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The Montreal Protocol protects the terrestrial carbon sink. Nature 2021; 596:384-388. [PMID: 34408332 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03737-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of the production of ozone-depleting substances through the Montreal Protocol means that the stratospheric ozone layer is recovering1 and that consequent increases in harmful surface ultraviolet radiation are being avoided2,3. The Montreal Protocol has co-benefits for climate change mitigation, because ozone-depleting substances are potent greenhouse gases4-7. The avoided ultraviolet radiation and climate change also have co-benefits for plants and their capacity to store carbon through photosynthesis8, but this has not previously been investigated. Here, using a modelling framework that couples ozone depletion, climate change, damage to plants by ultraviolet radiation and the carbon cycle, we explore the benefits of avoided increases in ultraviolet radiation and changes in climate on the terrestrial biosphere and its capacity as a carbon sink. Considering a range of strengths for the effect of ultraviolet radiation on plant growth8-12, we estimate that there could have been 325-690 billion tonnes less carbon held in plants and soils by the end of this century (2080-2099) without the Montreal Protocol (as compared to climate projections with controls on ozone-depleting substances). This change could have resulted in an additional 115-235 parts per million of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which might have led to additional warming of global-mean surface temperature by 0.50-1.0 degrees. Our findings suggest that the Montreal Protocol may also be helping to mitigate climate change through avoided decreases in the land carbon sink.
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Vicent J, Verrelst J, Sabater N, Alonso L, Rivera-Caicedo JP, Martino L, Muñoz-Marí J, Moreno J. Comparative analysis of atmospheric radiative transfer models using the Atmospheric Look-up table Generator (ALG) toolbox (version 2.0). GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 13:1945-1957. [PMID: 36082005 PMCID: PMC7613350 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-13-1945-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric radiative transfer models (RTMs) are software tools that help researchers in understanding the radiative processes occurring in the Earth's atmosphere. Given their importance in remote sensing applications, the intercomparison of atmospheric RTMs is therefore one of the main tasks used to evaluate model performance and identify the characteristics that differ between models. This can be a tedious tasks that requires good knowledge of the model inputs/outputs and the generation of large databases of consistent simulations. With the evolution of these software tools, their increase in complexity bears implications for their use in practical applications and model intercomparison. Existing RTM-specific graphical user interfaces are not optimized for performing intercomparison studies of a wide variety of atmospheric RTMs. In this paper, we present the Atmospheric Look-up table Generator (ALG) version 2.0, a new software tool that facilitates generating large databases for a variety of atmospheric RTMs. ALG facilitates consistent and intuitive user interaction to enable the running of model executions and storing of RTM data for any spectral configuration in the optical domain. We demonstrate the utility of ALG in performing intercomparison studies of radiance simulations from broadly used atmospheric RTMs (6SV, MODTRAN, and libRadtran) through global sensitivity analysis. We expect that providing ALG to the research community will facilitate the usage of atmospheric RTMs to a wide range of applications in Earth observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Vicent
- Magellium, Toulouse, France
- Image Processing Laboratory, Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jochem Verrelst
- Image Processing Laboratory, Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Neus Sabater
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luis Alonso
- Image Processing Laboratory, Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Luca Martino
- Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Muñoz-Marí
- Image Processing Laboratory, Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Moreno
- Image Processing Laboratory, Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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On the Roles of Advection and Solar Heating in Seasonal Variation of the Migrating Diurnal Tide in the Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Lower Thermosphere. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The migrating diurnal tide (DW1) presents a unique latitudinal structure in the stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere. In this paper, the physical mechanisms that govern its seasonal variation are examined in these three regions using the 31.5-year (1979–2010) output from the extended Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (eCMAM30). DW1 annual variation in the stratosphere is mainly controlled by the short-wave heating in the high latitudes, but by both the short-wave and adiabatic heating in the low latitudes. In the mesosphere, linear and nonlinear advection play important roles in the semiannual variation of the tide whereas short-wave heating does not. In the lower thermosphere, the annual variation of DW1 is mainly governed by the short-wave heating and linear advection. This study illustrates the complexity of the main physical mechanisms modulating the seasonal variations of DW1 in different regions of the atmosphere.
