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Wang J, Wang J, Cai R, Liu C, Jiang J, Nie W, Wang J, Moteki N, Zaveri RA, Huang X, Ma N, Chen G, Wang Z, Jin Y, Cai J, Zhang Y, Chi X, Holanda BA, Xing J, Liu T, Qi X, Wang Q, Pöhlker C, Su H, Cheng Y, Wang S, Hao J, Andreae MO, Ding A. Unified theoretical framework for black carbon mixing state allows greater accuracy of climate effect estimation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2703. [PMID: 37164951 PMCID: PMC10172310 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) plays an important role in the climate system because of its strong warming effect, yet the magnitude of this effect is highly uncertain owing to the complex mixing state of aerosols. Here we build a unified theoretical framework to describe BC's mixing states, linking dynamic processes to BC coating thickness distribution, and show its self-similarity for sites in diverse environments. The size distribution of BC-containing particles is found to follow a universal law and is independent of BC core size. A new mixing state module is established based on this finding and successfully applied in global and regional models, which increases the accuracy of aerosol climate effect estimations. Our theoretical framework links observations with model simulations in both mixing state description and light absorption quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China.
- China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Key Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jiaping Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - Runlong Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chao Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China
- China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Key Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinbo Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Nobuhiro Moteki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Xin Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, 511443, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganzhen Chen
- China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Key Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China
| | - Zilin Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhi Jin
- China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Key Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuguang Chi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Bruna A Holanda
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, 65203, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, 511443, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Hang Su
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, 210023, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Gorkowski K, Benedict KB, Carrico CM, Dubey MK. Complexities in Modeling Organic Aerosol Light Absorption. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4827-4833. [PMID: 35834798 PMCID: PMC9340763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol particles dynamically evolve in the atmosphere by physicochemical interactions with sunlight, trace chemical species, and water. Current modeling approaches fix properties such as aerosol refractive index, introducing spatial and temporal errors in the radiative impacts. Further progress requires a process-level description of the refractive indices as the particles age and experience physicochemical transformations. We present two multivariate modeling approaches of light absorption by brown carbon (BrC). The initial approach was to extend the modeling framework of the refractive index at 589 nm (nD), but that result was insufficient. We developed a second multivariate model using aromatic rings and functional groups to predict the imaginary part of the complex refractive index. This second model agreed better with measured spectral absorption peaks, showing promise for a simplified treatment of BrC optics. In addition to absorption, organic functionalities also alter the water affinity of the molecules, leading to a hygroscopic uptake and increased light absorption, which we show through measurements and modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Gorkowski
- Earth
and Environmental Science, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Katherine B. Benedict
- Earth
and Environmental Science, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Christian M. Carrico
- New
Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States
| | - Manvendra K. Dubey
- Earth
and Environmental Science, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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3
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Khatri P, Hayasaka T, Holben B, Tripathi SN, Misra P, Patra PK, Hayashida S, Dumka UC. Aerosol Loading and Radiation Budget Perturbations in Densely Populated and Highly Polluted Indo-Gangetic Plain by COVID-19: Influences on Cloud Properties and Air Temperature. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2021GL093796. [PMID: 34924636 PMCID: PMC8667642 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl093796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols emitted in densely populated and industrialized Indo-Gangetic Plain, one of the most polluted regions in the world, modulate regional climate, monsoon, and Himalayan glacier retreat. Thus, this region is important for understanding aerosol perturbations and their resulting impacts on atmospheric changes during COVID-19 lockdown period, a natural experimental condition created by the pandemic. By analyzing 5 years (2016-2020) data of aerosols and performing a radiative transfer calculation, we found that columnar and near-surface aerosol loadings decreased, leading to reductions in radiative cooling at the surface and top of the atmosphere and atmospheric warming during lockdown period. Further, satellite data analyses showed increases in cloud optical thickness and cloud-particle effective radius and decrease in lower tropospheric air temperature during lockdown period. These results indicate critical influences of COVID-19 lockdown on regional climate and water cycle over Indo-Gangetic Plain, emphasizing need for further studies from modeling perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Khatri
- Graduate School of ScienceCenter for Atmospheric and Oceanic StudiesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Research Institute for Humanity and NatureKyotoJapan
| | - T. Hayasaka
- Graduate School of ScienceCenter for Atmospheric and Oceanic StudiesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - B. Holben
- National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationGoddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - S. N. Tripathi
- Department of Civil EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpurIndia
| | - P. Misra
- Research Institute for Humanity and NatureKyotoJapan
| | - P. K. Patra
- Graduate School of ScienceCenter for Atmospheric and Oceanic StudiesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Research Institute for Humanity and NatureKyotoJapan
- Research Institute for Global ChangeJAMSTECYokohamaJapan
| | - S. Hayashida
- Research Institute for Humanity and NatureKyotoJapan
| | - U. C. Dumka
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES)NainitalIndia
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4
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Niu H, Kang S, Gao W, Sarangi C, Tripathee L, Rupakheti D, Zhang G, Yan X. Investigation of the spatio-temporal heterogeneity and optical property of water-soluble organic carbon in atmospheric aerosol and snow over the Yulong Snow Mountain, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106045. [PMID: 32919285 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols are a branch of active research in recent decades. The deposition of light-absorbing substances on high-altitude glaciers causes substantial adverse impacts on the cryospheric environment, cryosphere-hydrology, and climate system. Although, the concentrations of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in snow/ice on glaciers of Tibetan Plateau (TP) have been reported, their transfer processes and optical properties in the context of summer precipitation-atmosphere-snow-river water continuum are seldom studied. In this study, we have systematically examined some scientific issues associated with WSOC concentrations and light absorption properties of WSOC in various forms of samples from the Mt. Yulong region. Statistical results demonstrate that the spatial distribution of WSOC in the snow of Baishui glacier was heterogeneous. The average WSOC concentrations of each snowpit were significantly decreased, and its light-absorbing properties were significantly elevated with the time extension. Aerosol WSOC concentrations and light absorption have distinct spatial disparity and seasonal variation. Pre-monsoon and monsoon have the highest and lowest WSOC content, respectively. Whereas the light-absorbing properties present contrasting seasonal trends. Rivers of which runoff was supplied by glacier meltwater have significantly lower WSOC concentrations (e.g., 0.42 ± 0.03 mg L-1) compared with other forms of water bodies. Mass absorption cross-section of WSOC (MAC-WSOC) in multiple snow and meltwater samples was significantly different and type-dependent. Atmospheric aerosol has the lowest MAC-WSOC value among the four types of samples, which was likely associated with exhaust emissions from private vehicles and tour buses. Statistical results indicated that the average AAE330-400 values of various snow/ice samples are subequal. Snow of glaciers supplies a desirable platform for the deposition of gaseous materials which experienced long-range transport in high altitude zones. Biomass-burning emissions made an immense contribution to the WSOC deposition over the study area, as demonstrated by the distribution of active fire points. However, this preliminary study represents the first systematic investigation of WSOC deposition in southeastern TP. Further robust in-situ field investigations and laboratory measurements are urgently necessary to improve our understanding of the transfer process and optical property of WSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewen Niu
- Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier and Environment Observation and Research Station/State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier and Environment Observation and Research Station/State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 10049, China.
