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Yang J, Zhu H, Zhao Z, Huang J, Lumley D, Stern RJ, Dunn RA, Arnulf AF, Ma J. Asymmetric magma plumbing system beneath Axial Seamount based on full waveform inversion of seismic data. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4767. [PMID: 38834567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The architecture of magma plumbing systems plays a fundamental role in volcano eruption and evolution. However, the precise configuration of crustal magma reservoirs and conduits responsible for supplying eruptions are difficult to explore across most active volcanic systems. Consequently, our understanding of their correlation with eruption dynamics is limited. Axial Seamount is an active submarine volcano located along the Juan de Fuca Ridge, with known eruptions in 1998, 2011, and 2015. Here we present high-resolution images of P-wave velocity, attenuation, and estimates of temperature and partial melt beneath the summit of Axial Seamount, derived from multi-parameter full waveform inversion of a 2D multi-channel seismic line. Multiple magma reservoirs, including a newly discovered western magma reservoir, are identified in the upper crust, with the maximum melt fraction of ~15-32% in the upper main magma reservoir (MMR) and lower fractions of 10% to 26% in other satellite reservoirs. In addition, a feeding conduit below the MMR with a melt fraction of ~4-11% and a low-velocity throat beneath the eastern caldera wall connecting the MMR roof with eruptive fissures are imaged. These findings delineate an asymmetric shallow plumbing system beneath Axial Seamount, providing insights into the magma pathways that fed recent eruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Hejun Zhu
- Department of Sustainable Earth Systems Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianping Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - David Lumley
- Department of Sustainable Earth Systems Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Robert J Stern
- Department of Sustainable Earth Systems Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Robert A Dunn
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Adrien F Arnulf
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Amazon Web Services, Seattle, CA, USA
| | - Jianwei Ma
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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2
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Chen J, Olive J, Cannat M. Beyond spreading rate: Controls on the thermal regime of mid-ocean ridges. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306466120. [PMID: 37903251 PMCID: PMC10636358 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306466120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermal state of mid-ocean ridges exerts a crucial modulation on seafloor spreading processes that shape ~2/3 of our planet's surface. Standard thermal models treat the ridge axis as a steady-state boundary layer between the hydrosphere and asthenosphere, whose thermal structure primarily reflects the local spreading rate. This framework explains the deepening of axial melt lenses (AMLs)-a proxy for the basaltic solidus isotherm-from ~1 to ~3 km from fast- to intermediate-spreading ridges but fails to account for shallow crustal AMLs documented at slow-ultraslow spreading ridges. Here, we show that these can be explained by a numerical model that decouples the potentially transient ridge magma supply from spreading rate, captures the essential physics of hydrothermal convection, and considers multiple modes of melt emplacement. Our simulations show that melt flux is a better thermal predictor than spreading rate. While multiple combinations of melt/dike emplacement modes, permeability structure, and temporal fluctuations of melt supply can explain shallow crustal AMLs at slow-ultraslow ridges, they all require elevated melt fluxes compared to most ridge sections of comparable spreading rates. This highlights the importance of along-axis melt focusing at slow-ultraslow ridges and sheds light on the natural variability of their thermal regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris75005, France
| | - Jean‐Arthur Olive
- Laboratoire de Géologie, CNRS - Ecole Normale Supérieure - L'université Paris Sciences & Lettres, Paris75005, France
| | - Mathilde Cannat
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris75005, France
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3
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Gleeson MLM, Lissenberg CJ, Antoshechkina PM. Porosity evolution of mafic crystal mush during reactive flow. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3088. [PMID: 37248228 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the "mush paradigm" has raised several questions for conventional models of magma storage and extraction: how are melts extracted to form eruptible liquid-rich domains? What mechanism controls melt transport in mush-rich systems? Recently, reactive flow has been proposed as a major contributing factor in the formation of high porosity, melt-rich regions. Yet, owing to the absence of accurate geochemical simulations, the influence of reactive flow on the porosity of natural mush systems remains under-constrained. Here, we use a thermodynamically constrained model of melt-mush reaction to simulate the chemical, mineralogical, and physical consequences of reactive flow in a multi-component mush system. Our results demonstrate that reactive flow within troctolitic to gabbroic mushes can drive large changes in mush porosity. For example, primitive magma recharge causes an increase in the system porosity and could trigger melt channelization or mush destabilization, aiding rapid melt transfer through low-porosity mush reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L M Gleeson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, UK.
