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Xu F, Zhang HH, Yan SB, Sun MX, Wu JW, Yang GP. Biogeochemical controls on climatically active gases and atmospheric sulfate aerosols in the western Pacific. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115211. [PMID: 36603657 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Pacific Ocean plays an important role in regulating the budget of climatically active gases and the burden of sulfate aerosols. Here, a field investigation was conducted to clarify the key processes and factors controlling climatically active gases, including dimethyl sulfide (DMS), carbonyl sulfide (OCS), carbon disulfide (CS2), and carbon dioxide (CO2), in both surface seawater and the lower atmosphere of the western Pacific. In addition, the relative contributions of different sources to atmospheric sulfate aerosols were quantitatively estimated, and their causes were explored. The maximum concentrations of DMS, OCS and CS2 and the minimum partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) were observed in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension. Kuroshio-induced mesoscale eddies brought abundant nutrients and organic matter from the subsurface layer of Oyashio into the euphotic layer, thus enhancing primary productivity and accelerating the photoreaction of organic matter. These processes led to higher concentrations of DMS, OCS and CS2 and lower pCO2. However, the oligotrophic subsurface layer in the subtropical gyre and the strong barrier layer in the equatorial waters suppressed the upward fluxes of nutrients and organic matter, resulting in lower surface concentrations of DMS, OCS, and CS2 in these areas. Being far from the continents, atmospheric concentrations of DMS, OCS and CS2 and pCO2 in the western Pacific generally were observed to depend on the local sea-to-air exchange and may be regulated by atmospheric oxidation and mixing of air masses. In general, oceanic DMS emissions played an important role in the formation of sulfate aerosols in the western Pacific (accounting for ∼19.5% of total sulfate aerosols), especially in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension (∼32.3%). These processes in seawater may also determine the variations and emissions of other climatically active gases from biogenic and photochemical sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Shi-Bo Yan
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Ming-Xin Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jin-Wei Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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Taketani F, Miyakawa T, Takigawa M, Yamaguchi M, Komazaki Y, Mordovskoi P, Takashima H, Zhu C, Nishino S, Tohjima Y, Kanaya Y. Characteristics of atmospheric black carbon and other aerosol particles over the Arctic Ocean in early autumn 2016: Influence from biomass burning as assessed with observed microphysical properties and model simulations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157671. [PMID: 35907533 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We conducted ship-based measurements of marine aerosol particles (number concentration, size distribution, black carbon (BC), autofluorescence property, and PM2.5 composition) and trace gases (ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO)) during a cruise of the R/V Mirai (23 August to 4 October 2016) over the Arctic Ocean, Northwest Pacific Ocean, and Bering Sea. Over the Arctic Ocean at latitudes >70°N, the averaged BC mass concentration was 0.7 ± 1.8 ng/m3, confirming the validity of our previously-reported observations (~1 ng/m3) over the same region during September 2014 and September 2015. The observed levels over the Arctic Ocean need to be used as a benchmark when testing the atmospheric transport models over the ocean, while they are substantially lower than those reported at Barrow (Utqiaġvik), a nearby ground-based station. We identified events with elevated BC mass concentrations and CO mixing ratios over the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea as influenced by biomass burnings, with evidences from elevated levoglucosan levels, mixing states of BC particles, and particle size distributions. With WRF-Chem model simulations, we confirmed Siberian Forest fire plumes traveled over thousands of kilometers and produced substantially high BC and CO levels over the Bering Sea. The ΔBC/ΔCO ratios during these periods were estimated as ~1 ng/m3/ppbv, which are lower than those values reported, indicating that the results might have been affected by the wet removal process during transportation and/or by emission in smoldering conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumikazu Taketani
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan.