| | - Wanni Gao
- School of International Cultural Exchange, Lanzhou University/Institute of Central Asian Studies, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chandan Sarangi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600024, India
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier and Environment Observation and Research Station/State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dipesh Rupakheti
- Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier and Environment Observation and Research Station/State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guotao Zhang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610046, China
| | - Xingguo Yan
- College of Earth Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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5
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Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Yao Z, Li H. Particle Size and Mixing State of Freshly Emitted Black Carbon from Different Combustion Sources in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7766-7774. [PMID: 32510935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Modeling studies have highlighted that accurate simulations of radiative effect of black carbon (BC) require knowledge about the particle size and mixing state of freshly emitted BC from combustion sources. However, the information is absent in China due to lack of available measurements. In this study, we present the particle size and mixing state of fresh BC emitted from diesel vehicles (DV), brick kilns (BK), residential crop residue burnings (CR), and residential firewood burnings (FW) in September-October 2014 at North China Plain by field measurement. The mass median diameters of BC cores (whole particles including cores and coatings) above the limit of measurement (i.e., > 70 nm) from these sources are ∼155 (∼194), ∼230 (∼306), ∼250 (∼438) and ∼273 (∼426) nm, respectively, and corresponding size ratios (i.e., mixing state) are ∼1.25, ∼1.33, ∼1.75, and ∼1.56, respectively. Compared with the values commonly used in model based on the laboratory experiments and the field measurements in developed countries, larger particle sizes and higher mixing sate of freshly emitted BC in China may enhance their light absorption and cloud condensation nuclei activities during atmospheric transport. The available data could be used to improve future model development on radiative effect of BC in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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6
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Impact of the Emission Control of Diesel Vehicles on Black Carbon (BC) Concentrations over China. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11070696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to reduce black carbon (BC) emissions from diesel vehicles, a regional atmospheric chemistry model (WRF-Chem) was used to investigate the effects of installing a high-efficiency device for vehicle exhaust control, a diesel particulate filter (DPF), on diesel vehicles in China. To reduce the uncertainty of estimation, three sensitivity experiments were designed and conducted for different emission scenarios. The first experiment uses the standard black carbon emissions of diesel vehicles without engaging in any emission control actions (referred to as CTRL), and the other two experiments were conducted using different DPF devices to reduce BC emissions by 65% (CASE1) and 39% (CASE2), respectively. The results show that the model simulation reasonably represents the measured BC concentrations. The highest BC concentrations occurred in large cities of the North China Plain (NCP) and present important seasonal variations. The results suggest that the reduction in diesel vehicle emissions has great benefits for reducing BC pollution not only in winter but also in other seasons. Sensitivity studies show that in CASE1, the average BC concentrations decreased about ~6% in January and by more than 10% in the other seasons. The greatest reduction exceeded 50%. In CASE2, the average BC concentrations decreased by about ~3.5% in January and by more than 7% in the other seasons. This study suggests that adding DPF to a diesel vehicle can have a significant influence on reducing BC concentrations in China. Thus, this study provides a practical basis by which diesel vehicle emissions can be reduced.