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - C Johan Lissenberg
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, UK
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Influence of Petrogenesis on the Engineering Properties of Ultramafic Aggregates and on Their Suitability in Concrete. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the use of petrology as a useful tool in construction applications (i.e., concrete). More specifically, this study investigates how the petrogenetic characteristics of ultramafic rocks derived from ophiolite complexes (Veria–Naousa, Gerania) can act as a key tool for the prediction of the final behaviour of ultramafic aggregates as concrete aggregates. For this reason, their petrographic, chemical and mineralogical characteristics were examined and correlated with their engineering properties for evaluating their suitability as concrete aggregates. This study had come up, for the first time, that the genesis environment of the ultramafic rocks is the determinant factor for their physico-mechanical characteristics. Their suitability is relevant to the impact of their mineralogical and structural characteristics both from the two different ophiolite complexes (Veria–Naousa and Gerania). Except serpentinization, the basic alteration process-index of ultramafic rocks, there are also other chemical indices which can be used for ultramafic rocks that may determine their properties. In this context the term ‘fertility rate’ (FR) was introduced which may characterize ultramafic rocks as fertile or not. Furthermore, the Ultramafic Rock Health Index (U.R.H.I.) as well as the Normalized U.R.H.I. (U.R.H.I.N) was also introduced and correlated with the engineering properties of the investigated aggregate rocks. The last index aims to assess and quantify the overall health conditions, encompassing the two major modifying factors that include removal of primary mineral phases, as well as the extent of serpentinization. The main conclusion of this paper is that the genesis environment of the ultramafic rocks is the critical factor that determines their mineralogical, petrographic and chemical characteristics which consequently determines the basic engineering properties of rocks that determine their suitability or not as concrete aggregates.
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Volatile Content Implications of Increasing Explosivity of the Strombolian Eruptive Style along the Fracture Opening on the NE Villarrica Flank: Minor Eruptive Centers in the Los Nevados Group 2. GEOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11080309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Potential flank eruptions at the presently active Villarrica, Southern Andes Volcanic Zone (33.3–46 °S) require the drawing of a comprehensive scenario of eruptive style dynamics, which partially depends on the degassing process. The case we consider in this study is from the Los Nevados Subgroup 2 (LNG2) and constitutes post-glacial minor eruptive centers (MECs) of basaltic–andesitic and basaltic composition, associated with the northeastern Villarrica flank. Petrological studies of the melt inclusions volatile content in olivine determined the pre-eruptive conditions of the shallow magma feeding system (<249 Mpa saturation pressure, 927–1201 °C). The volatile saturation model on “pressure-dependent” volatile species, measured by Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectrometry (FTIR) (H2O of 0.4–3.0 wt.% and CO2 of 114–1586 ppm) and electron microprobe (EMP), revealed that fast cooling pyroclasts like vesicular scoria preserve a ~1.5 times larger amount of CO2, S, Cl, and volatile species contained in melt inclusions from primitive olivine (Fo76–86). Evidence from geological mapping and drone surveys demonstrated the eruption chronology and spatial changes in eruption style from all the local vents along a N45° corridor. The mechanism by which LNG2 is degassed plays a critical role in increasing the explosivity uphill on the Villarrica flank from volcanic vents in the NE sector (<9 km minimum saturation depth) to the SW sector (<8.1 km), where many crystalline ballistic bombs were expulsed, rather than vesicular and spatter scoria.
