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Martin HA, Peruzzetto M, Viroulet S, Mangeney A, Lagrée PY, Popinet S, Maury B, Lefebvre-Lepot A, Maday Y, Bouchut F. Numerical simulations of granular dam break: Comparison between discrete element, Navier-Stokes, and thin-layer models. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:054902. [PMID: 38115420 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.054902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Granular flows occur in various contexts, including laboratory experiments, industrial processes, and natural geophysical flows. To investigate their dynamics, different kinds of physically based models have been developed. These models can be characterized by the length scale at which dynamic processes are described. Discrete models use a microscopic scale to individually model each grain, Navier-Stokes models use a mesoscopic scale to consider elementary volumes of grains, and thin-layer models use a macroscopic scale to model the dynamics of elementary columns of fluids. In each case, the derivation of the associated equations is well-known. However, few studies focus on the extent to which these modeling solutions yield mutually coherent results. In this article, we compare the simulations of a granular dam break on a horizontal or inclined planes for the discrete model convex optimization contact dynamics (COCD), the Navier-Stokes model Basilisk, and the thin-layer depth-averaged model SHALTOP. We show that, although all three models allow reproducing the temporal evolution of the free surface in the horizontal case (except for SHALTOP at the initiation), the modeled flow dynamics are significantly different, and, in particular, during the stopping phase. The stresses measured at the flow's bottom, reflecting the flow dynamics, are in relatively good agreement, but significant variations are obtained with the COCD model due to complex and fast-varying granular lattices. Similar conclusions are drawn using the same rheological parameters to model a granular dam break on an inclined plane. This comparison exercise is essential for assessing the limits and uncertainties of granular flow modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A Martin
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions (LJLL), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Peruzzetto
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
- BRGM, F-45060 Orléans, France
| | - Sylvain Viroulet
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), Université de Toulouse, CNRS-INPT-UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Mangeney
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Lagrée
- Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7190, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Popinet
- Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7190, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Maury
- Département de Mathématiques Appliquées, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Aline Lefebvre-Lepot
- CMAP, CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex
| | - Yvon Maday
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions (LJLL), F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - François Bouchut
- Laboratoire d'Analyse Mathématiques Appliquées, CNRS UMR 8050, Université Gustave Eiffel (UPEC), F-77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
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Shugar DH, Jacquemart M, Shean D, Bhushan S, Upadhyay K, Sattar A, Schwanghart W, McBride S, de Vries MVW, Mergili M, Emmer A, Deschamps-Berger C, McDonnell M, Bhambri R, Allen S, Berthier E, Carrivick JL, Clague JJ, Dokukin M, Dunning SA, Frey H, Gascoin S, Haritashya UK, Huggel C, Kääb A, Kargel JS, Kavanaugh JL, Lacroix P, Petley D, Rupper S, Azam MF, Cook SJ, Dimri AP, Eriksson M, Farinotti D, Fiddes J, Gnyawali KR, Harrison S, Jha M, Koppes M, Kumar A, Leinss S, Majeed U, Mal S, Muhuri A, Noetzli J, Paul F, Rashid I, Sain K, Steiner J, Ugalde F, Watson CS, Westoby MJ. A massive rock and ice avalanche caused the 2021 disaster at Chamoli, Indian Himalaya. Science 2021; 373:300-306. [PMID: 34112725 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh4455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
On 7 February 2021, a catastrophic mass flow descended the Ronti Gad, Rishiganga, and Dhauliganga valleys in Chamoli, Uttarakhand, India, causing widespread devastation and severely damaging two hydropower projects. More than 200 people were killed or are missing. Our analysis of satellite imagery, seismic records, numerical model results, and eyewitness videos reveals that ~27 × 106 cubic meters of rock and glacier ice collapsed from the steep north face of Ronti Peak. The rock and ice avalanche rapidly transformed into an extraordinarily large and mobile debris flow that transported boulders greater than 20 meters in diameter and scoured the valley walls up to 220 meters above the valley floor. The intersection of the hazard cascade with downvalley infrastructure resulted in a disaster, which highlights key questions about adequate monitoring and sustainable development in the Himalaya as well as other remote, high-mountain environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Shugar
- Water, Sediment, Hazards, and Earth-surface Dynamics (waterSHED) Lab, Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - M Jacquemart