| | - Takuma Miyakawa
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takigawa
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Yuichi Komazaki
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Petr Mordovskoi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Hisahiro Takashima
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan; Department of Earth System Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Chunmao Zhu
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Shigeto Nishino
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Yasunori Tohjima
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Yugo Kanaya
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
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Jang E, Park KT, Yoon YJ, Kim K, Gim Y, Chung HY, Lee K, Choi J, Park J, Park SJ, Koo JH, Fernandez RP, Saiz-Lopez A. First-year sea ice leads to an increase in dimethyl sulfide-induced particle formation in the Antarctic Peninsula. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150002. [PMID: 34482143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) produced by marine algae represents the largest natural emission of sulfur to the atmosphere. The oxidation of DMS is a key process affecting new particle formation that contributes to the radiative forcing of the Earth. In this study, atmospheric DMS and its major oxidation products (methanesulfonic acid, MSA; non-sea-salt sulfate, nss-SO42-) and particle size distributions were measured at King Sejong station located in the Antarctic Peninsula during the austral spring-summer period in 2018-2020. The observatory was surrounded by open ocean and first-year and multi-year sea ice. Importantly, oceanic emissions and atmospheric oxidation of DMS showed distinct differences depending on source regions. A high mixing ratio of atmospheric DMS was observed when air masses were influenced by the open ocean and first-year sea ice due to the abundance of DMS producers such as pelagic phaeocystis and ice algae. However, the concentrations of MSA and nss-SO42- were distinctively increased for air masses originating from first-year sea ice as compared to those originating from the open ocean and multi-year sea ice, suggesting additional influences from the source regions of atmospheric oxidants. Heterogeneous chemical processes that actively occur over first-year sea ice tend to accelerate the release of bromine monoxide (BrO), which is the most efficient DMS oxidant in Antarctica. Model-estimates for surface BrO confirmed that high BrO mixing ratios were closely associated with first-year sea ice, thus enhancing DMS oxidation. Consequently, the concentration of newly formed particles originated from first-year sea ice, which was a strong source area for both DMS and BrO was greater than from open ocean (high DMS but low BrO). These results indicate that first-year sea ice plays an important yet overlooked role in DMS-induced new particle formation in polar environments, where warming-induced sea ice changes are pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunho Jang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
| | | | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yeontae Gim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Young Chung
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kitack Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | | | - Ja-Ho Koo
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Yan J, Jung J, Lin Q, Zhang M, Xu S, Zhao S. Effect of sea ice retreat on marine aerosol emissions in the Southern Ocean, Antarctica. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140773. [PMID: 32717597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sea ice retreat in the polar region is expected to increase the emissions of sea salt aerosols and biogenic gases, which may significantly impact the climate by increasing cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) population and changing solar radiation. In this study, aerosol compositions were measured at high-time-resolution (1 h) with an in-situ gas and aerosol composition monitoring system in polynya regions of the Southern Ocean (SO) to access the effects of sea ice concentrations on the sea salt aerosol (SSA) and secondary biogenic aerosol (SBA) in the SO. SSA emissions increased by more than 30% as sea ice concentration decreased from 85% to 29%. However, SSA emissions did not increase monotonically as the sea ice concentration decreased. The highest SSA concentration occurred in drifting sea ice region. Sea ice melting increased SBA concentrations by enhancing the air-sea exchanges of SBA precursor gases and the release of algae from sea ice. Positive correlations between SSA and wind speed were present in different sea ice regions, while SBA didn't reveal an obvious correlation with wind speed in the SO. The impact of wind speed on the SSA emissions were very different, Higher slope value of 41.83 and 35.81 were present in the DSI and SIF region, while the value was only about 16.74 in the SIC region. The results extended the knowledge of the effect of future sea ice retreat on marine aerosol emissions and potential climate changes in the polar region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine Atmospheric Chemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Qi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine Atmospheric Chemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Miming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine Atmospheric Chemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Suqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine Atmospheric Chemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shuhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine Atmospheric Chemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
