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Scarfì L, Firetto Carlino M, Musumeci C. Seismic anisotropy to investigate lithospheric-scale tectonic structures and mantle dynamics in southern Italy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20932. [PMID: 38017063 PMCID: PMC10684859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Subduction zones may be characterised by deep-seated tectonic structures whose effects propagate to the upper plate through faulting and magmatism. The overall geodynamic framework, as well as the roots of the many active faults affecting such regions, can be investigated by the study of the upper mantle anisotropic patterns, through the analysis of core-transiting teleseismic phases. Here, we discuss the results of XKS waves splitting observed in the central Mediterranean, particularly in southern Italy, which is characterised by the Adriatic-Ionian subduction system. Azimuths of polarisation of the fast wave (fast directions) were found to be generally trench-parallel, as an effect of the subducting slab, albeit a change to a perpendicular direction, in central Italy and Sicily, suggests discontinuities in the structure of the slab itself. However, while in central Italy a gradual rotation of fast directions points to a toroidal upper mantle flow through a tear in the Apenninic slab, in central-eastern Sicily, the splitting parameters show an abrupt change that matches well with the main crustal tectonic structures. There, the rapid trench migration, taking place at the transition between the subduction and continental collision domains, produced a rather complex Subduction Transform Edge Propagator fault system. The sharp variation in the pattern of the upper mantle anisotropy marks the main element of such a fault system and suggests its primary role in the segmentation process of the collisional margin. Our findings further show that the study of seismic anisotropy may be fundamental in investigating whether tectonic structures only involve the crust or extend down to the upper mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Scarfì
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy.
| | - M Firetto Carlino
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy
| | - C Musumeci
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy
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2
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Ali MY, Ismaiel M, Yusuf IM, Kaviani A. Crustal structure and seismic anisotropy of rift basins in Somaliland. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17483. [PMID: 37838770 PMCID: PMC10576820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift margins provide insights into the processes governing the rupture of the continental lithosphere and the subsequence formation of sedimentary basins. The Proterozoic basement underlying Somaliland has been affected by multiple rifting; however, the crustal structure of these rifted basins remains unknown. This study utilized teleseismic receiver function analysis, Bayesian inversion, common conversion point imaging and 2D forward gravity modelling to examine the crust and upper mantle of Somaliland. The results indicate 36.8-38.2 km of crust in southern Somaliland, while the central and northern regions feature thinned crust (~ 21 km) with 5-6 km thick sediments. The joint analysis of radial and transverse components of receiver functions and shear wave splitting revealed fast axis directions trending to 50-56° in the upper mantle, indicating that azimuthal anisotropy is oriented in the regional Africa-Arabia plate motion. Such orientation may have resulted from lattice preferred orientation of olivine from the asthenospheric flow. Additionally, the fast polarization of the crust in central Somaliland is oriented at - 15°, indicating fossil deformation in the thinned crust related to the NW-SE trending Late Jurassic rift event. Further, the fast polarization for stations near the Gulf of Aden is oriented at 75-80°, suggesting crustal deformation associated with the Oligocene rift event. The crustal anisotropy at southern Somaliland revealed fast polarization oriented at - 85°, indicating a preserved far-field response of the WNW-ESE trending Late Cretaceous rift event. Overall, the study provides for the first-time insight into the rift-related extensional strain fabric in the crust and upper mantle anisotropy induced by asthenospheric flow in Somaliland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Y Ali
- Department of Earth Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Mohammad Ismaiel
- Department of Earth Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ibrahim M Yusuf
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ayoub Kaviani
