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Irani M, Naderi MM, Massah Bavani AR, Hassanzadeh E, Moftakhari H. A framework for coastal flood hazard assessment under sea level rise: Application to the Persian Gulf. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119502. [PMID: 37992657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Coastal areas are of paramount importance due to their pivotal role in facilitating a wide range of socio-economic activities and providing vital environmental services. These areas, as the meeting points of land and sea, face significant risks of flooding due to the ongoing rise in sea levels caused by climate change. Additionally, they are susceptible to extreme events like king tides and large waves in the future. This paper introduces a framework for estimating the extreme total water level (TWL) by considering the effects of regional sea level rise (RSLR) resulting from a warming climate under RCP 8.5. It also incorporates the contributions of high tides, 100-year storm surge, and 100-year wave setup and run-up. The proposed framework is utilized to evaluate the occurrence of extreme coastal flooding along the Persian Gulf coast of Iran, an area that is home to significant industries in the country. The results offer an estimated increase of RSLR by 0.23 m from 2020 to 2050 considering an ensemble of climate model projections. Extreme wave setup values are estimated to range between 0.19 and 0.66 m, while storm surge is projected to vary from 0.4 to 1.44 m across the studied coastline. These together yield in a projected extreme TWL along the coastline within the range of 3.18 and 3.90 m above the current sea level. This significant increase in sea level could lead to the inundation of approximately 513 km2 of low-lying coastal land, which accounts for about 16% of the studied domain and could pose serious flooding threat to the people and their assets in this region. Finally, relative ranking of flooded zones (i.e., 6 zones) helps determine the areas with higher chance of flood exposure, at which investment in flood mitigation measures should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Irani
- Department of Water Engineering, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Naderi
- School of Public and International Affairs, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | | | - Elmira Hassanzadeh
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Hamed Moftakhari
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, United States; Center for Complex Hydrosystems Research, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, United States
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Reimann L, Jones B, Bieker N, Wolff C, Aerts JCJH, Vafeidis AT. Exploring spatial feedbacks between adaptation policies and internal migration patterns due to sea-level rise. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2630. [PMID: 37149629 PMCID: PMC10164174 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change-induced sea-level rise will lead to an increase in internal migration, whose intensity and spatial patterns will depend on the amount of sea-level rise; future socioeconomic development; and adaptation strategies pursued to reduce exposure and vulnerability to sea-level rise. To explore spatial feedbacks between these drivers, we combine sea-level rise projections, socioeconomic projections, and assumptions on adaptation policies in a spatially-explicit model ('CONCLUDE'). Using the Mediterranean region as a case study, we find up to 20 million sea-level rise-related internal migrants by 2100 if no adaptation policies are implemented, with approximately three times higher migration in southern and eastern Mediterranean countries compared to northern Mediterranean countries. We show that adaptation policies can reduce the number of internal migrants by a factor of 1.4 to 9, depending on the type of strategies pursued; the implementation of hard protection measures may even lead to migration towards protected coastlines. Overall, spatial migration patterns are robust across all scenarios, with out-migration from a narrow coastal strip and in-migration widely spread across urban settings. However, the type of migration (e.g. proactive/reactive, managed/autonomous) depends on future socioeconomic developments that drive adaptive capacity, calling for decision-making that goes well beyond coastal issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Reimann
- Coastal Risks and Sea-level Rise Research Group, Department of Geography, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 8, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
- CUNY Institute for Demographic Research (CIDR), City University of New York, 135 E 22nd St, New York City, NY, 10010, USA.
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bryan Jones
- CUNY Institute for Demographic Research (CIDR), City University of New York, 135 E 22nd St, New York City, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Nora Bieker
- Coastal Risks and Sea-level Rise Research Group, Department of Geography, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 8, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Wolff
- Coastal Risks and Sea-level Rise Research Group, Department of Geography, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 8, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeroen C J H Aerts
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Athanasios T Vafeidis
- Coastal Risks and Sea-level Rise Research Group, Department of Geography, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 8, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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Thant Zin MM, Lim SR. A methodology to screen priority toxins in pollutant release inventories. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 341:118068. [PMID: 37137268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pollutant release inventories are used for environmental policy making to reduce toxic pollutants, even though the quantity-based inventory analysis does not take into account the relative toxicity of pollutants. To overcome this limit, life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)-based inventory analysis was developed but still has a high uncertainty from modelling the site- and time-specific fates and transports of pollutants. Thus, this study develops a methodology to evaluate toxicity potentials based on the concentration of pollutants in the exposure to humans in order to circumvent the uncertainty and subsequently screen priority toxins in pollutant release inventories. This methodology combines (i) analytical measurement of the concentration of the pollutants exposed to humans; (ii) application of toxicity effect characterization factors for pollutants; and (iii) identification of priority toxins and industries based on the toxicity potential evaluation results. To demonstrate the methodology, a case study is considered, evaluating toxicity potentials from the ingestion of heavy metals in seafood organisms and then identifying priority toxins and industry sectors in a pollutant release inventory. The results of the case study show that the methodology-based priority pollutant is different from the quantity- and LCIA-based ones. Therefore, the methodology can contribute to making effective environmental policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moh Moh Thant Zin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Seong-Rin Lim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, South Korea.