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7
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Li C, He Q, Hettiyadura APS, Käfer U, Shmul G, Meidan D, Zimmermann R, Brown SS, George C, Laskin A, Rudich Y. Formation of Secondary Brown Carbon in Biomass Burning Aerosol Proxies through NO 3 Radical Reactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1395-1405. [PMID: 31730747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) is an important contributor to the radiative forcing of climate by organic aerosols. Because of the molecular diversity of BrC compounds and their dynamic transformations, it is challenging to predictively understand BrC optical properties. OH radical and O3 reactions, together with photolysis, lead to diminished light absorption and lower warming effects of biomass burning BrC. The effects of night-time aging on the optical properties of BrC aerosols are less known. To address this knowledge gap, night-time NO3 radical chemistry with tar aerosols from wood pyrolysis was investigated in a flow reactor. This study shows that the optical properties of BrC change because of transformations driven by reactions with the NO3 radical that form new absorbing species and lead to significant absorption enhancement over the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) range. The overnight aging increases the mass absorption coefficients of the BrC by a factor of 1.3-3.2 between 380 nm and 650 nm. Nitrated organic compounds, particularly nitroaromatics, were identified as the main products that contribute to the enhanced light absorption in the secondary BrC. Night-time aging of BrC aerosols represents an important source of secondary BrC and can have a pronounced effect on atmospheric chemistry and air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Quanfu He
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | | | - Uwe Käfer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre , University of Rostock , Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA) , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1 , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Guy Shmul
- Department of Chemical Research Support , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Daphne Meidan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre , University of Rostock , Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 , 18059 Rostock , Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA) , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1 , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Steven S Brown
- Chemical Science Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0215 , United States
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , CNRS, IRCELYON , F-69626 , Villeurbanne , France
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
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8
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Pardo M, Li C, He Q, Levin-Zaidman S, Tsoory M, Yu Q, Wang X, Rudich Y. Mechanisms of lung toxicity induced by biomass burning aerosols. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:4. [PMID: 31959190 PMCID: PMC6971884 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-0337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonaceous aerosols emitted from indoor and outdoor biomass burning are major risk factors contributing to the global burden of disease. Wood tar aerosols, namely, tar ball particles, compose a substantial fraction of carbonaceous emissions, especially from biomass smoldering. However, their health-related impacts and toxicity are still not well known. This study investigated the toxicity of the water-soluble fraction of pyrolyzed wood tar aerosols in exposed mice and lung epithelial cells. RESULTS Mice exposed to water-soluble wood tar aerosols showed increased inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. Bronchial epithelial cells exposed to the same water-soluble wood tar aerosols showed increased cell death with apoptotic characteristics. Alterations in oxidative status, including changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and reductions in the expression of antioxidant genes related to the transcription factor Nrf2, were observed and were confirmed by increased levels of MDA, a lipid peroxidation adduct. Damage to mitochondria was observed as an early event responsible for the aforementioned changes. CONCLUSIONS The toxicity and health effect-related mechanisms of water-soluble wood tar were investigated for the first time in the context of biomass burning. Wood tar particles may account for major responses such as cell death, oxidative stress, supression of protection mechnaisms and mitochondrial damaged cause by expsoure to biomass burning aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pardo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Chunlin Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Quanfu He
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Michael Tsoory
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, 761001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Qingqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
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9
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A Climatological Satellite Assessment of Absorbing Carbonaceous Aerosols on a Global Scale. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10110671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A global climatology of absorbing carbonaceous aerosols (ACA) for the period 2005–2015 is obtained by using satellite MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)-Aqua and OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument)-Aura aerosol optical properties and by applying an algorithm. The algorithm determines the frequency of presence of ACA (black and brown carbon) over the globe at 1° × 1° pixel level and on a daily basis. The results of the algorithm indicate high frequencies of ACA (up to 19 days/month) over world regions with extended biomass burning, such as the tropical forests of southern and central Africa, South America and equatorial Asia, over savannas, cropland areas or boreal forests, as well as over urban and rural areas with intense anthropogenic activities, such as the eastern coast of China or the Indo-Gangetic plain. A clear seasonality of the frequency of occurrence of ACA is evident, with increased values during June–October over southern Africa, during July–November over South America, August–November over Indonesia, November–March over central Africa and November–April over southeastern Asia. The estimated seasonality of ACA is in line with the known annual patterns of worldwide biomass-burning emissions, while other features such as the export of carbonaceous aerosols from southern Africa to the southeastern Atlantic Ocean are also successfully reproduced by the algorithm. The results indicate a noticeable interannual variability and tendencies of ACA over specific world regions during 2005–2015, such as statistically significant increasing frequency of occurrence over southern Africa and eastern Asia.
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10
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Adachi K, Sedlacek AJ, Kleinman L, Springston SR, Wang J, Chand D, Hubbe JM, Shilling JE, Onasch TB, Kinase T, Sakata K, Takahashi Y, Buseck PR. Spherical tarball particles form through rapid chemical and physical changes of organic matter in biomass-burning smoke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19336-19341. [PMID: 31488715 PMCID: PMC6765284 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900129116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) emits enormous amounts of aerosol particles and gases into the atmosphere and thereby significantly influences regional air quality and global climate. A dominant particle type from BB is spherical organic aerosol particles commonly referred to as tarballs. Currently, tarballs can only be identified, using microscopy, from their uniquely spherical shapes following impaction onto a grid. Despite their abundance and potential significance for climate, many unanswered questions related to their formation, emission inventory, removal processes, and optical properties still remain. Here, we report analysis that supports tarball formation in which primary organic particles undergo chemical and physical processing within ∼3 h of emission. Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that the number fractions of tarballs and the ratios of N and O relative to K, the latter a conserved tracer, increase with particle age and that the more-spherical particles on the substrates had higher ratios of N and O relative to K. Scanning transmission X-ray spectrometry and electron energy loss spectrometry analyses show that these chemical changes are accompanied by the formation of organic compounds that contain nitrogen and carboxylic acid. The results imply that the chemical changes increase the particle sphericity on the substrates, which correlates with particle surface tension and viscosity, and contribute to tarball formation during aging in BB smoke. These findings will enable models to better partition tarball contributions to BB radiative forcing and, in so doing, better help constrain radiative forcing models of BB events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Adachi