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Vaddineni VA, Singh SC, Grevemeyer I, Audhkhasi P, Papenberg C. Evolution of the Crustal and Upper Mantle Seismic Structure From 0-27 Ma in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean at 2° 43'S. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2021; 126:e2020JB021390. [PMID: 35865731 PMCID: PMC9285972 DOI: 10.1029/2020jb021390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present seismic tomographic results from a unique seismic refraction and wide-angle survey along a 600 km long flow-line corridor of oceanic lithosphere ranging in age from 0 to 27 Ma in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean at 2° 43'S. The velocities in the crust near the ridge axis rapidly increase in the first 6 Myr and then change gradually with age. The upper crust (Layer 2) thickness varies between 2 and 2.4 km with an average thickness of 2.2 km and the crustal thickness varies from 5.6 to 6 km along the profile with an average crustal thickness of 5.8 km. At some locations, we observe negative velocity anomalies (∼-0.3 km/s) in the lower crust which could be either due to chemical heterogeneity in gabbroic rocks and/or the effects of fault related deformation zones leading to an increase in porosities up to 1.6% depending on the pore/crack geometry. The existence of a low velocity anomaly beneath the ridge axis suggests the presence of partial melt (∼1.3%) in the lower crust. Upper mantle velocities also remain low (∼7.8 km/s) from ridge axis up to 5 Ma, indicating a high temperature regime associated with mantle melting zone underneath. These results suggest that the evolution of the crust and uppermost mantle at this location occur in the first 10 Ma of its formation and then remains unchanged. Most of the structures in the older crust and upper mantle are fossilized structures and could provide information about past processes at ocean spreading centers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satish C. Singh
- Université de ParisInstitut de Physique du Globe de ParisCNRSParisFrance
| | - Ingo Grevemeyer
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre of Ocean Research KielRD4‐Marine GeodynamicsKielGermany
| | - Pranav Audhkhasi
- Université de ParisInstitut de Physique du Globe de ParisCNRSParisFrance
| | - Cord Papenberg
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre of Ocean Research KielRD4‐Marine GeodynamicsKielGermany
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7
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Richter M, Nebel O, Schwindinger M, Nebel-Jacobsen Y, Dick HJB. Competing effects of spreading rate, crystal fractionation and source variability on Fe isotope systematics in mid-ocean ridge lavas. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4123. [PMID: 33603040 PMCID: PMC7893168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-thirds of the Earth is covered by mid-ocean ridge basalts, which form along a network of divergent plate margins. Basalts along these margins display a chemical diversity, which is consequent to a complex interplay of partial mantle melting in the upper mantle and magmatic differentiation processes in lower crustal levels. Igneous differentiation (crystal fractionation, partial melting) and source heterogeneity, in general, are key drivers creating variable chemistry in mid-ocean ridge basalts. This variability is reflected in iron isotope systematics (expressed as δ57Fe), showing a total range of 0.2 ‰ from δ57Fe = + 0.05 to + 0.25 ‰. Respective contributions of source heterogeneity and magma differentiation leading to this diversity, however, remain elusive. This study investigates the iron isotope systematics in basalts from the ultraslow spreading Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Ocean and compares them to existing data from the fast spreading East Pacific Rise ridge. Results indicate that Gakkel lavas are driven to heavier iron isotope compositions through partial melting processes, whereas effects of igneous differentiation are minor. This is in stark contrast to fast spreading ridges showing reversed effects of near negligible partial melting effects followed by large isotope fractionation along the liquid line of descent. Gakkel lavas further reveal mantle heterogeneity that is superimposed on the igneous differentiation effects, showing that upper mantle Fe isotope heterogeneity can be transmitted into erupting basalts in the absence of homogenisation processes in sub-oceanic magma chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Richter
- Isotopia Laboratory, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Oliver Nebel
- Isotopia Laboratory, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Martin Schwindinger
- Isotopia Laboratory, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Yona Nebel-Jacobsen
- Isotopia Laboratory, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Henry J B Dick
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543-1539, USA
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8
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Stock MJ, Geist D, Neave DA, Gleeson MLM, Bernard B, Howard KA, Buisman I, Maclennan J. Cryptic evolved melts beneath monotonous basaltic shield volcanoes in the Galápagos Archipelago. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3767. [PMID: 32724050 PMCID: PMC7387547 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Many volcanoes erupt compositionally homogeneous magmas over timescales ranging from decades to millennia. This monotonous activity is thought to reflect a high degree of chemical homogeneity in their magmatic systems, leading to predictable eruptive behaviour. We combine petrological analyses of erupted crystals with new thermodynamic models to characterise the diversity of melts in magmatic systems beneath monotonous shield volcanoes in the Galápagos Archipelago (Wolf and Fernandina). In contrast with the uniform basaltic magmas erupted at the surface over long timescales, we find that the sub-volcanic systems contain extreme heterogeneity, with melts extending to rhyolitic compositions. Evolved melts are in low abundance and large volumes of basalt flushing through the crust from depth overprint their chemical signatures. This process will only maintain monotonous activity while the volume of melt entering the crust is high, raising the possibility of transitions to more silicic activity given a decrease in the crustal melt flux. In this study the authors show that monotonous basaltic volcanoes can host a range of melts in their sub-volcanic systems, extending to rhyolitic compositions. The study implies that volcanoes which have produced monotonous basaltic lavas on long timescales could transition to more explosive, silica-rich eruptions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Stock
- Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Dennis Geist
- Department of Geology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA.,Division of Earth Sciences, U.S. National Science Foundation, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - David A Neave
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Benjamin Bernard
- Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Iris Buisman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Maclennan
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Bennett EN, Lissenberg CJ, Cashman KV. The significance of plagioclase textures in mid-ocean ridge basalt (Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean). CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY. BEITRAGE ZUR MINERALOGIE UND PETROLOGIE 2019; 174:49. [PMID: 31178598 PMCID: PMC6530810 DOI: 10.1007/s00410-019-1587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Textures and compositions of minerals can be used to infer the physiochemical conditions present within magmatic systems. Given that plagioclase is an abundant phase in many magmatic systems, understanding the link between texture and process is vital. Here, we present a database of textural and compositional data for > 1800 plagioclase crystals in mid-ocean ridge basalt from the Gakkel Ridge (Arctic Ocean) to investigate the physiochemical conditions and processes that govern the formation of plagioclase textures and compositions. The Gakkel basalts have high modal crystal contents (up to 50%). The crystal cargo is complex, with both individual plagioclase and glomerocrysts showing large variations in crystal habit, zoning and resorption. The most common types of zoning are reverse and patchy; we attribute patchy zoning to infilling following either skeletal growth or resorption. Resorption is abundant, with multiple resorption events commonly present in a single crystal, and results from both magmatic recharge and decompression. Periods of strong undercooling, distinct to quench crystallisation, are indicated by matured skeletal crystals and thin normally zoned melt inclusion-rich bands following resorption. Individual samples often contain diverse textural and compositional plagioclase groups. Furthermore, most plagioclase is not in equilibrium with its host melt. Finally, the porous open structures of some glomerocrysts suggest that they represent pieces of entrained disaggregated mush. We interpret this to indicate that the crystal cargo is not generally phenocrystic in origin. Instead, plagioclase crystals that formed in different parts of a mush-dominated plumbing system were entrained into ascending melts. The textures of individual crystals are a function of their respective histories of (under)cooling, magma mixing and decompression. The morphologies of melt inclusion trapped in the plagioclase crystals are associated with specific host crystal textures, suggesting a link between plagioclase crystallisation processes and melt inclusion entrapment. The database of plagioclase presented herein may serve as a template for the interpretation of plagioclase textures in magmatic systems elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N. Bennett
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - C. Johan Lissenberg
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT UK
| | - Katharine V. Cashman
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Bristol, BS8 1RJ UK
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10
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Edmonds M, Cashman KV, Holness M, Jackson M. Architecture and dynamics of magma reservoirs. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180298. [PMID: 30966933 PMCID: PMC6335485 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This introductory article provides a synopsis of our current understanding of the form and dynamics of magma reservoirs in the crust. This knowledge is based on a range of experimental, observational and theoretical approaches, some of which are multidisclipinary and pioneering. We introduce and provide a contextual background for the papers in this issue, which cover a wide range of topics, encompassing magma storage, transport, behaviour and rheology, as well as the timescales on which magma reservoirs operate. We summarize the key findings that emerged from the meeting and the challenges that remain. The study of magma reservoirs has wide implications not only for understanding geothermal and magmatic systems, but also for natural oil and gas reservoirs and for ore deposit formation. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Magma reservoir architecture and dynamics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Edmonds
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Katharine V. Cashman
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Clifton BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Marian Holness
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Matthew Jackson
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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11
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Sparks RSJ, Annen C, Blundy JD, Cashman KV, Rust AC, Jackson MD. Formation and dynamics of magma reservoirs. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180019. [PMID: 30966936 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The emerging concept of a magma reservoir is one in which regions containing melt extend from the source of magma generation to the surface. The reservoir may contain regions of very low fraction intergranular melt, partially molten rock (mush) and melt lenses (or magma chambers) containing high melt fraction eruptible magma, as well as pockets of exsolved magmatic fluids. The various parts of the system may be separated by a sub-solidus rock or be connected and continuous. Magma reservoirs and their wall rocks span a vast array of rheological properties, covering as much as 25 orders of magnitude from high viscosity, sub-solidus crustal rocks to magmatic fluids. Time scales of processes within magma reservoirs range from very slow melt and fluid segregation within mush and magma chambers and deformation of surrounding host rocks to very rapid development of magma and fluid instability, transport and eruption. Developing a comprehensive model of these systems is a grand challenge that will require close collaboration between modellers, geophysicists, geochemists, geologists, volcanologists and petrologists. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Magma reservoir architecture and dynamics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S J Sparks
