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Sitnov M, Birn J, Ferdousi B, Gordeev E, Khotyaintsev Y, Merkin V, Motoba T, Otto A, Panov E, Pritchett P, Pucci F, Raeder J, Runov A, Sergeev V, Velli M, Zhou X. Explosive Magnetotail Activity. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2019; 215:31. [PMID: 31178609 PMCID: PMC6528807 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-019-0599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Modes and manifestations of the explosive activity in the Earth's magnetotail, as well as its onset mechanisms and key pre-onset conditions are reviewed. Two mechanisms for the generation of the pre-onset current sheet are discussed, namely magnetic flux addition to the tail lobes, or other high-latitude perturbations, and magnetic flux evacuation from the near-Earth tail associated with dayside reconnection. Reconnection onset may require stretching and thinning of the sheet down to electron scales. It may also start in thicker sheets in regions with a tailward gradient of the equatorial magnetic field B z ; in this case it begins as an ideal-MHD instability followed by the generation of bursty bulk flows and dipolarization fronts. Indeed, remote sensing and global MHD modeling show the formation of tail regions with increased B z , prone to magnetic reconnection, ballooning/interchange and flapping instabilities. While interchange instability may also develop in such thicker sheets, it may grow more slowly compared to tearing and cause secondary reconnection locally in the dawn-dusk direction. Post-onset transients include bursty flows and dipolarization fronts, micro-instabilities of lower-hybrid-drift and whistler waves, as well as damped global flux tube oscillations in the near-Earth region. They convert the stretched tail magnetic field energy into bulk plasma acceleration and collisionless heating, excitation of a broad spectrum of plasma waves, and collisional dissipation in the ionosphere. Collisionless heating involves ion reflection from fronts, Fermi, betatron as well as other, non-adiabatic, mechanisms. Ionospheric manifestations of some of these magnetotail phenomena are discussed. Explosive plasma phenomena observed in the laboratory, the solar corona and solar wind are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Sitnov
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | | | | | - Evgeny Gordeev
- Earth’s Physics Department, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Viacheslav Merkin
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | - Tetsuo Motoba
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | | | - Evgeny Panov
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Philip Pritchett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Fulvia Pucci
- National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Toki, 509-5292 Japan
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Joachim Raeder
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| | - Andrei Runov
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Victor Sergeev
- Earth’s Physics Department, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marco Velli
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Xuzhi Zhou
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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Chang TF, Cheng CZ. Relationship between wave-like auroral arcs and Pi2 disturbances in plasma sheet prior to substorm onset. EARTH, PLANETS, AND SPACE : EPS 2015; 67:168. [PMID: 27656100 PMCID: PMC5012351 DOI: 10.1186/s40623-015-0334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wave-like substorm arc features in the aurora and Pi2 magnetic disturbances observed in the near-Earth plasma sheet are frequently, and sometimes simultaneously, observed around the substorm onset time. We perform statistical analyses of the THEMIS ASI auroral observations that show wave-like bright spot structure along the arc prior to substorm onset. The azimuthal mode number values of the wave-like substorm arcs are found to be in the range of ~100-240 and decrease with increasing geomagnetic latitude of the substorm auroral arc location. We suggest that the azimuthal mode number is likely related to the ion gyroradius and azimuthal wave number. We also perform correlation study of the pre-onset wave-like substorm arc features and Pi2 magnetic disturbances for substorm dipolarization events observed by THEMIS satellites during 2008-2009. The wave-like arc brightness structures on the substorm auroral arcs tend to move azimuthally westward, but with a few exceptions of eastward movement, during tens of seconds prior to the substorm onset. The movement of the wave-like arc brightness structure is linearly correlated with the phase velocity of the Pi2 δBy disturbances in the near-Earth plasma sheet region. The result suggests that the Pi2 transverse δBy disturbances are related to the intensifying wave-like substorm onset arcs. One plausible explanation of the observations is the kinetic ballooning instability, which has high azimuthal mode number due to the ion gyroradius effect and finite parallel electric field that accelerates electrons into the ionosphere to produce the wave-like arc structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Fang Chang
- Institute of Space and Plasma Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ; Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ; Plasma and Space Science Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chio-Zong Cheng
- Institute of Space and Plasma Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ; Plasma and Space Science Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ; Department of Advanced Energy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Kalmoni NME, Rae IJ, Watt CEJ, Murphy KR, Forsyth C, Owen CJ. Statistical characterization of the growth and spatial scales of the substorm onset arc. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2015; 120:8503-8516. [PMID: 27867792 PMCID: PMC5111420 DOI: 10.1002/2015ja021470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present the first multievent study of the spatial and temporal structuring of the aurora to provide statistical evidence of the near-Earth plasma instability which causes the substorm onset arc. Using data from ground-based auroral imagers, we study repeatable signatures of along-arc auroral beads, which are thought to represent the ionospheric projection of magnetospheric instability in the near-Earth plasma sheet. We show that the growth and spatial scales of these wave-like fluctuations are similar across multiple events, indicating that each sudden auroral brightening has a common explanation. We find statistically that growth rates for auroral beads peak at low wave number with the most unstable spatial scales mapping to an azimuthal wavelength λ≈ 1700-2500 km in the equatorial magnetosphere at around 9-12 RE . We compare growth rates and spatial scales with a range of theoretical predictions of magnetotail instabilities, including the Cross-Field Current Instability and the Shear Flow Ballooning Instability. We conclude that, although the Cross-Field Current instability can generate similar magnitude of growth rates, the range of unstable wave numbers indicates that the Shear Flow Ballooning Instability is the most likely explanation for our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. E. Kalmoni
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonDorkingUK
| | - I. J. Rae
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonDorkingUK
| | - C. E. J. Watt
- Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - K. R. Murphy
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMarylandUSA
| | - C. Forsyth
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonDorkingUK
| | - C. J. Owen
- Mullard Space Science LaboratoryUniversity College LondonDorkingUK