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Kong F, Gao R, Gao SS, Liu KH, Ding W, Niu X, Ruan A, Tan P, Fan J, Lu S, Tong Z, Cheng L, Gong W, Zhao Y, Li J. Mantle flow underneath the South China Sea revealed by seismic anisotropy. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad176. [PMID: 37671331 PMCID: PMC10476890 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been established that plastic flow in the asthenosphere interacts constantly with the overlying lithosphere and plays a pivotal role in controlling the occurrence of geohazards such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Unfortunately, accurately characterizing the direction and lateral extents of the mantle flow field is notoriously difficult, especially in oceanic areas where deployment of ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) is expensive and thus rare. In this study, by applying shear wave splitting analyses to a dataset recorded by an OBS array that we deployed between mid-2019 and mid-2020 in the South China Sea (SCS), we show that the dominant mantle flow field has a NNW-SSE orientation, which can be attributed to mantle flow extruded from the Tibetan Plateau by the ongoing Indian-Eurasian collision. In addition, the results suggest that E-W oriented flow fields observed in South China and the Indochina Peninsula do not extend to the central SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fansheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
- Geology and Geophysics Program, Department of Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Rui Gao
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Stephen S Gao
- Geology and Geophysics Program, Department of Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Kelly H Liu
- Geology and Geophysics Program, Department of Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Weiwei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Xiongwei Niu
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Aiguo Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Pingchuan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Jianke Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao266071, China
| | - Shaoping Lu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Zhengyi Tong
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
| | - Liqun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
| | - Wenfei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
| | - Yanghui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Jiabiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
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Zhang B, Bao X, Wu Y, Xu Y, Yang W. Southern Tibetan rifting since late Miocene enabled by basal shear of the underthrusting Indian lithosphere. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2565. [PMID: 37142610 PMCID: PMC10160080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38296-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Syncontractional extension is prominent in present-day Tibet, but its origin remains vigorously debated. Several deep-seated geodynamic processes (e.g., Indian underthrusting, horizontal flow, and mantle upwelling) have been linked to Tibetan rifting. Indian underthrusting is a good candidate because it can well explain why surface rifts are more prominent south of the Bangong-Nujiang suture; however, how Indian underthrusting causes extension is not well understood and lacks observational constraints. Seismic anisotropy, measured by exploiting the birefringence effect of shear waves, can be indicative of the deformation styles within the crust. Here, we unveil the dominant convergence-parallel alignment of anisotropic fabrics in the deep crust of the southern Tibetan rifts using seismic recordings collected from our recently deployed and existing seismic stations. This finding suggests that the strong north-directed shearing exerted by the underthrusting Indian plate is key to enabling present-day extension in southern Tibet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuewei Bao
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yingkai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wencai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Spatiotemporal Properties of Seismicity and Variations of Shear-Wave Splitting Parameters in the Western Gulf of Corinth (Greece). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11146573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Western Gulf of Corinth (WGoC) exhibits significant seismicity patterns, combining intense microseismic background activity with both seismic swarms and short-lived aftershock sequences. Herein, we present a catalogue of ~9000 events, derived by manual analysis and double-difference relocation, for the seismicity of the WGoC during 2013–2014. The high spatial resolution of the hypocentral distribution permitted the delineation of the activated structures and their relation to major mapped faults on the surface. The spatiotemporal analysis of seismicity revealed a 32-km-long earthquake migration pattern, related to pore-pressure diffusion, triggering moderate mainshock-aftershock sequences, as fluids propagated eastwards in the course of ~15 months. The anisotropic properties of the upper crust were examined through automatic shear-wave splitting (SWS) analysis, with over 2000 SWS measurements at local stations. An average fast shear-wave polarization direction of N98.8°E ± 2.8° was determined, consistent with the direction of the maximum horizontal regional stress. Temporal variations of normalized time-delays between fast and slow shear-waves imply alterations in the level of stress or microcrack fluid saturation during the long-lasting pore-pressure diffusion episode, particularly before major events. The present study provides novel insights regarding seismicity patterns, active fault structures, anisotropic properties of the upper crust and triggering mechanisms of seismicity in the WGoC.
