1
|
Wild M. The global energy balance as represented in CMIP6 climate models. CLIMATE DYNAMICS 2020; 55:553-577. [PMID: 32704207 PMCID: PMC7366598 DOI: 10.1007/s00382-020-05282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A plausible simulation of the global energy balance is a first-order requirement for a credible climate model. Here I investigate the representation of the global energy balance in 40 state-of-the-art global climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6). In the CMIP6 multi-model mean, the magnitudes of the energy balance components are often in better agreement with recent reference estimates compared to earlier model generations on a global mean basis. However, the inter-model spread in the representation of many of the components remains substantial, often on the order of 10-20 Wm-2 globally, except for aspects of the shortwave clear-sky budgets, which are now more consistently simulated by the CMIP6 models. The substantial inter-model spread in the simulated global mean latent heat fluxes in the CMIP6 models, exceeding 20% (18 Wm-2), further implies also large discrepancies in their representation of the global water balance. From a historic perspective of model development over the past decades, the largest adjustments in the magnitudes of the simulated present-day global mean energy balance components occurred in the shortwave atmospheric clear-sky absorption and the surface downward longwave radiation. Both components were gradually adjusted upwards over several model generations, on the order of 10 Wm-2, to reach 73 and 344 Wm-2, respectively in the CMIP6 multi-model means. Thereby, CMIP6 has become the first model generation that largely remediates long-standing model deficiencies related to an overestimation in surface downward shortwave and compensational underestimation in downward longwave radiation in its multi-model mean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wild
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wild M, Hakuba MZ, Folini D, Dörig-Ott P, Schär C, Kato S, Long CN. The cloud-free global energy balance and inferred cloud radiative effects: an assessment based on direct observations and climate models. CLIMATE DYNAMICS 2018; 52:4787-4812. [PMID: 30996525 PMCID: PMC6439146 DOI: 10.1007/s00382-018-4413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent studies we quantified the global mean Earth energy balance based on direct observations from surface and space. Here we infer complementary reference estimates for its components specifically under cloud-free conditions. While the clear-sky fluxes at the top of atmosphere (TOA) are accurately known from satellite measurements, the corresponding fluxes at the Earth's surface are not equally well established, as they cannot be directly measured from space. This is also evident in 38 global climate models from CMIP5, which are shown to greatly vary in their clear-sky surface radiation budgets. To better constrain the latter, we established new clear-sky reference climatologies of surface downward shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes from worldwide distributed Baseline Surface Radiation Network sites. 33 out of the 38 CMIP5 models overestimate the clear-sky downward shortwave reference climatologies, whereas both substantial overestimations and underestimations are found in the longwave counterparts in some of the models. From the bias structure of the CMIP5 models we infer best estimates for the global mean surface downward clear-sky shortwave and longwave radiation, at 247 and 314 Wm-2, respectively. With a global mean surface albedo of 13.5% and net shortwave clear-sky flux of 287 Wm-2 at the TOA this results in a global mean clear-sky surface and atmospheric shortwave absorption of 214 and 73 Wm-2, respectively. From the newly-established diagrams of the global energy balance under clear-sky and all-sky conditions, we quantify the cloud radiative effects not only at the TOA, but also within the atmosphere and at the surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wild
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Z. Hakuba
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Doris Folini
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Dörig-Ott
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schär
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Seiji Kato
- NASA Langley Research Center, 21 Langley Boulevard, Hampton, VA 23681-2199 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
DIFFERENCES IN WATER VAPOR RADIATIVE TRANSFER AMONG 1D MODELS CAN SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT THE INNER EDGE OF THE HABITABLE ZONE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3847/0004-637x/826/2/222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
4
|
Laszlo I, Pinker RT. Shortwave cloud-radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere at the surface and of the atmospheric column as determined from ISCCP C1 data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
5
|
Zhang YC, Rossow WB, Lacis AA. Calculation of surface and top of atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP data sets: 1. Method and sensitivity to input data uncertainties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
6
|
Oreopoulos L, Mlawer E, Delamere J, Shippert T, Cole J, Fomin B, Iacono M, Jin Z, Li J, Manners J, Räisänen P, Rose F, Zhang Y, Wilson MJ, Rossow WB. The Continual Intercomparison of Radiation Codes: Results from Phase I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