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Pressure gradient evolution in the near-Earth magnetotail at the arrival of BBFs. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lui ATY, Yoon PH, Chang CL. Quasi-linear analysis of ion Weibel instability in the Earth's neutral sheet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lui ATY. Inferring global characteristics of current sheet from local measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mende SB, Frey HU, Angelopoulos V, Nishimura Y. Substorm triggering by poleward boundary intensification and related equatorward propagation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. B. Mende
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - H. U. Frey
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Nishimura
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Liou
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
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Akasofu SI, Lui ATY, Meng CI. Importance of auroral features in the search for substorm onset processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Syun-Ichi Akasofu
- International Arctic Research Center; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | - A. T. Y. Lui
- Space Department; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
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Rae IJ, Mann IR, Angelopoulos V, Murphy KR, Milling DK, Kale A, Frey HU, Rostoker G, Russell CT, Watt CEJ, Engebretson MJ, Moldwin MB, Mende SB, Singer HJ, Donovan EF. Near-Earth initiation of a terrestrial substorm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Jonathan Rae
- Department of Physics; University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Ian R. Mann
- Department of Physics; University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Vassilis Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Kyle R. Murphy
- Department of Physics; University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - David K. Milling
- Department of Physics; University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Andy Kale
- Department of Physics; University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Harald U. Frey
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Gordon Rostoker
- Department of Physics; University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Christopher T. Russell
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Clare E. J. Watt
- Department of Physics; University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | | | - Mark B. Moldwin
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Stephen B. Mende
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | | | - Eric F. Donovan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta Canada
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Miyashita Y, Machida S, Kamide Y, Nagata D, Liou K, Fujimoto M, Ieda A, Saito MH, Russell CT, Christon SP, Nosé M, Frey HU, Shinohara I, Mukai T, Saito Y, Hayakawa H. A state-of-the-art picture of substorm-associated evolution of the near-Earth magnetotail obtained from superposed epoch analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Miyashita
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Kanagawa Japan
| | - S. Machida
- Department of Geophysics; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Y. Kamide
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - D. Nagata
- Department of Geophysics; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - K. Liou
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - M. Fujimoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Kanagawa Japan
| | - A. Ieda
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - M. H. Saito
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Kanagawa Japan
| | - C. T. Russell
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | | | - M. Nosé
- Data Analysis Center for Geomagnetism and Space Magnetism, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - H. U. Frey
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - I. Shinohara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Kanagawa Japan
| | - T. Mukai
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Y. Saito
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Kanagawa Japan
| | - H. Hayakawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Kanagawa Japan
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Zhang L, Liu Z, Wang J, Ma Z, Pu Z, Shen C, Guo J. The distribution characteristics of the flows in the near-Earth region: TC-1 observational results. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-007-0433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Zhang L, Liu Z, Ma Z, Pu Z, Wang J, Shen C. Continuous tailward flow in the near-Earth magnetotail observed by TC-1 satellite. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-007-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Consolini G. On the magnetic field fluctuations during magnetospheric tail current disruption: A statistical approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Klimas AJ, Uritsky VM, Vassiliadis D, Baker DN. Reconnection and scale-free avalanching in a driven current-sheet model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Klimas
- Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - Vadim M. Uritsky
- Institute of Physics and Physics Department; St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Dimitris Vassiliadis
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - Daniel N. Baker
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
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Liou K. Investigation of external triggering of substorms with Polar ultraviolet imager observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja009984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhou X, Tsurutani BT. Interplanetary shock triggering of nightside geomagnetic activity: Substorms, pseudobreakups, and quiescent events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja003028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Klimas AJ, Valdivia JA, Vassiliadis D, Baker DN, Hesse M, Takalo J. Self-organized criticality in the substorm phenomenon and its relation to localized reconnection in the magnetospheric plasma sheet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Yoon PH, Drake JF, Lui ATY. Theory and simulation of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the geomagnetic tail. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Dreher J, Arendt U, Schindler K. Particle simulations of collisionless reconnection in magnetotail configuration including electron dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Lui ATY. Current disruption in the Earth's magnetosphere: Observations and models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Lui ATY, Chang CL, Yoon PH. Preliminary nonlocal analysis of cross-field current instability for substorm expansion onset. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Hesse M, Birn J. MHD modeling of magnetotail instability for localized resistivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94ja00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Kuznetsova MM, Nikutowski B. A modified lower hybrid drift instability as a possible mechanism for the generation of magnetic noise bursts in the magnetotail neutral sheet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja02643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Walker RJ, Ogino T, Raeder J, Ashour-Abdalla M. A global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the magnetosphere when the interplanetary magnetic field is southward: The onset of magnetotail reconnection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93ja01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ohtani S, Takahashi K, Zanetti LJ, Potemra TA, McEntire RW, Iijima T. Initial signatures of magnetic field and energetic particle fluxes at tail Reconfiguration: Explosive growth phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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