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Mantle-flow diversion beneath the Iranian plateau induced by Zagros' lithospheric keel. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2848. [PMID: 33531534 PMCID: PMC7854601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous investigation of seismic anisotropy indicates the presence of a simple mantle flow regime beneath the Turkish-Anatolian Plateau and Arabian Plate. Numerical modeling suggests that this simple flow is a component of a large-scale global mantle flow associated with the African superplume, which plays a key role in the geodynamic framework of the Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone. However, the extent and impact of the flow pattern farther east beneath the Iranian Plateau and Zagros remains unclear. While the relatively smoothly varying lithospheric thickness beneath the Anatolian Plateau and Arabian Plate allows progress of the simple mantle flow, the variable lithospheric thickness across the Iranian Plateau is expected to impose additional boundary conditions on the mantle flow field. In this study, for the first time, we use an unprecedented data set of seismic waveforms from a network of 245 seismic stations to examine the mantle flow pattern and lithospheric deformation over the entire region of the Iranian Plateau and Zagros by investigation of seismic anisotropy. We also examine the correlation between the pattern of seismic anisotropy, plate motion using GPS velocities and surface strain fields. Our study reveals a complex pattern of seismic anisotropy that implies a similarly complex mantle flow field. The pattern of seismic anisotropy suggests that the regional simple mantle flow beneath the Arabian Platform and eastern Turkey deflects as a circular flow around the thick Zagros lithosphere. This circular flow merges into a toroidal component beneath the NW Zagros that is likely an indicator of a lateral discontinuity in the lithosphere. Our examination also suggests that the main lithospheric deformation in the Zagros occurs as an axial shortening across the belt, whereas in the eastern Alborz and Kopeh-Dagh a belt-parallel horizontal lithospheric deformation plays a major role.
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Eakin CM, Rychert CA, Harmon N. The Role of Oceanic Transform Faults in Seafloor Spreading: A Global Perspective From Seismic Anisotropy. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2018; 123:1736-1751. [PMID: 29938151 PMCID: PMC5993317 DOI: 10.1002/2017jb015176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mantle anisotropy beneath mid-ocean ridges and oceanic transforms is key to our understanding of seafloor spreading and underlying dynamics of divergent plate boundaries. Observations are sparse, however, given the remoteness of the oceans and the difficulties of seismic instrumentation. To overcome this, we utilize the global distribution of seismicity along transform faults to measure shear wave splitting of over 550 direct S phases recorded at 56 carefully selected seismic stations worldwide. Applying this source-side splitting technique allows for characterization of the upper mantle seismic anisotropy, and therefore the pattern of mantle flow, directly beneath seismically active transform faults. The majority of the results (60%) return nulls (no splitting), while the non-null measurements display clear azimuthal dependency. This is best simply explained by anisotropy with a near vertical symmetry axis, consistent with mantle upwelling beneath oceanic transforms as suggested by numerical models. It appears therefore that the long-term stability of seafloor spreading may be associated with widespread mantle upwelling beneath the transforms creating warm and weak faults that localize strain to the plate boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Eakin
- Research School of Earth SciencesThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
- Ocean and Earth ScienceNational Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Catherine A. Rychert
- Ocean and Earth ScienceNational Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Nicholas Harmon
- Ocean and Earth ScienceNational Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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Nolte KA, Tsoflias GP, Bidgoli TS, Watney WL. Shear-wave anisotropy reveals pore fluid pressure-induced seismicity in the U.S. midcontinent. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700443. [PMID: 29255798 PMCID: PMC5733107 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Seismicity in the U.S. midcontinent has increased by orders of magnitude over the past decade. Spatiotemporal correlations of seismicity to wastewater injection operations have suggested that injection-related pore fluid pressure increases are inducing the earthquakes. We present direct evidence linking earthquake occurrence to pore pressure increase in the U.S. midcontinent through time-lapse shear-wave (S-wave) anisotropy analysis. Since the onset of the observation period in 2010, the orientation of the fast S-wave polarization has flipped from inline with the maximum horizontal stress to inline with the minimum horizontal stress, a change known to be associated with critical pore pressure buildup. The time delay between fast and slow S-wave arrivals exhibits increased variance through time, which is common in critical pore fluid settings. Near-basement borehole fluid pressure measurements indicate pore pressure increase in the region over the earthquake monitoring period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A. Nolte