- Department of Atmosphere, Ocean and Earth System Modeling Research, Meteorological Research Institute, 3050052 Tsukuba, Japan;
| | - Arthur J Sedlacek
- Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - Lawrence Kleinman
- Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - Stephen R Springston
- Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - Jian Wang
- Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Duli Chand
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - John M Hubbe
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - Timothy B Onasch
- Center for Sensor Systems and Technology, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Takeshi Kinase
- Department of Atmosphere, Ocean and Earth System Modeling Research, Meteorological Research Institute, 3050052 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kohei Sakata
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 3058506 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 1130033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter R Buseck
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
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11
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Jacobson MZ. Short-Term Impacts of the Aliso Canyon Natural Gas Blowout on Weather, Climate, Air Quality, and Health in California and Los Angeles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6081-6093. [PMID: 31034217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Aliso Canyon (Porter Ranch), California, natural gas blowout lasted 112 days, from October 23, 2015 to February 11, 2016, releasing 97 100 metric tonnes of methane, 7300 tonnes of ethane, and a host of other hydrocarbons into the Southern California air. This study estimates the impacts of the leak on transient weather, climate, air quality, and health in California and the Los Angeles Basin using a nested global-through-local weather-climate-air quality computer model. Results suggest that the Aliso Canyon leak may have increased the mixing ratios of multiple emitted hydrocarbon gases throughout California. Subsequent gas-phase photochemistry increased the mixing ratios of additional byproducts, including carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and ozone. Increases in air temperatures aloft and lesser increases at the surface due to thermal-infrared radiation absorption by methane stabilized the air over much of California, slightly reducing clouds, precipitation, and near-surface wind speed with greater reductions in Los Angeles than in California. The reduction in precipitation, in particular, increased PM2.5 concentration, with a greater increase in Los Angeles than in California. The higher PM2.5 increased estimated premature mortality in California by +32 (9-54) to +43 (15-66), depending on the set of relative risks used. Despite higher PM2.5 in Los Angeles due to the leak, premature mortalities there were more ambiguous, ranging from a mean decrease of -7 to a mean increase of +15, for 2 simulations with different resolution and boundary conditions. The remaining mortalities occurred in the Central Valley and San Francisco Bay Area. Ozone premature mortalities away from the leak increased by <1. The study did not evaluate potential health impacts, including cancers, immediately near the leak. As such, the Aliso Canyon leak affected temperatures, pollution, and health throughout California. Future leaks will also likely have impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Z Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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12
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Abstract
Aerosol mixing state significantly affects concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), wet removal rates, thermodynamic properties, heterogeneous chemistry, and aerosol optical properties, with implications for human health and climate. Over the last two decades, significant research effort has gone into finding computationally-efficient methods for representing the most important aspects of aerosol mixing state in air pollution, weather prediction, and climate models. In this review, we summarize the interactions between mixing-state and aerosol hygroscopicity, optical properties, equilibrium thermodynamics and heterogeneous chemistry. We focus on the effects of simplified assumptions of aerosol mixing state on CCN concentrations, wet deposition, and aerosol absorption. We also summarize previous approaches for representing aerosol mixing state in atmospheric models, and we make recommendations regarding the representation of aerosol mixing state in future modelling studies.
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13
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Wang Y, Ma P, Peng J, Zhang R, Jiang JH, Easter RC, Yung YL. Constraining Aging Processes of Black Carbon in the Community Atmosphere Model Using Environmental Chamber Measurements. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2018; 10:2514-2526. [PMID: 31031881 PMCID: PMC6472719 DOI: 10.1029/2018ms001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The direct radiative forcing of black carbon aerosol (BC) on the Earth system remains unsettled, largely due to the uncertainty with physical properties of BC throughout their lifecycle. Here we show that ambient chamber measurements of BC properties provide a novel constraint on the crude BC aging representation in climate models. Observational evidence for significant absorption enhancement of BC can be reproduced when the aging processes in the four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module (MAM4) aerosol scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 are calibrated by the recent in situ chamber measurements. An observation-based scaling method is developed in the aging timescale calculation to alleviate the influence of biases in the simulated model chemical composition. Model sensitivity simulations suggest that the different monolayer settings in the BC aging parameterization of MAM4 can cause as large as 26% and 24% differences in BC burden and radiative forcing, respectively. We also find that an increase in coating materials (e.g., sulfate and secondary organic aerosols) reduces BC lifetime by increasing the hygroscopicity of the mixture but enhances its absorption, resulting in a net increase in BC direct radiative forcing. Our results suggest that accurate simulations of BC aging processes as well as other aerosol species are equally important in reducing the uncertainty of BC forcing estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Po‐Lun Ma
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Jianfei Peng
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Jonathan H. Jiang
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Richard C. Easter
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Yuk L. Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
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14
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Matsui H, Hamilton DS, Mahowald NM. Black carbon radiative effects highly sensitive to emitted particle size when resolving mixing-state diversity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3446. [PMID: 30150685 PMCID: PMC6110859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-industrial increases in atmospheric black carbon (BC) have a large but uncertain warming contribution to Earth's climate. Particle size and mixing state determine the solar absorption efficiency of BC and also strongly influence how effectively BC is removed, but they have large uncertainties. Here we use a multiple-mixing-state global aerosol microphysics model and show that the sensitivity (range) of present-day BC direct radiative effect, due to current uncertainties in emission size distributions, is amplified 5-7 times (0.18-0.42 W m-2) when the diversity in BC mixing state is sufficiently resolved. This amplification is caused by the lifetime, core absorption, and absorption enhancement effects of BC, whose variability is underestimated by 45-70% in a single-mixing-state model representation. We demonstrate that reducing uncertainties in emission size distributions and how they change in the future, while also resolving modeled BC mixing state diversity, is now essential when evaluating BC radiative effects and the effectiveness of BC mitigation on future temperature changes.
