, China
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Recent Advances in Quantifying Wet Scavenging Efficiency of Black Carbon Aerosol. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosol is of great importance not only for its strong potential in heating air and impacts on cloud, but also because of its hazards to human health. Wet deposition is regarded as the main sink of BC, constraining its lifetime and thus its impact on the environment and climate. However, substantial controversial and ambiguous issues in the wet scavenging processes of BC are apparent in current studies. Despite of its significance, there are only a small number of field studies that have investigated the incorporation of BC-containing particles into cloud droplets and influencing factors, in particular, the in-cloud scavenging, because it was simplicitly considered in many studies (as part of total wet scavenging). The mass scavenging efficiencies (MSEs) of BC were observed to be varied over the world, and the influencing factors were attributed to physical and chemical properties (e.g., size and chemical compositions) and meteorological conditions (cloud water content, temperature, etc.). In this review, we summarized the MSEs and potential factors that influence the in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging of BC. In general, MSEs of BC are lower at low-altitude regions (urban, suburban, and rural sites) and increase with the rising altitude, which serves as additional evidence that atmospheric aging plays an important role in the chemical modification of BC. Herein, higher altitude sites are more representative of free-tropospheric conditions, where BC is usually more aged. Despite of increasing knowledge of BC–cloud interaction, there are still challenges that need to be addressed to gain a better understanding of the wet scavenging of BC. We recommend that more comprehensive methods should be further estimated to obtain high time-resolved scavenging efficiency (SE) of BC, and to distinguish the impact of in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging on BC mass concentration, which is expected to be useful for constraining the gap between field observation and modeling simulation results.
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Abstract
Aerosol mixing state significantly affects concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), wet removal rates, thermodynamic properties, heterogeneous chemistry, and aerosol optical properties, with implications for human health and climate. Over the last two decades, significant research effort has gone into finding computationally-efficient methods for representing the most important aspects of aerosol mixing state in air pollution, weather prediction, and climate models. In this review, we summarize the interactions between mixing-state and aerosol hygroscopicity, optical properties, equilibrium thermodynamics and heterogeneous chemistry. We focus on the effects of simplified assumptions of aerosol mixing state on CCN concentrations, wet deposition, and aerosol absorption. We also summarize previous approaches for representing aerosol mixing state in atmospheric models, and we make recommendations regarding the representation of aerosol mixing state in future modelling studies.
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Meng J, Liu J, Yi K, Yang H, Guan D, Liu Z, Zhang J, Ou J, Dorling S, Mi Z, Shen H, Zhong Q, Tao S. Origin and Radiative Forcing of Black Carbon Aerosol: Production and Consumption Perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6380-6389. [PMID: 29687709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution, a threat to air quality and human health, has attracted ever-increasing attention in recent years. In addition to having local influence, air pollutants can also travel the globe via atmospheric circulation and international trade. Black carbon (BC), emitted from incomplete combustion, is a unique but representative particulate pollutant. This study tracked down the BC aerosol and its direct radiative forcing to the emission sources and final consumers using the global chemical transport model (MOZART-4), the rapid radiative transfer model for general circulation simulations (RRTM), and a multiregional input-output analysis (MRIO). BC was physically transported (i.e., atmospheric transport) from western to eastern countries in the midlatitude westerlies, but its magnitude is near an order of magnitude higher if the virtual flow embodied in international trade is considered. The transboundary effects on East and South Asia by other regions increased from about 3% (physical transport only) to 10% when considering both physical and virtual transport. The influence efficiency on East Asia was also large because of the comparatively large emission intensity and emission-intensive exports (e.g., machinery and equipment). The radiative forcing in Africa imposed by consumption from Europe, North America, and East Asia (0.01 Wm-2) was even larger than the total forcing in North America. Understanding the supply chain and incorporating both atmospheric and virtual transport may improve multilateral cooperation on air pollutant mitigation both domestically and internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Meng
- Department of Politics and International Studies , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 9DT , U.K
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
- Cambridge Center for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance, Department of Land Economy , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 9EP , U.K
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Kan Yi
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Haozhe Yang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | | | | | - Jiachen Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | | | | | - Zhifu Mi
- Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management , University College London , London WC1E 7HB , U.K
| | - Huizhong Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Qirui Zhong
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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Mahmood R, von Salzen K, Flanner M, Sand M, Langner J, Wang H, Huang L. Seasonality of global and Arctic black carbon processes in the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme models. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2016; 121:7100-7116. [PMID: 31404350 PMCID: PMC6680174 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd024849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study quantifies black carbon (BC) processes in three global climate models and one chemistry transport model, with focus on the seasonality of BC transport, emissions, wet and dry deposition in the Arctic. In the models, transport of BC to the Arctic from lower latitudes is the major BC source for this region. Arctic emissions are very small. All models simulated a similar annual cycle of BC transport from lower latitudes to the Arctic, with maximum transport occurring in July. Substantial differences were found in simulated BC burdens and vertical distributions, with Canadian Atmospheric Global Climate Model (CanAM) (Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM) producing the strongest (weakest) seasonal cycle. CanAM also has the shortest annual mean residence time for BC in the Arctic followed by Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Multiscale Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry model, Community Earth System Model, and NorESM. Overall, considerable differences in wet deposition efficiencies in the models exist and are a leading cause of differences in simulated BC burdens. Results from model sensitivity experiments indicate that convective scavenging outside the Arctic reduces the mean altitude of BC residing in the Arctic, making it more susceptible to scavenging by stratiform (layer) clouds in the Arctic. Consequently, scavenging of BC in convective clouds outside the Arctic acts to substantially increase the overall efficiency of BC wet deposition in the Arctic, which leads to low BC burdens and a more pronounced seasonal cycle compared to simulations without convective BC scavenging. In contrast, the simulated seasonality of BC concentrations in the upper troposphere is only weakly influenced by wet deposition in stratiform clouds, whereas lower tropospheric concentrations are highly sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashed Mahmood
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Department of Meteorology COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Knut von Salzen
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Canadian Center for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Mark Flanner
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Maria Sand
- Center for International Climate and Environmental Research-Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Joakim Langner
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Norrköping Sweden
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA
| | - Lin Huang
- Climate Chemistry Measurements and Research Environment and Climate Change Canada Toronto Ontario Canada
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Li Y, Meng J, Liu J, Xu Y, Guan D, Tao W, Huang Y, Tao S. Interprovincial Reliance for Improving Air Quality in China: A Case Study on Black Carbon Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4118-4126. [PMID: 26950657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is of global concern because of its adverse effects on climate and human health. It can travel long distances via atmospheric movement and can be geographically relocated through trade. Here, we explored the integrated patterns of BC transport within 30 provinces in China from the perspective of meteorology and interprovincial trade using the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) model and multiregional input-output analysis. In general, cross-border BC transport, which accounts for more than 30% of the surface concentration, occurs mainly between neighboring provinces. Specifically, Hebei contributes 1.2 μg·m(-3) BC concentration in Tianjin. By contrast, trade typically drives virtual BC flows from developed provinces to heavily industrial provinces, with the largest net flow from Beijing to Hebei (4.2 Gg). Shanghai is most vulnerable to domestic consumption with an average interprovincial consumption influence efficiency of 1.5 × 10(-4) (μg·m(-3))/(billion Yuan·yr(-1)). High efficiencies (∼8 × 10(-5) (μg·m(-3))/(billion Yuan·yr(-1))) are also found from regions including Beijing, Jiangsu, and Shanghai to regions including Hebei, Shandong, and Henan. The above source-receptor relationship indicates two control zones: Huabei and Huadong. Both mitigating end-of-pipe emissions and rationalizing the demand for pollution-intense products are important within the two control zones to reduce BC and other pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Geography and Resource Management & Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, the Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Dabo Guan
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia , Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China
| | - Ye Huang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing, China