- Department of Geology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - George P. Tsoflias
- Department of Geology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Tandis S. Bidgoli
- Kansas Geological Survey, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - W. Lynn Watney
- Kansas Geological Survey, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Qorbani E, Bianchi I, Bokelmann G. Slab detachment under the Eastern Alps seen by seismic anisotropy. EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS 2015; 409:96-108. [PMID: 25843968 PMCID: PMC4376057 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We analyze seismic anisotropy for the Eastern Alpine region by inspecting shear-wave splitting from SKS and SKKS phases. The Eastern Alpine region is characterized by a breakdown of the clear mountain-chain-parallel fast orientation pattern that has been previously documented for the Western Alps and for the western part of the Eastern Alps. The main interest of this paper is a more detailed analysis of the anisotropic character of the Eastern Alps, and the transition to the Carpathian-Pannonian region. SK(K)S splitting measurements reveal a rather remarkable lateral change in the anisotropy pattern from the west to the east of the Eastern Alps with a transition area at about 12°E. We also model the backazimuthal variation of the measurements by a vertical change of anisotropy. We find that the eastern part of the study area is characterized by the presence of two layers of anisotropy, where the deeper layer has characteristics similar to those of the Central Alps, in particular SW-NE fast orientations of anisotropic axes. We attribute the deeper layer to a detached slab from the European plate. Comparison with tomographic studies of the area indicates that the detached slab might possibly connect with the lithosphere that is still in place to the west of our study area, and may also connect with the slab graveyard to the East, at the depth of the upper mantle transition zone. On the other hand, the upper layer has NW-SE fast orientations coinciding with a low-velocity layer which is found above a more-or-less eastward dipping high-velocity body. The anisotropy of the upper layer shows large-scale NW-SE fast orientation, which is consistent with the presence of asthenospheric flow above the detached slab foundering into the deeper mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Qorbani
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Bianchi
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Götz Bokelmann
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Austria
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Park J, Levin V, Brandon M, Lees J, Peyton V, Gordeev E, Ozerov A. A Dangling Slab, Amplified Arc Volcanism, Mantle Flow and Seismic Anisotropy in the Kamchatka Plate Corner. PLATE BOUNDARY ZONES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gd030p0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Sipkin SA, Revenaugh J. Regional variation of attenuation and travel time in China from analysis of multple-ScSphases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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McNamara DE, Owens TJ. Azimuthal shear wave velocity anisotropy in the Basin and Range Province using mohoPsconverted phases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Yang X, Fischer KM, Abers GA. Seismic anisotropy beneath the Shumagin Islands segment of the Aleutian-Alaska subduction zone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Özalaybey S, Savage MK. Shear-wave splitting beneath western United States in relation to plate tectonics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Park J. The sensitivity of seismic free oscillations to upper mantle anisotropy 1. Zonal symmetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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McNamara DE, Owens TJ, Silver PG, Wu FT. Shear wave anisotropy beneath the Tibetan Plateau. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb03406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Chastel YB, Dawson PR, Wenk HR, Bennett K. Anisotropic convection with implications for the upper mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wysession ME, Bartkó L, Wilson JB. Mapping the lowermost mantle using core-reflected shear waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mapping the evolving strain field during continental breakup from crustal anisotropy in the Afar Depression. Nat Commun 2011; 2:285. [PMID: 21505441 PMCID: PMC3104516 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifting of the continents leading to plate rupture occurs by a combination of mechanical deformation and magma intrusion, yet the spatial and temporal scales over which these alternate mechanisms localize extensional strain remain controversial. Here we quantify anisotropy of the upper crust across the volcanically active Afar Triple Junction using shear-wave splitting from local earthquakes to evaluate the distribution and orientation of strain in a region of continental breakup. The pattern of S-wave splitting in Afar is best explained by anisotropy from deformation-related structures, with the dramatic change in splitting parameters into the rift axis from the increased density of dyke-induced faulting combined with a contribution from oriented melt pockets near volcanic centres. The lack of rift-perpendicular anisotropy in the lithosphere, and corroborating geoscientific evidence of extension dominated by dyking, provide strong evidence that magma intrusion achieves the majority of plate opening in this zone of incipient plate rupture.