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Jackson RL, Gabric AJ, Cropp R. Coral reefs as a source of climate-active aerosols. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10023. [PMID: 33062438 PMCID: PMC7531332 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the evidence for bio-regulation by coral reefs of local climate through stress-induced emissions of aerosol precursors, such as dimethylsulfide. This is an issue that goes to the core of the coral ecosystem’s ability to maintain homeostasis in the face of increasing climate change impacts and other anthropogenic pressures. We examine this through an analysis of data on aerosol emissions by corals of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. We focus on the relationship with local stressors, such as surface irradiance levels and sea surface temperature, both before and after notable coral bleaching events. We conclude that coral reefs may be able to regulate their exposure to environmental stressors through modification of the optical properties of the atmosphere, however this ability may be impaired as climate change intensifies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Jackson
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Albert J Gabric
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Roger Cropp
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Yan J, Jung J, Zhang M, Xu S, Lin Q, Zhao S, Chen L. Significant Underestimation of Gaseous Methanesulfonic Acid (MSA) over Southern Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13064-13070. [PMID: 31670933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Methanesulfonic acid (MSA), derived from the oxidation of dimethylsulfide (DMS), has a significant impact on biogenic sulfur cycle and climate. Gaseous MSA (MSAg) has been often ignored in previous studies due to its quick conversion to particulate MSA (MSAp) and low concentrations. MSAg, MSAp, and nss-SO42- were observed simultaneously for the first time with high-time-resolution (1 h) in the Southern Ocean (SO). The mean MSAg level reached up to 3.3 ± 1.6 pptv, ranging from ∼24.5 pptv in the SO, contributing to 31% ± 3% to the total MSA (MSAT). A reduction of the MSA to nss-SO42- ratios by about 30% was obtained when MSAg was not accounted for in the calculation, indicating that MSAg was very important in the assessment of the biogenic sulfur contributions in the atmosphere. Mass ratios of MSA to nss-SO42- increased first and then decreased with the temperature from -10 to 5 °C, with a maximum value at the temperature of -3 °C. Positive correlations between MSAg to MSAT ratios and temperature were presented, when the temperature was higher than 5 °C. This study highlights the importance of MSAg for understanding the atmospheric DMS oxidation mechanism and extends the knowledge of MSA formation in the marine atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry , MNR , Xiamen 361005 , China
- Third Institute of Oceanography , Ministry of Natural Resources , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Jinyoung Jung
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu , Incheon , 21990 , Republic of Korea
| | - Miming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry , MNR , Xiamen 361005 , China
- Third Institute of Oceanography , Ministry of Natural Resources , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Suqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry , MNR , Xiamen 361005 , China
- Third Institute of Oceanography , Ministry of Natural Resources , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Qi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry , MNR , Xiamen 361005 , China
- Third Institute of Oceanography , Ministry of Natural Resources , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Shuhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry , MNR , Xiamen 361005 , China
- Third Institute of Oceanography , Ministry of Natural Resources , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Liqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry , MNR , Xiamen 361005 , China
- Third Institute of Oceanography , Ministry of Natural Resources , Xiamen 361005 , China
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Liu Y, Röttgers R, Ramírez-Pérez M, Dinter T, Steinmetz F, Nöthig EM, Hellmann S, Wiegmann S, Bracher A. Underway spectrophotometry in the Fram Strait (European Arctic Ocean): a highly resolved chlorophyll a data source for complementing satellite ocean color. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:A678-A696. [PMID: 30114057 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.00a678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Satellite remote sensing of chlorophyll a concentration (Chl-a) in the Arctic Ocean is spatially and temporally limited and needs to be supplemented and validated with substantial volumes of in situ observations. Here, we evaluated the capability of obtaining highly resolved in situ surface Chl-a using underway spectrophotometry operated during two summer cruises in 2015 and 2016 in the Fram Strait. Results showed that Chl-a measured using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was well related (R2 = 0.90) to the collocated particulate absorption line height at 676 nm obtained from the underway spectrophotometry system. This enabled continuous surface Chl-a estimation along the cruise tracks. When used to validate Chl-a operational products as well as to assess the Chl-a algorithms of the aqua moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS-A) and Sentinel-3 Ocean Land Color Imager (OLCI) Level 2 Chl-a operational products, and from OLCI Level 2 products processed with Polymer atmospheric correction algorithm (version 4.1), the underway spectrophotometry based Chl-a data sets proved to be a much more sufficient data source by generating over one order of magnitude more match-ups than those obtained from discrete water samples. Overall, the band ratio (OCI, OC4) Chl-a operational products from MODIS-A and OLCI as well as OLCI C2RCC products showed acceptable results. The OLCI Polymer standard output provided the most reliable Chl-a estimates, and nearly as good results were obtained from the OCI algorithm with Polymer atmospheric correction method. This work confirms the great advantage of the underway spectrophotometry in enlarging in situ Chl-a data sets for the Fram Strait and improving satellite Chl-a validation and Chl-a algorithm assessment over discrete water sample analysis in the laboratory.