- 1 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ , UK
| | - C Annen
- 1 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ , UK
- 3 University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - J D Blundy
- 1 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ , UK
| | - K V Cashman
- 1 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ , UK
| | - A C Rust
- 1 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1RJ , UK
| | - M D Jackson
- 2 Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College , London SW7 2AZ , UK
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Lissenberg CJ, MacLeod CJ, Bennett EN. Consequences of a crystal mush-dominated magma plumbing system: a mid-ocean ridge perspective. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180014. [PMID: 30966931 PMCID: PMC6335481 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Crystal mush is rapidly emerging as a new paradigm for the evolution of igneous systems. Mid-ocean ridges provide a unique opportunity to study mush processes: geophysical data indicate that, even at the most magmatically robust fast-spreading ridges, the magma plumbing system typically comprises crystal mush. In this paper, we describe some of the consequences of crystal mush for the evolution of the mid-ocean ridge magmatic system. One of these is that melt migration by porous flow plays an important role, in addition to rapid, channelized flow. Facilitated by both buoyancy and (deformation-enhanced) compaction, porous flow leads to reactions between the mush and migrating melts. Reactions between melt and the surrounding crystal framework are also likely to occur upon emplacement of primitive melts into the mush. Furthermore, replenishment facilitates mixing between the replenishing melt and interstitial melts of the mush. Hence, crystal mushes facilitate reaction and mixing, which leads to significant homogenization, and which may account for the geochemical systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). A second consequence is cryptic fractionation. At mid-ocean ridges, a plagioclase framework may already have formed when clinopyroxene saturates. As a result, clinopyroxene phenocrysts are rare, despite the fact that the vast majority of MORB records clinopyroxene fractionation. Hence, melts extracted from crystal mush may show a cryptic fractionation signature. Another consequence of a mush-dominated plumbing system is that channelized flow of melts through the crystal mush leads to the occurrence of vertical magmatic fabrics in oceanic gabbros, as well as the entrainment of diverse populations of phenocrysts. Overall, we conclude that the occurrence of crystal mush has a number of fundamental implications for the behaviour and evolution of magmatic systems, and that mid-ocean ridges can serve as a useful template for trans-crustal mush columns elsewhere. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Magma reservoir architecture and dynamics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Johan Lissenberg
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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13
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Maclennan J. Mafic tiers and transient mushes: evidence from Iceland. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180021. [PMID: 30966937 PMCID: PMC6335488 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that magmatism is trans-crustal, with melt storage and processing occurring over a range of depths. Development of this conceptual model was based on observations of the products of magmatism at spreading ridges, including Iceland. Petrological barometry and tracking of the solidification process has been used to show that the Icelandic crust is built by crystallization over a range of depths. The available petrological evidence indicates that most of the active rift zones are not underlain by extensive and pervasive crystal mush. Instead, the microanalytical observations from Iceland are consistent with a model where magmatic processing in the lower crust occurs in sills of decimetric vertical thickness. This stacked sills mode of crustal accretion corresponds to that proposed for the oceanic crust on the basis of ophiolite studies. A key feature of these models is that the country rock for the sills is hot but subsolidus. This condition can be met if the porosity in thin crystal mushes at the margins of the sills is occluded by primitive phases, a contention that is consistent with observations from cumulate nodules in Icelandic basalts. The conditions required for the stabilization of trans-crustal mushes may not be present in magmatic systems at spreading ridges. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Magma reservoir architecture and dynamics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Maclennan
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Liu B, Liang Y. The prevalence of kilometer-scale heterogeneity in the source region of MORB upper mantle. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701872. [PMID: 29202030 PMCID: PMC5706740 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The source regions of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) are heterogeneous, consisting of chemically and lithologically distinct domains of variable size. Partial melting of such heterogeneous mantle sources gives rise to diverse isotopic compositions of MORB and abyssal peridotites. Variations in radiogenic isotope ratios in MORB are attributed to mixing of melts derived from enriched and depleted mantle components. However, melt mixing alone cannot fully account for the difference between the average 143Nd/144Nd in abyssal peridotites and their spatially associated MORB. We show that the more depleted Nd isotope composition in abyssal peridotites is a natural consequence of melt migration-induced mixing or smearing in the melting column. Sub-kilometer scale enriched mantle components or heterogeneities are significantly damped or homogenized in both the residue and erupted melt during their transit through the melting region. Heterogeneities with larger size and higher incompatible trace element abundance are more resistive to the mixing processes. The size-sensitive mixing depends on a parameter called the enrichment strength, which is the product of the heterogeneity size and the ratio between incompatible trace element abundance in the enriched and depleted mantle sources. Observed Nd-Hf isotope variations in MORB and abyssal peridotites can be reproduced if the enrichment strength is 20 to 60 km. These heterogeneities could be on the kilometer scale and have similar isotope ratios to but less incompatible trace element abundances than recycled oceanic crust.