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Grants
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (MEXT/JSPS) KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP26740014, JP17H04709, JP26241003, JP16H01770, and JP15H05465., Global environment research funds of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2-1403, 2-1703).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Matsui
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Douglas S Hamilton
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Natalie M Mahowald
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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15
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Zhang Y, Kang S, Li C, Gao T, Cong Z, Sprenger M, Liu Y, Li X, Guo J, Sillanpää M, Wang K, Chen J, Li Y, Sun S. Characteristics of black carbon in snow from Laohugou No. 12 glacier on the northern Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:1237-1249. [PMID: 28732402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) emitted from the incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuel impacts the climate system, cryospheric change, and human health. This study documents black carbon deposition in snow from a benchmark glacier on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Significant seasonality of BC concentrations indicates different input or post-depositional processes. BC particles deposited in snow had a mass volume median diameter slightly larger than that of black carbon particles typically found in the atmosphere. Also, unlike black carbon particles in the atmosphere, the particles deposited in snow did not exhibit highly fractal morphology by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope. Footprint analysis indicated BC deposited on the glacier in summer originated mainly from Central Asia; in winter, the depositing air masses generally originated from Central Asia and Pakistan. Anthropogenic emissions play an important role on black carbon deposition in glacial snow, especially in winter. The mass absorption efficiency of BC in snow at 632nm exhibited significantly seasonality, with higher values in summer and lower values in winter. The information on black carbon deposition in glacial snow provided in this study could be used to help mitigate the impacts of BC on glacier melting on the northern Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Unviersity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chaoliu Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tanguang Gao
- Key laboratory of Western China's Environmental System (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Michael Sprenger
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yajun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China; Unviersity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Mikkeli 50130, Finland
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China; Unviersity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jizu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China; Unviersity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Li
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Mikkeli 50130, Finland
| | - Shiwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 73000, China; Unviersity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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On transient climate change at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary due to atmospheric soot injections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7415-E7424. [PMID: 28827324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708980114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate simulations that consider injection into the atmosphere of 15,000 Tg of soot, the amount estimated to be present at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, produce what might have been one of the largest episodes of transient climate change in Earth history. The observed soot is believed to originate from global wildfires ignited after the impact of a 10-km-diameter asteroid on the Yucatán Peninsula 66 million y ago. Following injection into the atmosphere, the soot is heated by sunlight and lofted to great heights, resulting in a worldwide soot aerosol layer that lasts several years. As a result, little or no sunlight reaches the surface for over a year, such that photosynthesis is impossible and continents and oceans cool by as much as 28 °C and 11 °C, respectively. The absorption of light by the soot heats the upper atmosphere by hundreds of degrees. These high temperatures, together with a massive injection of water, which is a source of odd-hydrogen radicals, destroy the stratospheric ozone layer, such that Earth's surface receives high doses of UV radiation for about a year once the soot clears, five years after the impact. Temperatures remain above freezing in the oceans, coastal areas, and parts of the Tropics, but photosynthesis is severely inhibited for the first 1 y to 2 y, and freezing temperatures persist at middle latitudes for 3 y to 4 y. Refugia from these effects would have been very limited. The transient climate perturbation ends abruptly as the stratosphere cools and becomes supersaturated, causing rapid dehydration that removes all remaining soot via wet deposition.
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17
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Baatar A, Ha R, Yu Y. Do rainfalls wash out anthropogenic airborne magnetic particulates? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:9713-9722. [PMID: 28251534 PMCID: PMC5388733 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We separated dust particles from the mesh-filtered sets of rainwaters collected on rainy days with daily precipitations exceeding 10 mm per day. A total of 136 rainwaters (or snow during the winter season) samples collected from February 2009 to February 2013 were analyzed. In particular, 33 out of 136 rainwaters were collected during or just after the Asian dust storm (ADS) events. Values of pH were relatively higher during warmer seasons. During ADS events, precipitations were alkaline, possibly due to abundant supply of alkaline minerals from the deserts source area to the precipitation. Compositional analysis on particulate matter (PM) indicated that Fe (and Al, K, and Mg) enriched the dusts collected during ADS, with respect to events than those without ADS. We found that ADS rainfall events are effective in selectively eliminating dust particles. However, high rainfall does not necessarily indicate more dilution of dusts. On microscopic examination, we observed natural soils, natural dust of pedogenesis or weathering origin, anthropogenic C-Fe-rich particles, and anthropogenic C-rich particles. Because of its small size, the stoichiometry of ADS-related, Fe-rich dust particles was inferred from the magnetic analysis. Presence of Verwey transition near 100-120 K and experimental determination of Curie points near 580 °C indicate that magnetic mineral responsible for the magnetic properties of ADS-related dusts was magnetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjargal Baatar
- Department of Astronomy, Space Science, and Geology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Raegyung Ha
- Department of Astronomy, Space Science, and Geology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Yongjae Yu
- Department of Astronomy, Space Science, and Geology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.
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18
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Improving our fundamental understanding of the role of aerosol-cloud interactions in the climate system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5781-90. [PMID: 27222566 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514043113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of an increase in atmospheric aerosol concentrations on the distribution and radiative properties of Earth's clouds is the most uncertain component of the overall global radiative forcing from preindustrial time. General circulation models (GCMs) are the tool for predicting future climate, but the treatment of aerosols, clouds, and aerosol-cloud radiative effects carries large uncertainties that directly affect GCM predictions, such as climate sensitivity. Predictions are hampered by the large range of scales of interaction between various components that need to be captured. Observation systems (remote sensing, in situ) are increasingly being used to constrain predictions, but significant challenges exist, to some extent because of the large range of scales and the fact that the various measuring systems tend to address different scales. Fine-scale models represent clouds, aerosols, and aerosol-cloud interactions with high fidelity but do not include interactions with the larger scale and are therefore limited from a climatic point of view. We suggest strategies for improving estimates of aerosol-cloud relationships in climate models, for new remote sensing and in situ measurements, and for quantifying and reducing model uncertainty.