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Thiéblemont R, Matthes K, Omrani NE, Kodera K, Hansen F. Solar forcing synchronizes decadal North Atlantic climate variability. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8268. [PMID: 26369503 PMCID: PMC4579852 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quasi-decadal variability in solar irradiance has been suggested to exert a substantial effect on Earth's regional climate. In the North Atlantic sector, the 11-year solar signal has been proposed to project onto a pattern resembling the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), with a lag of a few years due to ocean-atmosphere interactions. The solar/NAO relationship is, however, highly misrepresented in climate model simulations with realistic observed forcings. In addition, its detection is particularly complicated since NAO quasi-decadal fluctuations can be intrinsically generated by the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. Here we compare two multi-decadal ocean-atmosphere chemistry-climate simulations with and without solar forcing variability. While the experiment including solar variability simulates a 1–2-year lagged solar/NAO relationship, comparison of both experiments suggests that the 11-year solar cycle synchronizes quasi-decadal NAO variability intrinsic to the model. The synchronization is consistent with the downward propagation of the solar signal from the stratosphere to the surface. While variations in solar irradiance are thought to influence North Atlantic climate variability, the direction of the forcing remains unclear. Here the authors present results from a fully coupled ocean-atmosphere model with interactive chemistry that support a top-down mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Thiéblemont
- Research Division Ocean Circulation and Climate, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Matthes
- Research Division Ocean Circulation and Climate, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany.,Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nour-Eddine Omrani
- Bjerknes Centre and Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Postboks 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kunihiko Kodera
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Felicitas Hansen
- Research Division Ocean Circulation and Climate, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Pincus R, Mlawer EJ, Oreopoulos L, Ackerman AS, Baek S, Brath M, Buehler SA, Cady-Pereira KE, Cole JNS, Dufresne JL, Kelley M, Li J, Manners J, Paynter DJ, Roehrig R, Sekiguchi M, Schwarzkopf DM. Radiative flux and forcing parameterization error in aerosol-free clear skies. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 42:5485-5492. [PMID: 26937058 PMCID: PMC4758412 DOI: 10.1002/2015gl064291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Radiation parameterizations in GCMs are more accurate than their predecessorsErrors in estimates of 4 ×CO2 forcing are large, especially for solar radiationErrors depend on atmospheric state, so global mean error is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pincus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder Colorado USA; Physical Sciences Division NOAA/Earth System Research Lab Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Eli J Mlawer
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research Lexington Massachusetts USA
| | - Lazaros Oreopoulos
- Earth Science Division NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | | | - Sunghye Baek
- CNRS/IPSL/LMD, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris France; Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems Seoul Korea
| | - Manfred Brath
- Meteorological Institute University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | | | | | - Jason N S Cole
- Canadian Center Climate Modelling and Analysis Environment Canada Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | | | - Maxwell Kelley
- Goddard Institute for Space Studies New York New York USA; Trinnovim LLC New York New York USA
| | - Jiangnan Li
- Canadian Center Climate Modelling and Analysis Environment Canada Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | | | - David J Paynter
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - Romain Roehrig
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques-GAME, Météo-France and CNRS Toulouse France
| | - Miho Sekiguchi
- Department of Marine Electronics and Mechanical Engineering Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology Tokyo Japan
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Thompson DWJ, Seidel DJ, Randel WJ, Zou CZ, Butler AH, Mears C, Osso A, Long C, Lin R. The mystery of recent stratospheric temperature trends. Nature 2013. [PMID: 23192146 DOI: 10.1038/nature11579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new data set of middle- and upper-stratospheric temperatures based on reprocessing of satellite radiances provides a view of stratospheric climate change during the period 1979-2005 that is strikingly different from that provided by earlier data sets. The new data call into question our understanding of observed stratospheric temperature trends and our ability to test simulations of the stratospheric response to emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances. Here we highlight the important issues raised by the new data and suggest how the climate science community can resolve them.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W J Thompson
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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A Polarized Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Model for Calculations of Spectra of the Stokes Parameters of Shortwave Radiation Based on the Line-by-Line and Monte Carlo Methods. ATMOSPHERE 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos3040451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Riese M, Ploeger F, Rap A, Vogel B, Konopka P, Dameris M, Forster P. Impact of uncertainties in atmospheric mixing on simulated UTLS composition and related radiative effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Maycock AC, Shine KP. Stratospheric water vapor and climate: Sensitivity to the representation in radiation codes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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