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Role of space station instruments for improving tropical carbon flux estimates using atmospheric data. NPJ Microgravity 2022; 8:51. [PMID: 36404345 PMCID: PMC9676185 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropics is the nexus for many of the remaining gaps in our knowledge of environmental science, including the carbon cycle and atmospheric chemistry, with dire consequences for our ability to describe the Earth system response to a warming world. Difficulties associated with accessibility, coordinated funding models and economic instabilities preclude the establishment of a dense pan-tropical ground-based atmospheric measurement network that would otherwise help to describe the evolving state of tropical ecosystems and the associated biosphere-atmosphere fluxes on decadal timescales. The growing number of relevant sensors aboard sun-synchronous polar orbiters provide invaluable information over the remote tropics, but a large fraction of the data collected along their orbits is from higher latitudes. The International Space Station (ISS), which is in a low-inclination, precessing orbit, has already demonstrated value as a proving ground for Earth observing atmospheric sensors and as a testbed for new technology. Because low-inclination orbits spend more time collecting data over the tropics, we argue that the ISS and its successors, offer key opportunities to host new Earth-observing atmospheric sensors that can lead to a step change in our understanding of tropical carbon fluxes.
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Palmer PI, Marvin MR, Siddans R, Kerridge BJ, Moore DP. Nocturnal survival of isoprene linked to formation of upper tropospheric organic aerosol. Science 2022; 375:562-566. [PMID: 35113698 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Isoprene is emitted mainly by terrestrial vegetation and is the dominant volatile organic compound (VOC) in Earth's atmosphere. It plays key roles in determining the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere and the formation of organic aerosol. Daytime infrared satellite observations of isoprene reported here broadly agree with emission inventories, but we found substantial differences in the locations and magnitudes of isoprene hotspots, consistent with a recent study. The corresponding nighttime infrared observations reveal unexpected hotspots over tropical South America, the Congo basin, and Southeast Asia. We used an atmospheric chemistry model to link these nighttime isoprene measurements to low-NOx regions with high biogenic VOC emissions; at sunrise the remaining isoprene can lead to the production of epoxydiols and subsequently to the widespread seasonal production of organic aerosol in the tropical upper troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul I Palmer
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Margaret R Marvin
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Siddans
- National Centre for Earth Observation, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK.,Remote Sensing Group, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK
| | - Brian J Kerridge
- National Centre for Earth Observation, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK.,Remote Sensing Group, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK
| | - David P Moore
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Harkey M, Holloway T, Kim EJ, Baker KR, Henderson B. Satellite Formaldehyde to Support Model Evaluation. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:10.1029/2020jd032881. [PMID: 34381662 PMCID: PMC8353957 DOI: 10.1029/2020jd032881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO), a known carcinogen classified as a hazardous pollutant by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), is measured through monitoring networks across the U.S. Since these data are limited in spatial and temporal extent, model simulations from the U.S. EPA Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model are used to estimate ambient HCHO exposure for the EPA National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA). Here, we employ satellite HCHO retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)-the NASA retrieval developed by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), and the European Union Quality Assurance for Essential Climate Variables (QA4ECV) retrieval-to evaluate three CMAQ configurations, spanning the summers of 2011 and 2016, with differing biogenic emissions inputs and chemical mechanisms. These CMAQ configurations capture the general spatial and temporal behavior of both satellite retrievals, but underestimate column HCHO, particularly in the western U.S. In the southeastern U.S., the comparison with OMI HCHO highlights differences in modeled meteorology and biogenic emissions even with differences in satellite retrievals. All CMAQ configurations show low daily correlations with OMI HCHO (r = 0.26 - 0.38), however, we find higher monthly correlations (r = 0.52 - 0.73), and the models correlate best with the OMI-QA4ECV product. Compared to surface observations, we find improved agreement over a 24-hour period compared to afternoon-only, suggesting daily HCHO amounts are captured with more accuracy than afternoon amounts. This work highlights the potential for synergistic improvements in modeling and satellite retrievals to support near-surface HCHO estimates for the NATA and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Harkey
- Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1710 University Ave, Madison WI 53726
| | - Tracey Holloway
- Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1710 University Ave, Madison WI 53726
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1225 W Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Eliot J. Kim
- Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1710 University Ave, Madison WI 53726
| | - Kirk R. Baker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Barron Henderson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Yáñez-Serrano AM, Bourtsoukidis E, Alves EG, Bauwens M, Stavrakou T, Llusià J, Filella I, Guenther A, Williams J, Artaxo P, Sindelarova K, Doubalova J, Kesselmeier J, Peñuelas J. Amazonian biogenic volatile organic compounds under global change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4722-4751. [PMID: 32445424 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play important roles at cellular, foliar, ecosystem and atmospheric levels. The Amazonian rainforest represents one of the major global sources of BVOCs, so its study is essential for understanding BVOC dynamics. It also provides insights into the role of such large and biodiverse forest ecosystem in regional and global atmospheric chemistry and climate. We review the current information on Amazonian BVOCs and identify future research priorities exploring biogenic emissions and drivers, ecological interactions, atmospheric impacts, depositional processes and modifications to BVOC dynamics due to changes in climate and land cover. A feedback loop between Amazonian BVOCs and the trends of climate and land-use changes in Amazonia is then constructed. Satellite observations and model simulation time series demonstrate the validity of the proposed loop showing a combined effect of climate change and deforestation on BVOC emission in Amazonia. A decreasing trend of isoprene during the wet season, most likely due to forest biomass loss, and an increasing trend of the sesquiterpene to isoprene ratio during the dry season suggest increasing temperature stress-induced emissions due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Yáñez-Serrano
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Efstratios Bourtsoukidis
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry Departments, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eliane G Alves
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Maite Bauwens
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Joan Llusià
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Iolanda Filella
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Alex Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry Departments, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katerina Sindelarova
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Atmospheric Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Doubalova
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Atmospheric Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Modelling and Assessment Department, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jürgen Kesselmeier
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry Departments, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions of Particles. OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS OF GASES AND PARTICLES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25643-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Barkley MP, Kurosu TP, Chance K, De Smedt I, Van Roozendael M, Arneth A, Hagberg D, Guenther A. Assessing sources of uncertainty in formaldehyde air mass factors over tropical South America: Implications for top-down isoprene emission estimates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Enami S, Mishra H, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Protonation and oligomerization of gaseous isoprene on mildly acidic surfaces: implications for atmospheric chemistry. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6027-32. [PMID: 22356588 DOI: 10.1021/jp2110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In a global process linking the Earth's climate with its ecosystems, massive photosynthetic isoprene (ISOP) emissions are converted to light-scattering haze. This phenomenon is imperfectly captured by atmospheric chemistry models: predicted ISOP emissions atop forest canopies would deplete the oxidizing capacity of the overhead atmosphere, at variance with field observations. Here we address this key issue in novel laboratory experiments where we apply electrospray mass spectrometry to detect online the products of the reactive uptake of gaseous ISOP on the surface of aqueous jets as a function of acidity. We found that ISOP is already protonated to ISOPH(+) and undergoes cationic oligomerization to (ISOP)(2)H(+) and (ISOP)(3)H(+) on the surface of pH < 4 water jets. We estimate uptake coefficients, γ(ISOP) = (0.5 - 2.0) × 10(-6) on pH = 3 water, which translate into the significant reuptake of leaf-level ISOP emissions in typical (surface-to-volume ∼5 m(-1)) forests during realistic (a few minutes) in-canopy residence times. Our findings may also account for the rapid decay of ISOP in forests after sunset and help bring the global budget of volatile organic compounds closer to balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- Ronald and Maxine Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Vereecken L, Francisco JS. Theoretical studies of atmospheric reaction mechanisms in the troposphere. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6259-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35070j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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