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Huybers P, Langmuir C, Katz RF, Ferguson D, Proistosescu C, Carbotte S. Comment on “Sensitivity of seafloor bathymetry to climate-driven fluctuations in mid-ocean ridge magma supply”. Science 2016; 352:1405. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aae0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Olive JA, Behn MD, Ito G, Buck WR, Escartín J, Howell S. Sensitivity of seafloor bathymetry to climate-driven fluctuations in mid-ocean ridge magma supply. Science 2015; 350:310-3. [PMID: 26472905 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have proposed that the bathymetric fabric of the seafloor formed at mid-ocean ridges records rapid (23,000 to 100,000 years) fluctuations in ridge magma supply caused by sealevel changes that modulate melt production in the underlying mantle. Using quantitative models of faulting and magma emplacement, we demonstrate that, in fact, seafloor-shaping processes act as a low-pass filter on variations in magma supply, strongly damping fluctuations shorter than about 100,000 years. We show that the systematic decrease in dominant seafloor wavelengths with increasing spreading rate is best explained by a model of fault growth and abandonment under a steady magma input. This provides a robust framework for deciphering the footprint of mantle melting in the fabric of abyssal hills, the most common topographic feature on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Olive
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades NY, USA.
| | - M D Behn
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole MA, USA
| | - G Ito
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI, USA
| | - W R Buck
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades NY, USA
| | - J Escartín
- CNRS, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris, France
| | - S Howell
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI, USA
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Zhang C, Koepke J, Kirchner C, Götze N, Behrens H. Rapid hydrothermal cooling above the axial melt lens at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6342. [PMID: 25209311 PMCID: PMC4160713 DOI: 10.1038/srep06342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Axial melt lenses sandwiched between the lower oceanic crust and the sheeted dike sequences at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges are assumed to be the major magma source of oceanic crust accretion. According to the widely discussed “gabbro glacier” model, the formation of the lower oceanic crust requires efficient cooling of the axial melt lens, leading to partial crystallization and crystal-melt mush subsiding down to lower crust. These processes are believed to be controlled by periodical magma replenishment and hydrothermal circulation above the melt lens. Here we quantify the cooling rate above melt lens using chemical zoning of plagioclase from hornfelsic recrystallized sheeted dikes drilled from the East Pacific at the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Hole 1256D. We estimate the cooling rate using a forward modelling approach based on CaAl-NaSi interdiffusion in plagioclase. The results show that cooling from the peak thermal overprint at 1000–1050°C to 600°C are yielded within about 10–30 years as a result of hydrothermal circulation above melt lens during magma starvation. The estimated rapid hydrothermal cooling explains how the effective heat extraction from melt lens is achieved at fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Institut für Mineralogie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Juergen Koepke
- Institut für Mineralogie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens Kirchner
- Institut für Mineralogie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Niko Götze
- Institut für Mineralogie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Harald Behrens
- Institut für Mineralogie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Hacker BR. Eclogite formation and the Rheology, Buoyancy, Seismicity, and H 2O Content of Oceanic Crust. SUBDUCTION TOP TO BOTTOM 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm096p0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Alt JC. Subseafloor Processes in Mid-Ocean Ridge Hydrothennal Systems. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Fornari DJ, Embley RW. Tectonic and Volcanic Controls on Hydrothermal Processes at the Mid-Ocean Ridge: an Overview Based on Near-Bottom and Submersible Studies. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Seyfried WE, Ding K. Phase Equilibria in Subseafloor Hydrothermal Systems: a Review of the Role of Redox, Temperature, Ph and Dissolved Cl on the Chemistry of Hot Spring Fluids at Mid-Ocean Ridges. SEAFLOOR HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GEOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm091p0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cannat M, Cann J, Maclennan J. Some Hard Rock Constraints on the Supply of Heat to Mid-Ocean Ridges. MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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23