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19
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Presser C, Nazarian A, Conny JM, Chand D, Sedlacek A, Hubbe JM. Absorption/Transmission Measurements of PSAP Particle-Laden Filters from the Biomass Burning Observation Project (BBOP) Field Campaign. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2016; 51:451-466. [PMID: 28690360 PMCID: PMC5497477 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2016.1267856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Absorptivity measurements with a laser-heating approach, referred to as the laser-driven thermal reactor (LDTR), were carried out in the infrared and applied at ambient (laboratory) non-reacting conditions to particle-laden filters from a three-wavelength (visible) particle/soot absorption photometer (PSAP). The particles were obtained during the Biomass Burning Observation Project (BBOP) field campaign. The focus of this study was to determine the particle absorption coefficient from field-campaign filter samples using the LDTR approach, and compare results with other commercially available instrumentation (in this case with the PSAP, which has been compared with numerous other optical techniques). Advantages of the LDTR approach include 1) direct estimation of material absorption from temperature measurements (as opposed to resolving the difference between the measured reflection/scattering and transmission), 2) information on the filter optical properties, and 3) identification of the filter material effects on particle absorption (e.g., leading to particle absorption enhancement or shadowing). For measurements carried out under ambient conditions, the particle absorptivity is obtained with a thermocouple placed flush with the filter back surface and the laser probe beam impinging normal to the filter particle-laden surface. Thus, in principle one can employ a simple experimental arrangement to measure simultaneously both the transmissivity and absorptivity (at different discrete wavelengths) and ascertain the particle absorption coefficient. For this investigation, LDTR measurements were carried out with PSAP filters (pairs with both blank and exposed filters) from eight different days during the campaign, having relatively light but different particle loadings. The observed particles coating the filters were found to be carbonaceous (having broadband absorption characteristics). The LDTR absorption coefficient compared well with results from the PSAP. The analysis was also expanded to account for the filter fiber scattering on particle absorption in assessing particle absorption enhancement and shadowing effects. The results indicated that absorption enhancement effects were significant, and diminished with increased filter particle loading.
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20
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Fierce L, Bond TC, Bauer SE, Mena F, Riemer N. Black carbon absorption at the global scale is affected by particle-scale diversity in composition. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12361. [PMID: 27580627 PMCID: PMC5025768 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric black carbon (BC) exerts a strong, but uncertain, warming effect on the climate. BC that is coated with non-absorbing material absorbs more strongly than the same amount of BC in an uncoated particle, but the magnitude of this absorption enhancement (Eabs) is not well constrained. Modelling studies and laboratory measurements have found stronger absorption enhancement than has been observed in the atmosphere. Here, using a particle-resolved aerosol model to simulate diverse BC populations, we show that absorption is overestimated by as much as a factor of two if diversity is neglected and population-averaged composition is assumed across all BC-containing particles. If, instead, composition diversity is resolved, we find Eabs=1−1.5 at low relative humidity, consistent with ambient observations. This study offers not only an explanation for the discrepancy between modelled and observed absorption enhancement, but also demonstrates how particle-scale simulations can be used to develop relationships for global-scale models. Model and laboratory experiments disagree with observations regarding the absorption properties of black carbon particles. Here, using a particle-resolved aerosol model, the authors show that when composition diversity is considered, absorption enhancement is consistent with ambient observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fierce
- Department of Environmental and Climate Sciences , Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.,Visiting Scientists Program, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80307, USA
| | - Tami C Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Susanne E Bauer
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York City, New York 10025, USA.,The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York City, New York 10025, USA
| | - Francisco Mena
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Nicole Riemer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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21
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Cui X, Wang X, Yang L, Chen B, Chen J, Andersson A, Gustafsson Ö. Radiative absorption enhancement from coatings on black carbon aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 551-552:51-56. [PMID: 26874760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The radiative absorption enhancement of ambient black carbon (BC), by light-refractive coatings of atmospheric aerosols, constitutes a large uncertainty in estimates of climate forcing. The direct measurements of radiative absorption enhancement require the experimentally-removing the coating materials in ambient BC-containing aerosols, which remains a challenge. Here, the absorption enhancement of the BC core by non-absorbing aerosol coatings was quantified using a two-step removal of both inorganic and organic matter coatings of ambient aerosols. The mass absorption cross-section (MAC) of decoated/pure atmospheric BC aerosols of 4.4±0.8m(2)g(-1) was enhanced to 9.6±1.8m(2)g(-1) at 678-nm wavelength for ambiently-coated BC aerosols at a rural Northern China site. The enhancement of MAC (EMAC) rises from 1.4±0.3 in fresh combustion emissions to ~3 for aged ambient China aerosols. The three-week high-intensity campaign observed an average EMAC of 2.25±0.55, and sulfates were primary drivers of the enhanced BC absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjuan Cui
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - August Andersson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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23
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Zhang H, Magara-Gomez KT, Olson MR, Okuda T, Walz KA, Schauer JJ, Kleeman MJ. Atmospheric impacts of black carbon emission reductions through the strategic use of biodiesel in California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:412-22. [PMID: 26318225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of biodiesel as a replacement for petroleum-based diesel fuel has gained interest as a strategy for greenhouse gas emission reductions, energy security, and economic advantage. Biodiesel adoption may also reduce particulate elemental carbon (EC) emissions from conventional diesel engines that are not equipped with after-treatment devices. This study examines the impact of biodiesel blends on EC emissions from a commercial off-road diesel engine and simulates the potential public health benefits and climate benefits. EC emissions from the commercial off-road engine decreased by 76% when ultra-low sulfur commercial diesel (ULSD) fuel was replaced by biodiesel. Model calculations predict that reduced EC emissions translate directly into reduced EC concentrations in the atmosphere, but the concentration of secondary particulate matter was not directly affected by this fuel change. Redistribution of secondary particulate matter components to particles emitted from other sources did change the size distribution and therefore deposition rates of those components. Modification of meteorological variables such as water content and temperature influenced secondary particulate matter formation. Simulations with a source-oriented WRF/Chem model (SOWC) for a severe air pollution episode in California that adopted 75% biodiesel blended with ULSD in all non-road diesel engines reduced surface EC concentrations by up to 50% but changed nitrate and total PM2.5 mass concentrations by less than ±5%. These changes in concentrations will have public health benefits but did not significantly affect radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere. The removal of EC due to the adoption of biodiesel produced larger coatings of secondary particulate matter on other atmospheric particles containing residual EC leading to enhanced absorption associated with those particles. The net effect was a minor change in atmospheric optical properties despite a large change in atmospheric EC concentrations. These results emphasize the importance of considering EC mixing state in climate research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kento T Magara-Gomez