7
|
Forster PM, Fomichev VI, Rozanov E, Cagnazzo C, Jonsson AI, Langematz U, Fomin B, Iacono MJ, Mayer B, Mlawer E, Myhre G, Portmann RW, Akiyoshi H, Falaleeva V, Gillett N, Karpechko A, Li J, Lemennais P, Morgenstern O, Oberländer S, Sigmond M, Shibata K. Evaluation of radiation scheme performance within chemistry climate models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
Wild M, Long CN, Ohmura A. Evaluation of clear-sky solar fluxes in GCMs participating in AMIP and IPCC-AR4 from a surface perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
9
|
Collins WD, Ramaswamy V, Schwarzkopf MD, Sun Y, Portmann RW, Fu Q, Casanova SEB, Dufresne JL, Fillmore DW, Forster PMD, Galin VY, Gohar LK, Ingram WJ, Kratz DP, Lefebvre MP, Li J, Marquet P, Oinas V, Tsushima Y, Uchiyama T, Zhong WY. Radiative forcing by well-mixed greenhouse gases: Estimates from climate models in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
10
|
Fomin B. A k-distribution technique for radiative transfer simulation in inhomogeneous atmosphere: 2. FKDM, fast k-distribution model for the shortwave. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
11
|
Halthore RN. Intercomparison of shortwave radiative transfer codes and measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
12
|
Ceballos JC. A simplified physical model for assessing solar radiation over Brazil using GOES 8 visible imagery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
13
|
Henzing JS. Effect of aerosols on the downward shortwave irradiances at the surface: Measurements versus calculations with MODTRAN4.1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
14
|
Pinker RT, Tarpley JD, Laszlo I, Mitchell KE, Houser PR, Wood EF, Schaake JC, Robock A, Lohmann D, Cosgrove BA, Sheffield J, Duan Q, Luo L, Higgins RW. Surface radiation budgets in support of the GEWEX Continental‐Scale International Project (GCIP) and the GEWEX Americas Prediction Project (GAPP), including the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) project. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel T. Pinker
- Department of MeteorologyUniversity of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - J. Dan Tarpley
- Office of Research and Applications, National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Camp Springs Maryland USA
| | - Istvan Laszlo
- Office of Research and Applications, National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Camp Springs Maryland USA
| | - Kenneth E. Mitchell
- Environmental Modeling Center, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Paul R. Houser
- NASA/GSFC Hydrological Sciences BranchNASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - Eric F. Wood
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringPrinceton University Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - John C. Schaake
- Office of Hydrologic Development, National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Alan Robock
- Department of Environmental SciencesRutgers University New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Dag Lohmann
- Environmental Modeling Center, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Brian A. Cosgrove
- Hydrological Sciences Branch and Data Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - Justin Sheffield
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringPrinceton University Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - Qingyun Duan
- Office of Hydrologic Development, National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Lifeng Luo
- Department of Environmental SciencesRutgers University New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - R. Wayne Higgins
- Climate Prediction Center, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington District of Columbia USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lubin D, Vogelmann A, Lehr PJ, Kressin A, Ehramjian J, Ramanathan V. Validation of visible/near-IR atmospheric absorption and solar emission spectroscopic models at 1 cm−1resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
16
|
Iacono MJ, Mlawer EJ, Clough SA, Morcrette JJ. Impact of an improved longwave radiation model, RRTM, on the energy budget and thermodynamic properties of the NCAR community climate model, CCM3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
17
|
Pope SK, Valero FPJ. Observations and models of irradiance profiles, column transmittance, and column reflectance during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements Enhanced Shortwave Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
18
|
Smith KM, Newnham DA. Near-infrared absorption cross sections and integrated absorption intensities of molecular oxygen (O2, O2-O2, and O2-N2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
19
|
Freidenreich SM, Ramaswamy V. A new multiple-band solar radiative parameterization for general circulation models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
20
|
Valero FPJ, Bush BC. Measured and calculated clear-sky solar radiative fluxes during the Subsonic Aircraft Contrail and Cloud Effects Special Study (SUCCESS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
21
|
Hatzianastassiou N, Vardavas I. Shortwave radiation budget of the northern hemisphere using International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project and NCEP/NCAR climatological data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
22
|
Harshvardhan, Ridgway W, Ramaswamy V, Freidenreich SM, Batey M. Spectral characteristics of solar near-infrared absorption in cloudy atmospheres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