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology, and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - D Shean
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Bhushan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K Upadhyay
- Independent journalist/water policy researcher, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - A Sattar
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - W Schwanghart
- Institute of Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - S McBride
- U.S. Geological Survey, Earthquake Science Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - M Van Wyk de Vries
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M Mergili
- Institute of Geography and Regional Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Applied Geology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - A Emmer
- Institute of Geography and Regional Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - C Deschamps-Berger
- Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la Biosphère (CESBIO), Université de Toulouse, CNES/CNRS/INRAE/IRD/UP, Toulouse, France
| | - M McDonnell
- Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - R Bhambri
- Department of Geography, South Asia Institute, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Allen
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E Berthier
- Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS), Université de Toulouse, CNES/CNRS/IRD/UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - J L Carrivick
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,water@leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - J J Clague
- Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - M Dokukin
- Department of Natural Disasters, High-Mountain Geophysical Institute, Nalchik, Russia
| | - S A Dunning
- School of Geography, Politics, and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - H Frey
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Gascoin
- Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la Biosphère (CESBIO), Université de Toulouse, CNES/CNRS/INRAE/IRD/UP, Toulouse, France
| | - U K Haritashya
- Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - C Huggel
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Kääb
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J S Kargel
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J L Kavanaugh
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - P Lacroix
- ISTerre, Université Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - D Petley
- Department of Geography, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - S Rupper
- Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - M F Azam
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Indore, India
| | - S J Cook
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Centre for Water Law, Policy, and Science, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - A P Dimri
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - M Eriksson
- Stockholm International Water Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Farinotti
- Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology, and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - J Fiddes
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - K R Gnyawali
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - S Harrison
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - M Jha
- Department of Mines and Geology, National Earthquake Monitoring and Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - M Koppes
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Kumar
- Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S Leinss
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - U Majeed
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - S Mal
- Department of Geography, Shaheed Bhagat Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - A Muhuri
- Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la Biosphère (CESBIO), Université de Toulouse, CNES/CNRS/INRAE/IRD/UP, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - J Noetzli
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - F Paul
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I Rashid
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - K Sain
- Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - J Steiner
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - F Ugalde
- Geoestudios, San José de Maipo, Chile.,Department of Geology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C S Watson
- Centre for Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET), School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M J Westoby
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Friele P, Millard TH, Mitchell A, Allstadt KE, Menounos B, Geertsema M, Clague JJ. Observations on the May 2019 Joffre Peak landslides, British Columbia. LANDSLIDES 2020; 17:913-930. [PMID: 32355468 PMCID: PMC7175743 DOI: 10.1007/s10346-019-01332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two catastrophic landslides occurred in quick succession on 13 and 16 May 2019, from the north face of Joffre Peak, Cerise Creek, southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia. With headscarps at 2560 m and 2690 m elevation, both began as rock avalanches, rapidly transforming into debris flows along middle Cerise Creek, and finally into debris floods affecting the fan. Beyond the fan margin, a flood surge on Cayoosh Creek reached bankfull and attenuated rapidly downstream; only fine