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Environmental Engineering Department, Pontificia Bolivariana University-Bucaramanga, Km 7 Vía Piedecuesta, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Michael R Olson
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tomoaki Okuda
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kenneth A Walz
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Madison Area Technical College, 3550 Anderson Street, Madison, WI 53704, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael J Kleeman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Fiore AM, Naik V, Leibensperger EM. Air quality and climate connections. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2015; 65:645-85. [PMID: 25976481 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple linkages connect air quality and climate change. Many air pollutant sources also emit carbon dioxide (CO2), the dominant anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). The two main contributors to non-attainment of U.S. ambient air quality standards, ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM), interact with radiation, forcing climate change. PM warms by absorbing sunlight (e.g., black carbon) or cools by scattering sunlight (e.g., sulfates) and interacts with clouds; these radiative and microphysical interactions can induce changes in precipitation and regional circulation patterns. Climate change is expected to degrade air quality in many polluted regions by changing air pollution meteorology (ventilation and dilution), precipitation and other removal processes, and by triggering some amplifying responses in atmospheric chemistry and in anthropogenic and natural sources. Together, these processes shape distributions and extreme episodes of O3 and PM. Global modeling indicates that as air pollution programs reduce SO2 to meet health and other air quality goals, near-term warming accelerates due to "unmasking" of warming induced by rising CO2. Air pollutant controls on CH4, a potent GHG and precursor to global O3 levels, and on sources with high black carbon (BC) to organic carbon (OC) ratios could offset near-term warming induced by SO2 emission reductions, while reducing global background O3 and regionally high levels of PM. Lowering peak warming requires decreasing atmospheric CO2, which for some source categories would also reduce co-emitted air pollutants or their precursors. Model projections for alternative climate and air quality scenarios indicate a wide range for U.S. surface O3 and fine PM, although regional projections may be confounded by interannual to decadal natural climate variability. Continued implementation of U.S. NOx emission controls guards against rising pollution levels triggered either by climate change or by global emission growth. Improved accuracy and trends in emission inventories are critical for accountability analyses of historical and projected air pollution and climate mitigation policies. IMPLICATIONS The expansion of U.S. air pollution policy to protect climate provides an opportunity for joint mitigation, with CH4 a prime target. BC reductions in developing nations would lower the global health burden, and for BC-rich sources (e.g., diesel) may lessen warming. Controls on these emissions could offset near-term warming induced by health-motivated reductions of sulfate (cooling). Wildfires, dust, and other natural PM and O3 sources may increase with climate warming, posing challenges to implementing and attaining air quality standards. Accountability analyses for recent and projected air pollution and climate control strategies should underpin estimated benefits and trade-offs of future policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M Fiore
- a Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University , Palisades , NY , USA
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Jacobson MZ, Wilkerson JT, Naiman AD, Lele SK. The effects of aircraft on climate and pollution. Part II: 20-year impacts of exhaust from all commercial aircraft worldwide treated individually at the subgrid scale. Faraday Discuss 2014; 165:369-82. [PMID: 24601012 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00034f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the 20-year impacts of emissions from all commercial aircraft flights worldwide on climate, cloudiness, and atmospheric composition. Aircraft emissions from each individual flight worldwide were modeled to evolve from the subgrid to grid scale with the global model described and evaluated in Part I of this study. Simulations with and without aircraft emissions were run for 20 years. Aircraft emissions were found to be responsible for -6% of Arctic surface global warming to date, -1.3% of total surface global warming, and -4% of global upper tropospheric warming. Arctic warming due to aircraft slightly decreased Arctic sea ice area. Longer simulations should result in more warming due to the further increase in CO2. Aircraft increased atmospheric stability below cruise altitude and decreased it above cruise altitude. The increase in stability decreased cumulus convection in favor of increased stratiform cloudiness. Aircraft increased total cloud fraction on average. Aircraft increased surface and upper tropospheric ozone by -0.4% and -2.5%, respectively and surface and upper-tropospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) by -0.1% and -5%, respectively. Aircraft emissions increased tropospheric OH, decreasing column CO and CH4 by -1.7% and -0.9%, respectively. Aircraft emissions increased human mortality worldwide by -620 (-240 to 4770) deaths per year, with half due to ozone and the rest to particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Jacobson
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - J T Wilkerson
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A D Naiman
- Exponent Engineering and Scientific Consulting, CA, USA
| | - S K Lele
- Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Morphology and mixing state of individual freshly emitted wildfire carbonaceous particles. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2122. [PMID: 23824042 PMCID: PMC3715871 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass burning is one of the largest sources of carbonaceous aerosols in the atmosphere, significantly affecting earth’s radiation budget and climate. Tar balls, abundant in biomass burning smoke, absorb sunlight and have highly variable optical properties, typically not accounted for in climate models. Here we analyse single biomass burning particles from the Las Conchas fire (New Mexico, 2011) using electron microscopy. We show that the relative abundance of tar balls (80%) is 10 times greater than soot particles (8%). We also report two distinct types of tar balls; one less oxidized than the other. Furthermore, the mixing of soot particles with other material affects their optical, chemical and physical properties. We quantify the morphology of soot particles and classify them into four categories: ~50% are embedded (heavily coated), ~34% are partly coated, ~12% have inclusions and~4% are bare. Inclusion of these observations should improve climate model performances. Biomass burning is a major source of carbonaceous particles, including tar balls and soot, that affect earth’s climate. Studying a wildfire plume, this work identifies two types of tar balls and classifies soot according to its mixing state with implications for the calculation of aerosol radiative forcing.