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Mooney WD, Kaban MK. The North American upper mantle: Density, composition, and evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Gao Y, Wu J, Yi G, Shi Y. Crust-mantle coupling in North China: Preliminary analysis from seismic anisotropy. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Deformation of the lowermost mantle from seismic anisotropy. Nature 2010; 467:1091-4. [DOI: 10.1038/nature09507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Lithospheric layering in the North American craton. Nature 2010; 466:1063-8. [PMID: 20740006 DOI: 10.1038/nature09332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
How cratons-extremely stable continental areas of the Earth's crust-formed and remained largely unchanged for more than 2,500 million years is much debated. Recent studies of seismic-wave receiver function data have detected a structural boundary under continental cratons at depths too shallow to be consistent with the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, as inferred from seismic tomography and other geophysical studies. Here we show that changes in the direction of azimuthal anisotropy with depth reveal the presence of two distinct lithospheric layers throughout the stable part of the North American continent. The top layer is thick ( approximately 150 km) under the Archaean core and tapers out on the surrounding Palaeozoic borders. Its thickness variations follow those of a highly depleted layer inferred from thermo-barometric analysis of xenoliths. The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary is relatively flat (ranging from 180 to 240 km in depth), in agreement with the presence of a thermal conductive root that subsequently formed around the depleted chemical layer. Our findings tie together seismological, geochemical and geodynamical studies of the cratonic lithosphere in North America. They also suggest that the horizon detected in receiver function studies probably corresponds to the sharp mid-lithospheric boundary rather than to the more gradual lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary.
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Johnson JH, Prejean S, Savage MK, Townend J. Anisotropy, repeating earthquakes, and seismicity associated with the 2008 eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Walker KT, Zumberge MA, Hedlin MAH, Shearer PM. Methods for determining infrasound phase velocity direction with an array of line sensors. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2008; 124:2090-2099. [PMID: 19062850 DOI: 10.1121/1.2968675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Infrasound arrays typically consist of several microbarometers separated by distances that provide predictable signal time separations, forming the basis for processing techniques that estimate the phase velocity direction. The directional resolution depends on the noise level and is proportional to the number of these point sensors; additional sensors help attenuate noise and improve direction resolution. An alternative approach is to form an array of directional line sensors, each of which emulates a line of many microphones that instantaneously integrate pressure change. The instrument response is a function of the orientation of the line with respect to the signal wavefront. Real data recorded at the Piñon Flat Observatory in southern California and synthetic data show that this spectral property can be exploited with multiple line sensors to determine the phase velocity direction with a precision comparable to a larger aperture array of microbarometers. Three types of instrument-response-dependent beamforming and an array deconvolution technique are evaluated. The results imply that an array of five radial line sensors, with equal azimuthal separation and an aperture that depends on the frequency band of interest, provides directional resolution while requiring less space compared to an equally effective array of five microbarometers with rosette wind filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer T Walker
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0225, La Jolla, California 92093-0225, USA
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26
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de Groot-Hedlin CD, Hedlin MAH, Walker KT, Drob DP, Zumberge MA. Evaluation of infrasound signals from the shuttle Atlantis using a large seismic network. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2008; 124:1442-1451. [PMID: 19045636 DOI: 10.1121/1.2956475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Inclement weather in Florida forced the space shuttle "Atlantis" to land at Edwards Air Force Base in southern California on June 22, 2007, passing near three infrasound stations and several hundred seismic stations in northern Mexico, southern California, and Nevada. The high signal-to-noise ratio, broad receiver coverage, and Atlantis' positional information allow for the testing of infrasound propagation modeling capabilities through the atmosphere to regional distances. Shadow zones and arrival times are predicted by tracing rays that are launched at right angles to the conical shock front surrounding the shuttle through a standard climatological model as well as a global ground to space model. The predictions and observations compare favorably over much of the study area for both atmospheric specifications. To the east of the shuttle trajectory, there were no detections beyond the primary acoustic carpet. Infrasound energy was detected hundreds of kilometers to the west and northwest (NW) of the shuttle trajectory, consistent with the predictions of ducting due to the westward summer-time stratospheric jet. Both atmospheric models predict alternating regions of high and low ensonifications to the NW. However, infrasound energy was detected tens of kilometers beyond the predicted zones of ensonification, possibly due to uncertainties in stratospheric wind speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine D de Groot-Hedlin
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093-0225
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27