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Morim J, Wahl T, Vitousek S, Santamaria-Aguilar S, Young I, Hemer M. Understanding uncertainties in contemporary and future extreme wave events for broad-scale impact and adaptation planning. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade3170. [PMID: 36630499 PMCID: PMC9833663 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding uncertainties in extreme wind-wave events is essential for offshore/coastal risk and adaptation estimates. Despite this, uncertainties in contemporary extreme wave events have not been assessed, and projections are still limited. Here, we quantify, at global scale, the uncertainties in contemporary extreme wave estimates across an ensemble of widely used global wave reanalyses/hindcasts supported by observations. We find that contemporary uncertainties in 50-year return period wave heights ([Formula: see text]) reach (on average) ~2.5 m in regions adjacent to coastlines and are primarily driven by atmospheric forcing. Furthermore, we show that uncertainties in contemporary [Formula: see text] estimates dominate projected 21st-century changes in [Formula: see text] across ~80% of global ocean and coastlines. When translated into broad-scale coastal risk analysis, these uncertainties are comparable to those from storm surges and projected sea level rise. Thus, uncertainties in contemporary extreme wave events need to be combined with those of projections to fully assess potential impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Morim
- Univeristy of Central Florida (UCF), Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Thomas Wahl
- Univeristy of Central Florida (UCF), Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sean Vitousek
- Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - Ian Young
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Hemer
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Bachner G, Lincke D, Hinkel J. The macroeconomic effects of adapting to high-end sea-level rise via protection and migration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5705. [PMID: 36175422 PMCID: PMC9522673 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change-induced sea level rise (SLR) is projected to be substantial, triggering human adaptation responses, including increasing protection and out-migration from coastlines. Yet, in macroeconomic assessments of SLR the latter option has been given little attention. We fill this gap by providing a global analysis of the macroeconomic effects of adaptation to SLR, including coastal migration, focusing on the higher end of SLR projections until 2050. We find that when adapting simultaneously via protection and coastal migration, macroeconomic costs can be lower than with protection alone. For some developing regions coastal migration is even less costly (in GDP) than protection. Additionally, we find that future macroeconomic costs are dominated by accumulated macroeconomic effects over time, rather than by future direct damages, implying the need for immediate adaptation. Finally, we demonstrate the importance of including autonomous adaptation in the reference scenario of economic assessment studies to avoid overestimation of adaptation benefits. The authors calculated the economy-wide costs of sea level rise and possible adaptation options. Protection clearly pays off and when combining protection and coastal migration, costs can be brought down further, yet, residual damage costs are large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Bachner
- Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Daniel Lincke
- Global Climate Forum e.V., Adaptation and Social Learning, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Hinkel
- Global Climate Forum e.V., Adaptation and Social Learning, Berlin, Germany.,Resource Economics Group, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Rasmussen DJ, Kulp S, Kopp RE, Oppenheimer M, Strauss BH. Popular extreme sea level metrics can better communicate impacts. CLIMATIC CHANGE 2022; 170:30. [PMID: 35221398 PMCID: PMC8847277 DOI: 10.1007/s10584-021-03288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Estimates of changes in the frequency or height of contemporary extreme sea levels (ESLs) under various climate change scenarios are often used by climate and sea level scientists to help communicate the physical basis for societal concern regarding sea level rise. Changes in ESLs (i.e., the hazard) are often represented using various metrics and indicators that, when anchored to salient impacts on human systems and the natural environment, provide useful information to policy makers, stakeholders, and the general public. While changes in hazards are often anchored to impacts at local scales, aggregate global summary metrics generally lack the context of local exposure and vulnerability that facilitates translating hazards into impacts. Contextualizing changes in hazards is also needed when communicating the timing of when projected ESL frequencies cross critical thresholds, such as the year in which ESLs higher than the design height benchmark of protective infrastructure (e.g., the 100-year water level) are expected to occur within the lifetime of that infrastructure. We present specific examples demonstrating the need for such contextualization using a simple flood exposure model, local sea level rise projections, and population exposure estimates for 414 global cities. We suggest regional and global climate assessment reports integrate global, regional, and local perspectives on coastal risk to address hazard, vulnerability and exposure simultaneously. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10584-021-03288-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Rasmussen
- Princeton School of Public & International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | | | - Robert E. Kopp
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
- Institute of Earth, Ocean, & Atmospheric Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Michael Oppenheimer
- Princeton School of Public & International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
- High Meadows Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
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Supporting a Resilience Observatory to Climate Risks in French Polynesia: From Valorization of Preexisting Data to Low-Cost Data Acquisition. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Climate change has an ever-increasing impact on island territories. Whether it is due to rising sea levels or the increase in recurrence and intensity of extreme events, island territories are increasingly vulnerable. These impacts are expected to affect marine and terrestrial biodiversity, human occupation (infrastructure) and other activities such as agriculture and tourism, the two economic pillars of French Polynesia. While the current and future impacts of climate change on island territories are generally accepted, data acquisition, modeling, and projections of climate change are more complex to obtain and limitedly cover the island territories of the Pacific region. This article aims to develop methodologies for the acquisition and exploitation of data on current and future climate risks and their impacts in French Polynesia. This work of acquisition and valorization is part of a research project for the development of an observatory of resilience to climate risks in the perspective of building a spatial decision support system.
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