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Contribution of solar radiation to decadal temperature variability over land. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:14877-82. [PMID: 23980136 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311433110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global air temperature has become the primary metric for judging global climate change. The variability of global temperature on a decadal timescale is still poorly understood. This paper examines further one suggested hypothesis, that variations in solar radiation reaching the surface (Rs) have caused much of the observed decadal temperature variability. Because Rs only heats air during the day, its variability is plausibly related to the variability of diurnal temperature range (daily maximum temperature minus its minimum). We show that the variability of diurnal temperature range is consistent with the variability of Rs at timescales from monthly to decadal. This paper uses long comprehensive datasets for diurnal temperature range to establish what has been the contribution of Rs to decadal temperature variability. It shows that Rs over land globally peaked in the 1930s, substantially decreased from the 1940s to the 1970s, and changed little after that. Reduction of Rs caused a reduction of more than 0.2 °C in mean temperature during May to October from the 1940s through the 1970s, and a reduction of nearly 0.2 °C in mean air temperature during November to April from the 1960s through the 1970s. This cooling accounts in part for the near-constant temperature from the 1930s into the 1970s. Since then, neither the rapid increase in temperature from the 1970s through the 1990s nor the slowdown of warming in the early twenty-first century appear to be significantly related to changes of Rs.
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Peck J, Oluwole OO, Wong HW, Miake-Lye RC. An algorithm to estimate aircraft cruise black carbon emissions for use in developing a cruise emissions inventory. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2013; 63:367-375. [PMID: 23556245 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2012.751467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To provide accurate input parameters to the large-scale global climate simulation models, an algorithm was developed to estimate the black carbon (BC) mass emission index for engines in the commercial fleet at cruise. Using a high-dimensional model representation (HDMR) global sensitivity analysis, relevant engine specification/operation parameters were ranked, and the most important parameters were selected. Simple algebraic formulas were then constructed based on those important parameters. The algorithm takes the cruise power (alternatively, fuel flow rate), altitude, and Mach number as inputs, and calculates BC emission index for a given engine/airframe combination using the engine property parameters, such as the smoke number, available in the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) engine certification databank. The algorithm can be interfaced with state-of-the-art aircraft emissions inventory development tools, and will greatly improve the global climate simulations that currently use a single fleet average value for all airplanes. IMPLICATIONS An algorithm to estimate the cruise condition black carbon emission index for commercial aircraft engines was developed. Using the ICAO certification data, the algorithm can evaluate the black carbon emission at given cruise altitude and speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Peck
- Center for Aero-Thermodynamics, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, MA 01821, USA.
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Jacobson MZ. Comment on "Radiative Absorption Enhancements Due to the Mixing State of Atmospheric Black Carbon". Science 2013; 339:393. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1229920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Fiore AM, Naik V, Spracklen DV, Steiner A, Unger N, Prather M, Bergmann D, Cameron-Smith PJ, Cionni I, Collins WJ, Dalsøren S, Eyring V, Folberth GA, Ginoux P, Horowitz LW, Josse B, Lamarque JF, MacKenzie IA, Nagashima T, O'Connor FM, Righi M, Rumbold ST, Shindell DT, Skeie RB, Sudo K, Szopa S, Takemura T, Zeng G. Global air quality and climate. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6663-83. [PMID: 22868337 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35095e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emissions of air pollutants and their precursors determine regional air quality and can alter climate. Climate change can perturb the long-range transport, chemical processing, and local meteorology that influence air pollution. We review the implications of projected changes in methane (CH(4)), ozone precursors (O(3)), and aerosols for climate (expressed in terms of the radiative forcing metric or changes in global surface temperature) and hemispheric-to-continental scale air quality. Reducing the O(3) precursor CH(4) would slow near-term warming by decreasing both CH(4) and tropospheric O(3). Uncertainty remains as to the net climate forcing from anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NO(x)) emissions, which increase tropospheric O(3) (warming) but also increase aerosols and decrease CH(4) (both cooling). Anthropogenic emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and non-CH(4) volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) warm by increasing both O(3) and CH(4). Radiative impacts from secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are poorly understood. Black carbon emission controls, by reducing the absorption of sunlight in the atmosphere and on snow and ice, have the potential to slow near-term warming, but uncertainties in coincident emissions of reflective (cooling) aerosols and poorly constrained cloud indirect effects confound robust estimates of net climate impacts. Reducing sulfate and nitrate aerosols would improve air quality and lessen interference with the hydrologic cycle, but lead to warming. A holistic and balanced view is thus needed to assess how air pollution controls influence climate; a first step towards this goal involves estimating net climate impacts from individual emission sectors. Modeling and observational analyses suggest a warming climate degrades air quality (increasing surface O(3) and particulate matter) in many populated regions, including during pollution episodes. Prior Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios (SRES) allowed unconstrained growth, whereas the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios assume uniformly an aggressive reduction, of air pollutant emissions. New estimates from the current generation of chemistry-climate models with RCP emissions thus project improved air quality over the next century relative to those using the IPCC SRES scenarios. These two sets of projections likely bracket possible futures. We find that uncertainty in emission-driven changes in air quality is generally greater than uncertainty in climate-driven changes. Confidence in air quality projections is limited by the reliability of anthropogenic emission trajectories and the uncertainties in regional climate responses, feedbacks with the terrestrial biosphere, and oxidation pathways affecting O(3) and SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
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Wechsler AS, Auerbach BJ, Graham TC, Sabiston DC. Distribution of intramyocardial blood flow during pericardial tamponade. Correlation with microscopic anatomy and intrinsic myocardial contractility. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975. [PMID: 4423787 DOI: 10.1002/2015jd023697-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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