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Yuan H, Dueker K, Schutt DL. Testing five of the simplest upper mantle anisotropic velocity parameterizations using teleseismic S and SKS data from the Billings, Montana PASSCAL array. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Hoernle K, Abt DL, Fischer KM, Nichols H, Hauff F, Abers GA, van den Bogaard P, Heydolph K, Alvarado G, Protti M, Strauch W. Arc-parallel flow in the mantle wedge beneath Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Nature 2008; 451:1094-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nature06550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Funiciello F, Moroni M, Piromallo C, Faccenna C, Cenedese A, Bui HA. Mapping mantle flow during retreating subduction: Laboratory models analyzed by feature tracking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb003792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Funiciello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche; Università degli Studi “Roma TRE”; Rome Italy
| | - M. Moroni
- Dipartimento di Idraulica, Trasporti e Strade; Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”; Rome Italy
| | - C. Piromallo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Rome Italy
| | - C. Faccenna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche; Università degli Studi “Roma TRE”; Rome Italy
| | - A. Cenedese
- Dipartimento di Idraulica, Trasporti e Strade; Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”; Rome Italy
| | - H. A. Bui
- Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche; Università degli Studi “Roma TRE”; Rome Italy
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30
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Waite GP, Schutt DL, Smith RB. Models of lithosphere and asthenosphere anisotropic structure of the Yellowstone hot spot from shear wave splitting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jb003501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P. Waite
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Derek L. Schutt
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Wyoming; Laramie Wyoming USA
| | - Robert B. Smith
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah USA
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31
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Hammond JOS, Kendall JM, Rümpker G, Wookey J, Teanby N, Joseph P, Ryberg T, Stuart G. Upper mantle anisotropy beneath the Seychelles microcontinent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb003757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. O. S. Hammond
- School of Earth and Environment, Earth Science; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - J.-M. Kendall
- School of Earth and Environment, Earth Science; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - G. Rümpker
- GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam; Potsdam Germany
- Arbeitsbereich Geophysik; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - J. Wookey
- School of Earth and Environment, Earth Science; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - N. Teanby
- School of Earth and Environment, Earth Science; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics; University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory; Oxford UK
| | - P. Joseph
- Seychelles National Oil Company; Victoria, Mahé Seychelles
| | - T. Ryberg
- GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam; Potsdam Germany
| | - G. Stuart
- School of Earth and Environment, Earth Science; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
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32
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Audoine E, Savage MK, Gledhill K. Anisotropic structure under a back arc spreading region, the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Audoine
- Institute of Geophysics, School of Earth Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington New Zealand
| | - Martha K. Savage
- Institute of Geophysics, School of Earth Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington New Zealand
| | - Ken Gledhill
- Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences; Lower Hutt New Zealand
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33
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Garnero EJ, Moore MM, Lay T, Fouch MJ. Isotropy or weak vertical transverse isotropy in D″ beneath the Atlantic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jb003004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Garnero
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Melissa M. Moore
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Thorne Lay
- Earth Sciences Department and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Matthew J. Fouch
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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34
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Simons FJ, van der Hilst RD, Zuber MT. Spatiospectral localization of isostatic coherence anisotropy in Australia and its relation to seismic anisotropy: Implications for lithospheric deformation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik J. Simons
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Rob D. van der Hilst
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Maria T. Zuber
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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35
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Hammond WC, Toomey DR. Seismic velocity anisotropy and heterogeneity beneath the Mantle Electromagnetic and Tomography Experiment (MELT) region of the East Pacific Rise from analysis ofPandSbody waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb001789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William C. Hammond
- Department of Geological Sciences; University of Oregon; Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Douglas R. Toomey
- Department of Geological Sciences; University of Oregon; Eugene Oregon USA
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36
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Leidig M, Zandt G. Modeling of highly anisotropic crust and application to the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex of the central Andes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Leidig