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Fan SM, Schwarz JP, Liu J, Fahey DW, Ginoux P, Horowitz LW, Levy H, Ming Y, Spackman JR. Inferring ice formation processes from global-scale black carbon profiles observed in the remote atmosphere and model simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Oshima N, Kondo Y, Moteki N, Takegawa N, Koike M, Kita K, Matsui H, Kajino M, Nakamura H, Jung JS, Kim YJ. Wet removal of black carbon in Asian outflow: Aerosol Radiative Forcing in East Asia (A-FORCE) aircraft campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Huang Y, Wu S, Dubey MK, French NHF. Impact of aging mechanism on model simulated carbonaceous aerosols. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2012; 12:6329-6343. [PMID: 24174929 DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-6329-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols including organic carbon and black carbon have significant implications for both climate and air quality. In the current global climate or chemical transport models, a fixed hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic conversion lifetime for carbonaceous aerosol (τ) is generally assumed, which is usually around one day. We have implemented a new detailed aging scheme for carbonaceous aerosols in a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to account for both the chemical oxidation and the physical condensation-coagulation effects, where τ is affected by local atmospheric environment including atmospheric concentrations of water vapor, ozone, hydroxyl radical and sulfuric acid. The updated τ exhibits large spatial and temporal variations with the global average (up to 11 km altitude) calculated to be 2.6 days. The chemical aging effects are found to be strongest over the tropical regions driven by the low ozone concentrations and high humidity there. The τ resulted from chemical aging generally decreases with altitude due to increases in ozone concentration and decreases in humidity. The condensation-coagulation effects are found to be most important for the high-latitude areas, in particular the polar regions, where the τ values are calculated to be up to 15 days. When both the chemical aging and condensation-coagulation effects are considered, the total atmospheric burdens and global average lifetimes of BC, black carbon, (OC, organic carbon) are calculated to increase by 9% (3%) compared to the control simulation, with considerable enhancements of BC and OC concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere. Model evaluations against data from multiple datasets show that the updated aging scheme improves model simulations of carbonaceous aerosols for some regions, especially for the remote areas in the Northern Hemisphere. The improvement helps explain the persistent low model bias for carbonaceous aerosols in the Northern Hemisphere reported in literature. Further model sensitivity simulations focusing on the continental outflow of carbonaceous aerosols demonstrate that previous studies using the old aging scheme could have significantly underestimated the intercontinental transport of carbonaceous aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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Huang Y, Wu S, Dubey M, French NHF. Impact of aging mechanism on model simulated carbonaceous aerosols. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2012; 12:10.5194/acpd-12-28993-2012. [PMID: 24174929 PMCID: PMC3809914 DOI: 10.5194/acpd-12-28993-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols including organic carbon and black carbon have significant implications for both climate and air quality. In the current global climate or chemical transport models, a fixed hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic conversion lifetime for carbonaceous aerosol (τ) is generally assumed, which is usually around one day. We have implemented a new detailed aging scheme for carbonaceous aerosols in a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to account for both the chemical oxidation and the physical condensation-coagulation effects, where τ is affected by local atmospheric environment including atmospheric concentrations of water vapor, ozone, hydroxyl radical and sulfuric acid. The updated τ exhibits large spatial and temporal variations with the global average (up to 11 km altitude) calculated to be 2.6 days. The chemical aging effects are found to be strongest over the tropical regions driven by the low ozone concentrations and high humidity there. The τ resulted from chemical aging generally decreases with altitude due to increases in ozone concentration and decreases in humidity. The condensation-coagulation effects are found to be most important for the high-latitude areas, in particular the polar regions, where the τ values are calculated to be up to 15 days. When both the chemical aging and condensation-coagulation effects are considered, the total atmospheric burdens and global average lifetimes of BC, black carbon, (OC, organic carbon) are calculated to increase by 9% (3%) compared to the control simulation, with considerable enhancements of BC and OC concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere. Model evaluations against data from multiple datasets show that the updated aging scheme improves model simulations of carbonaceous aerosols for some regions, especially for the remote areas in the Northern Hemisphere. The improvement helps explain the persistent low model bias for carbonaceous aerosols in the Northern Hemisphere reported in literature. Further model sensitivity simulations focusing on the continental outflow of carbonaceous aerosols demonstrate that previous studies using the old aging scheme could have significantly underestimated the intercontinental transport of carbonaceous aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Huang
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - S. Wu
- Atmospheric Science Program, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - M.K. Dubey
- Earth System Observations, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - N. H. F. French
- Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Fang Y, Fiore AM, Horowitz LW, Gnanadesikan A, Held I, Chen G, Vecchi G, Levy H. The impacts of changing transport and precipitation on pollutant distributions in a future climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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