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Arctic sea ice melt leads to atmospheric new particle formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3318. [PMID: 28607400 PMCID: PMC5468288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) and growth significantly influences climate by supplying new seeds for cloud condensation and brightness. Currently, there is a lack of understanding of whether and how marine biota emissions affect aerosol-cloud-climate interactions in the Arctic. Here, the aerosol population was categorised via cluster analysis of aerosol size distributions taken at Mt Zeppelin (Svalbard) during a 11 year record. The daily temporal occurrence of NPF events likely caused by nucleation in the polar marine boundary layer was quantified annually as 18%, with a peak of 51% during summer months. Air mass trajectory analysis and atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur tracers link these frequent nucleation events to biogenic precursors released by open water and melting sea ice regions. The occurrence of such events across a full decade was anti-correlated with sea ice extent. New particles originating from open water and open pack ice increased the cloud condensation nuclei concentration background by at least ca. 20%, supporting a marine biosphere-climate link through sea ice melt and low altitude clouds that may have contributed to accelerate Arctic warming. Our results prompt a better representation of biogenic aerosol sources in Arctic climate models.
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Introductory lecture: atmospheric chemistry in the Anthropocene. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:11-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00161d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The term “Anthropocene” was coined by Professor Paul Crutzen in 2000 to describe an unprecedented era in which anthropogenic activities are impacting planet Earth on a global scale. Greatly increased emissions into the atmosphere, reflecting the advent of the Industrial Revolution, have caused significant changes in both the lower and upper atmosphere. Atmospheric reactions of the anthropogenic emissions and of those with biogenic compounds have significant impacts on human health, visibility, climate and weather. Two activities that have had particularly large impacts on the troposphere are fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, both associated with a burgeoning population. Emissions are also changing due to alterations in land use. This paper describes some of the tropospheric chemistry associated with the Anthropocene, with emphasis on areas having large uncertainties. These include heterogeneous chemistry such as those of oxides of nitrogen and the neonicotinoid pesticides, reactions at liquid interfaces, organic oxidations and particle formation, the role of sulfur compounds in the Anthropocene and biogenic–anthropogenic interactions. A clear and quantitative understanding of the connections between emissions, reactions, deposition and atmospheric composition is central to developing appropriate cost-effective strategies for minimizing the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The evolving nature of emissions in the Anthropocene places atmospheric chemistry at the fulcrum of determining human health and welfare in the future.
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Contribution of Arctic seabird-colony ammonia to atmospheric particles and cloud-albedo radiative effect. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13444. [PMID: 27845764 PMCID: PMC5116067 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arctic region is vulnerable to climate change and able to affect global climate. The summertime Arctic atmosphere is pristine and strongly influenced by natural regional emissions, which have poorly understood climate impacts related to atmospheric particles and clouds. Here we show that ammonia from seabird-colony guano is a key factor contributing to bursts of newly formed particles, which are observed every summer in the near-surface atmosphere at Alert, Nunavut, Canada. Our chemical-transport model simulations indicate that the pan-Arctic seabird-influenced particles can grow by sulfuric acid and organic vapour condensation to diameters sufficiently large to promote pan-Arctic cloud-droplet formation in the clean Arctic summertime. We calculate that the resultant cooling tendencies could be large (about −0.5 W m−2 pan-Arctic-mean cooling), exceeding −1 W m−2 near the largest seabird colonies due to the effects of seabird-influenced particles on cloud albedo. These coupled ecological–chemical processes may be susceptible to Arctic warming and industrialization. The climatic impact of ammonia emissions from Arctic seabird-colony guano is poorly understood. Here, using observations and a chemical transport model, Croft et al. illustrate that guano-associated particles promote cloud-droplet formation, resulting in a pan-Arctic cooling tendency of approximately −0.5 W m−2.
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Sánchez-Sanz G, Trujillo C, Alkorta I, Elguero J. Weak interactions between hypohalous acids and dimethylchalcogens. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:9880-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40949f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Rempillo O, Seguin AM, Norman AL, Scarratt M, Michaud S, Chang R, Sjostedt S, Abbatt J, Else B, Papakyriakou T, Sharma S, Grasby S, Levasseur M. Dimethyl sulfide air-sea fluxes and biogenic sulfur as a source of new aerosols in the Arctic fall. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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