- Department of Geosciences; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
| | - George Zandt
- Department of Geosciences; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
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37
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Stern RJ, Fouch MJ, Klemperer SL. An overview of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction factory. INSIDE THE SUBDUCTION FACTORY 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/138gm10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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38
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Seismological constraints on structure and flow patterns within the mantle wedge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/138gm05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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39
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Assumpção M, James D, Snoke A. Crustal thicknesses in SE Brazilian Shield by receiver function analysis: Implications for isostatic compensation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Assumpção
- Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - David James
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism; Carnegie Institution of Washington; Washington D.C. USA
| | - Arthur Snoke
- Virginia Tech Seismological Observatory, Department of Geological Sciences; Virginia Polytechnical Institute and State University; Blacksburg Virginia USA
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40
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Miller V, Savage M. Changes in seismic anisotropy after volcanic eruptions: evidence from Mount Ruapehu. Science 2001; 293:2231-3. [PMID: 11567133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1063463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The eruptions of andesite volcanoes are explosively catastrophic and notoriously difficult to predict. Yet changes in shear waveforms observed after an eruption of Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand, suggest that forces generated by such volcanoes are powerful and dynamic enough to locally overprint the regional stress regime, which suggests a new method of monitoring volcanoes for future eruptions. These results show a change in shear-wave polarization with time and are interpreted as being due to a localized stress regime caused by the volcano, with a release in pressure after the eruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Miller
- Institute of Geophysics, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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41
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Simpson F. Resistance to mantle flow inferred from the electromagnetic strike of the Australian upper mantle. Nature 2001; 412:632-5. [PMID: 11493919 DOI: 10.1038/35088051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Seismic anisotropy is thought to result from the strain-induced lattice-preferred orientation of mantle minerals, especially olivine, owing to shear waves propagating faster along the a-axis of olivine crystals than along the other axes. This anisotropy results in birefringence, or 'shear-wave splitting', which has been investigated in numerous studies. Although olivine is also anisotropic with respect to electrical conductivity (with the a-axis being most conductive), few studies of the electrical anisotropy of the upper mantle have been undertaken, and these have been limited to relatively shallow depths in the lithospheric upper mantle. Theoretical models of mantle flow have been used to infer that, for progressive simple shear imparted by the motion of an overriding tectonic plate, the a-axes of olivine crystals should align themselves parallel to the direction of plate motion. Here, however, we show that a significant discrepancy exists between the electromagnetic strike of the mantle below Australia and the direction of present-day absolute plate motion. We infer from this discrepancy that the a-axes of olivine crystals are not aligned with the direction of the present-day plate motion of Australia, indicating resistance to deformation of the mantle by plate motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Simpson
- Geophysics Institute, University of Göttingen, Germany.
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42
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Godfrey NJ, Christensen NI, Okaya DA. Anisotropy of schists: Contribution of crustal anisotropy to active source seismic experiments and shear wave splitting observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Huang WC, Ni JF, Tilmann F, Nelson D, Guo J, Zhao W, Mechie J, Kind R, Saul J, Rapine R, Hearn TM. Seismic polarization anisotropy beneath the central Tibetan Plateau. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Hall CE, Fischer KM, Parmentier EM, Blackman DK. The influence of plate motions on three-dimensional back arc mantle flow and shear wave splitting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Debayle E, Kennett BLN. The Australian continental upper mantle: Structure and deformation inferred from surface waves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Castle JC, Creager KC, Winchester JP, van der Hilst RD. Shear wave speeds at the base of the mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Levin V, Menke W, Park J. No regional anisotropic domains in the northeastern U.S. Appalachians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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Fischer KM, Parmentier EM, Stine AR, Wolf ER. Modeling anisotropy and plate-driven flow in the Tonga subduction zone back arc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Rondenay S, Bostock MG, Hearn TM, White DJ, Ellis RM. Lithospheric assembly and modification of the SE Canadian Shield: Abitibi-Grenville teleseismic experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Savage MK, Sheehan AF. Seismic anisotropy and mantle flow from the Great Basin to the Great Plains, western United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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