sediment reached Duffey Lake. The toe of the main debris flow deposit reached 4 km from the headscarp, with a travel angle of 0.28, while the debris flood phase reached the fan margin 5.9 km downstream, with a travel angle of 0.22. Photogrammetry indicates the source volume of each event is 2-3 Mm3, with combined volume of 5 Mm3. Lidar differencing, used to assess deposit volume, yielded a similar total result, although error in the depth estimate introduced large volume error masking the expected increase due to dilation and entrainment. The average velocity of the rock avalanche-debris flow phases, from seismic analysis, was ~ 25-30 m/s, and the velocity of the 16 May debris flood on the upper fan, from super-elevation and boulder sizes, was 5-10 m/s. The volume of debris deposited on the fan was ~ 104 m3, 2 orders of magnitude less than the avalanche/debris flow phases. Progressive glacier retreat and permafrost degradation were likely the conditioning factors; precursor rockfall activity was noted at least ~6 months previous; thus, the mountain was primed to fail. The 13 May landslide was apparently triggered by rapid snowmelt, with debuttressing triggering the 16 May event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Friele
- Cordilleran Geoscience, PO Box 612, Squamish, BC V8B 0A5 Canada
| | - Tom H. Millard
- BC Ministry of Forests Lands Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development (BC FLNRORD), 2100 Labieux Rd #103, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6E9 Canada
| | - Andrew Mitchell
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2207 Main Mall #2020, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Kate E. Allstadt
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Hazards Science Center, Box 25046, DFC, MS 966, Denver, CO 80225 USA
| | - Brian Menounos
- Geography Program and Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9 Canada
| | - Marten Geertsema
- BC Ministry of Forests Lands Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, 2000 Ospika Blvd S, Prince George, BC V2N 4W5 Canada
| | - John J. Clague
- Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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5
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Lormand C, Zellmer GF, Németh K, Kilgour G, Mead S, Palmer AS, Sakamoto N, Yurimoto H, Moebis A. Weka Trainable Segmentation Plugin in ImageJ: A Semi-Automatic Tool Applied to Crystal Size Distributions of Microlites in Volcanic Rocks. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:667-675. [PMID: 30588911 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618015428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Crystals within volcanic rocks record geochemical and textural signatures during magmatic evolution before eruption. Clues to this magmatic history can be examined using crystal size distribution (CSD) studies. The analysis of CSDs is a standard petrological tool, but laborious due to manual hand-drawing of crystal margins. The trainable Weka segmentation (TWS) plugin in ImageJ is a promising alternative. It uses machine learning and image segmentation to classify an image. We recorded back-scattered electron (BSE) images of three volcanic samples with different crystallinity (35, 50 and ≥85 vol. %), using scanning electron microscopes (SEM) of variable image resolutions, which we then tested using TWS. Crystal measurements obtained from the automatically segmented images are compared with those of the manual segmentation. Samples up to 50 vol. % crystallinity are successfully segmented using TWS. Segmentation at significantly higher crystallinities fails, as crystal boundaries cannot be distinguished. Accuracy performance tests for the TWS classifiers yield high F-scores (>0.930), hence, TWS is a successful and fast computing tool for outlining crystals from BSE images of glassy rocks. Finally, reliable CSD's can be derived using a low-cost desktop SEM, paving the way for a wide range of research to take advantage of this new petrological method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Lormand
- 1School of Agriculture and Environment,Volcanic Risk Solutions,Massey University,P.O. Box 11222,Palmerston North 4442,New Zealand
| | - Georg F Zellmer
- 1School of Agriculture and Environment,Volcanic Risk Solutions,Massey University,P.O. Box 11222,Palmerston North 4442,New Zealand
| | - Károly Németh
- 1School of Agriculture and Environment,Volcanic Risk Solutions,Massey University,P.O. Box 11222,Palmerston North 4442,New Zealand
| | - Geoff Kilgour
- 2GNS Science,Wairakei Research Centre,P.O. Box 2000,Taupo 3352,New Zealand
| | - Stuart Mead
- 1School of Agriculture and Environment,Volcanic Risk Solutions,Massey University,P.O. Box 11222,Palmerston North 4442,New Zealand
| | - Alan S Palmer
- 3Department of Soil and Earth Sciences,School of Agriculture and Environment,Massey University,P.O. Box 11222,Palmerston North 4442,New Zealand
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- 4Isotope Imaging Laboratory,Creative Research Institution,Hokkaido University,Sapporo 060-0810,Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Yurimoto
- 4Isotope Imaging Laboratory,Creative Research Institution,Hokkaido University,Sapporo 060-0810,Japan
| | - Anja Moebis
- 3Department of Soil and Earth Sciences,School of Agriculture and Environment,Massey University,P.O. Box 11222,Palmerston North 4442,New Zealand
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