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Lowell RP, Germanovich LN. Hydrothermal Processes at Mid-Ocean Ridges: Results from Scale Analysis and Single-Pass Models. MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fornari D, Tivey M, Schouten H, Perfit M, Yoerger D, Bradley A, Edwards M, Haymon R, Scheirer D, Von Damm K, Shank T, Soule A. Submarine Lava Flow Emplacement at the East Pacific Rise 9°50´N: Implications for Uppermost Ocean Crust Stratigraphy and Hydrothermal Fluid Circulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Lowell RP, Crowell BW, Lewis KC, Liu L. Modeling Multiphase, Multicomponent Processes at Oceanic Spreading Centers. MAGMA TO MICROBE: MODELING HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES AT OCEAN SPREADING CENTERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/178gm03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Macdonald KC. Linkages Between Faulting, Volcanism, Hydrothermal Activity and Segmentation on Fast Spreading Centers. FAULTING AND MAGMATISM AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm106p0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Structure of Modern Oceanic Crust and Ophiolites and Implications for Faulting and Magmatism at Oceanic Spreading Centers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm106p0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Langmuir CH, Klein EM, Plank T. Petrological Systematics of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts: Constraints on Melt Generation Beneath Ocean Ridges. MANTLE FLOW AND MELT GENERATION AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm071p0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Karson JA. Internal Structure of Oceanic Lithosphere: A Perspective from Tectonic Windows. FAULTING AND MAGMATISM AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm106p0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Perfit MR, Chadwick WW. Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges: Constraints from Volcanological and Geochemical Investigations. FAULTING AND MAGMATISM AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm106p0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Toomey DR, Solomon SC, Purdy GM. Tomographic imaging of the shallow crustal structure of the East Pacific Rise at 9°30′N. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Kelley DS, Gillis KM, Thompson G. Fluid evolution in submarine magma-hydrothermal systems at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb01432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Wang X, Cochran JR. Gravity anomalies, isostasy, and mantle flow at the East Pacific Rise crest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Farley KA, Maier-Reimer E, Schlosser P, Broecker WS. Constraints on mantle3He fluxes and deep-sea circulation from an oceanic general circulation model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Morris E, Detrick RS, Minshull TA, Mutter JC, White RS, Su W, Buhl P. Seismic structure of oceanic crust in the western North Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Niu Y, Batiza R. Magmatic processes at a slow spreading ridge segment: 26°S Mid-Atlantic Ridge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Smith MC, Perfit MR, Jonasson IR. Petrology and geochemistry of basalts from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Controls on the spatial and temporal evolution of mid-ocean ridge basalt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Géli L, Renard V, Rommevaux C. Ocean crust formation processes at very slow spreading centers: A model for the Mohns Ridge, near 72°N, based on magnetic, gravity, and seismic data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Niu Y, Batiza R. Chemical variation trends at fast and slow spreading mid-ocean ridges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Magde LS, Detrick RS. Crustal and upper mantle contribution to the axial gravity anomaly at the southern East Pacific Rise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Wilcock WSD, Solomon SC, Purdy GM, Toomey DR. Seismic attenuation structure of the East Pacific Rise near 9°30′N. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Morgan JP, Chen YJ. The genesis of oceanic crust: Magma injection, hydrothermal circulation, and crustal flow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb02650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Reynolds RW, Geist DJ. Petrology of lavas from Sierra Negra volcano, Isabela Island, Galápagos archipelago. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb02809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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White WM, McBirney AR, Duncan RA. Petrology and geochemistry of the Galápagos Islands: Portrait of a pathological mantle plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Wright DJ, Haymon RM, Fornari DJ. Crustal fissuring and its relationship to magmatic and hydrothermal processes on the East Pacific Rise crest (9°12′ to 54′N). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Goff JA, Malinverno A, Fornari DJ, Cochran JR. Abyssal Hill Segmentation: Quantitative analysis of the East Pacific Rise flanks 7°S-9°S. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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Butler R, Sinton JM, Mahoney JJ, Smaglik SM. Spectral analysis of volcanic glass chemistry along the East Pacific Rise, 13°-23°S. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Dyment J, Cande SC, Arkani-Hamed J. Skewness of marine magnetic anomalies created between 85 and 40 Ma in the Indian Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Quick JE, Denlinger RP. Ductile deformation and the origin of layered gabbro in ophiolites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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