23
|
Ramaswamy V, Freidenreich SM. A high-spectral resolution study of the near-infrared solar flux disposition in clear and overcast atmospheres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
24
|
Kinne S, Bergstrom R, Toon OB, Dutton E, Shiobara M. Clear-sky atmospheric solar transmission: An analysis based on FIRE 1991 field experiment data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
25
|
Boucher O, Schwartz SE, Ackerman TP, Anderson TL, Bergstrom B, Bonnel B, Chýlek P, Dahlback A, Fouquart Y, Fu Q, Halthore RN, Haywood JM, Iversen T, Kato S, Kinne S, Kirkevåg A, Knapp KR, Lacis A, Laszlo I, Mishchenko MI, Nemesure S, Ramaswamy V, Roberts DL, Russell P, Schlesinger ME, Stephens GL, Wagener R, Wang M, Wong J, Yang F. Intercomparison of models representing direct shortwave radiative forcing by sulfate aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
26
|
Angevine WM, Grimsdell AW, McKeen SA, Warnock JM. Entrainment results from the Flatland boundary layer experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
27
|
Walden VP, Warren SG, Murcray FJ. Measurements of the downward longwave radiation spectrum over the Antarctic Plateau and comparisons with a line-by-line radiative transfer model for clear skies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
28
|
Kato S, Ackerman TP, Clothiaux EE, Mather JH, Mace GG, Wesely ML, Murcray F, Michalsky J. Uncertainties in modeled and measured clear-sky surface shortwave irradiances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
29
|
Gao BC, Green RO. Presence of terrestrial atmospheric gas absorption bands in standard extraterrestrial solar irradiance curves in the near-infrared spectral region. APPLIED OPTICS 1995; 34:6263-6268. [PMID: 21060469 DOI: 10.1364/ao.34.006263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The solar irradiance curves compiled by Wehrli [Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Publ. 615 (World Radiation Center, Davosdorf, Switzerland, 1985)] and by Neckel and Labs [Sol. Phys. 90, 205 (1984)] are widely used. These curves were obtained based on measurements of solar radiation from the ground and from aircraft platforms. Contaminations in these curves by atmospheric gaseous absorptions were inevitable. A technique for deriving the transmittance spectrum of the Sun's atmosphere from high-resolution (0.01 cm(-1)) solar occultation spectra measured above the Earth's atmosphere by the use of atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy (ATMOS) aboard the space shuttle is described. The comparisons of the derived ATMOS solar transmittance spectrum with the two solar irradiance curves show that he curve derived by Wehrli contains many absorption features in the 2.0-2.5-µm region that are not of solar origin, whereas the curve obtained by Neckel and Labs is completely devoid of weak solar absorption features that should be there. An Earth atmospheric oxygen band at 1.268 µm and a water-vapor band near 0.94 µm are likely present in the curve obtained by Wehrli. It is shown that the solar irradiance measurement errors in some narrow spectral intervals can be as large as 20%. An improved solar irradiance spectrum is formed by the incorporation of the solar transmittance spectrum derived from the ATMOS data into the solar irradiance spectrum from Neckel and Labs. The availability of a new solar spectrum from 50 to 50 000 cm(-1) from the U.S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory is also discussed.
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Stenchikov GL, Robock A. Diurnal asymmetry of climatic response to increased CO2and aerosols: Forcings and feedbacks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd02166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
32
|
Li Z. Intercomparison between two satellite-based products of net surface shortwave radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
33
|
Shi L. Cloud radiative forcing on surface shortwave fluxes: A case study based on Cloud Lidar and Radar Exploratory Test. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
34
|
Ramaswamy V, Freidenreich SM. A study of broadband parameterizations of the solar radiative interactions with water vapor and water drops. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
35
|
Randall DA, Cess RD, Blanchet JP, Boer GJ, Dazlich DA, Del Genio AD, Deque M, Dymnikov V, Galin V, Ghan SJ, Lacis AA, Le Treut H, Li ZX, Liang XZ, McAvaney BJ, Meleshko VP, Mitchell JFB, Morcrette JJ, Potter GL, Rikus L, Roeckner E, Royer JF, Schlese U, Sheinin DA, Slingo J, Sokolov AP, Taylor KE, Washington WM, Wetherald RT, Yagai I, Zhang MH. Intercomparison and interpretation of surface energy fluxes in atmospheric general circulation models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
36
|
Ramaswamy V, Freidenreich SM. Solar radiative line-by-line determination of water vapor absorption and water cloud extinction in inhomogeneous atmospheres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90jd00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
37
|
Morcrette JJ. Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts forecasting system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/89jd01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
38
|
Ellingson RG, Fouquart Y. The intercomparison of radiation codes in climate models: An overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90jd01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|