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Kong F, Gao R, Gao SS, Liu KH, Ding W, Niu X, Ruan A, Tan P, Fan J, Lu S, Tong Z, Cheng L, Gong W, Zhao Y, Li J. Mantle flow underneath the South China Sea revealed by seismic anisotropy. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad176. [PMID: 37671331 PMCID: PMC10476890 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been established that plastic flow in the asthenosphere interacts constantly with the overlying lithosphere and plays a pivotal role in controlling the occurrence of geohazards such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Unfortunately, accurately characterizing the direction and lateral extents of the mantle flow field is notoriously difficult, especially in oceanic areas where deployment of ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) is expensive and thus rare. In this study, by applying shear wave splitting analyses to a dataset recorded by an OBS array that we deployed between mid-2019 and mid-2020 in the South China Sea (SCS), we show that the dominant mantle flow field has a NNW-SSE orientation, which can be attributed to mantle flow extruded from the Tibetan Plateau by the ongoing Indian-Eurasian collision. In addition, the results suggest that E-W oriented flow fields observed in South China and the Indochina Peninsula do not extend to the central SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fansheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
- Geology and Geophysics Program, Department of Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Rui Gao
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Stephen S Gao
- Geology and Geophysics Program, Department of Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Kelly H Liu
- Geology and Geophysics Program, Department of Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Weiwei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Xiongwei Niu
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Aiguo Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Pingchuan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Jianke Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao266071, China
| | - Shaoping Lu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Zhengyi Tong
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
| | - Liqun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
| | - Wenfei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
| | - Yanghui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
| | - Jiabiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou310012, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai519082, China
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Quantitative Analysis of Cenozoic Extension in the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea: Insight on Tectonic Control for Hydrocarbon Reservoir Accumulation and Formation. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15114011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cenozoic extension rates were calculated based on 20 seismic profiles across the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea. The results confirmed that the Cenozoic rifting in the Qiongdongnan Basin exhibited multistage extension and spatiotemporal variation. In terms of the N–S striking seismic profiles, the structural forms of the northern and southern sags of the basin were characterized by narrow half grabens, while the structure at the center sag of the basin was characterized by wide and gentle grabens. The fault strikes in the west of the basin were mainly northeast–southwest trending, whereas those in the east of the basin changed from northeast–southwest trending to nearly east–west trending. The extension rate in the east sag was higher than that in the west area. The extension rate in the middle part was lower relative to the east and west sags. This was because the rifting was controlled by the distribution of the main boundary fault along the basin. Temporally, the Cenozoic extension could be divided into three periods: Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene. The amount of stretching in the three extension stages was unevenly distributed in the entire basin. The maximum was mainly in the Oligocene Lingshui and Yacheng Formations. The Oligocene extension occurred in the entire basin, and the Eocene extension was limited to the Ledong and Changchang sags. Significant fault activity could be observed during the deposition period of the Yacheng and Lingshui Formations and could be attributed to strong extensional activity. The rifting tectonics controlled the distribution of source rocks and oil-generating window as well as hydrocarbon generation, reservoir formation, and accumulation.
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Liu J, Lindstrom AJ, Marler TE, Gong X. Not that young: combining plastid phylogenomic, plate tectonic and fossil evidence indicates a Palaeogene diversification of Cycadaceae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:217-230. [PMID: 34520529 PMCID: PMC8796677 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous molecular dating studies revealed historical mass extinctions and recent radiations of extant cycads, but debates still exist between palaeobotanists and evolutionary biologists regarding the origin and evolution of Cycadaceae. METHODS Using whole plastomic data, we revisited the phylogeny of this family and found the Palawan endemic Cycas clade was strongly related to all lineages from Southeast Eurasia, coinciding with a plate drift event occurring in the Early Oligocene. By integrating fossil and biogeographical calibrations as well as molecular data from protein-coding genes, we established different calibration schemes and tested competing evolutionary timelines of Cycadaceae. KEY RESULTS We found recent dispersal cannot explain the distribution of Palawan Cycas, yet the scenario including the tectonic calibration yielded a mean crown age of extant Cycadaceae of ~69-43 million years ago by different tree priors, consistent with multiple Palaeogene fossils assigned to this family. Biogeographical analyses incorporating fossil distributions revealed East Asia as the ancestral area of Cycadaceae. CONCLUSIONS Our findings challenge the previously proposed Middle-Late Miocene diversification of cycads and an Indochina origin for Cycadaceae and highlight the importance of combining phylogenetic clades, tectonic events and fossils for rebuilding the evolutionary history of lineages that have undergone massive extinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- For correspondence. Email , or
| | - Anders J Lindstrom
- Global Biodiversity Conservancy, 144/124 Moo3, Soi Bua Thong, Bangsalae, Sattahip, Chonburi 20250, Thailand
- For correspondence. Email , or
| | - Thomas E Marler
- Western Pacific Tropical Research Center, University of Guam, UOG Station, Mangilao, GU 96923, USA
| | - Xun Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- For correspondence. Email , or
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Submarine Geomorphological Features and Their Origins Analyzed from Multibeam Bathymetry Data in the South China Sea. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9121419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We processed the raw multi-beam bathymetry data acquired in the central and northeastern part of the South China Sea by eliminating noise and abnormal water depth values caused by environmental factors, and a high resolution bathymetric map with a 20-m grid interval was constructed. Various scales of seafloor geomorphological features were identified from the data, including an image of Shenhu canyon, which is located in the northern continental margin of the South China Sea; submarine reticular dunes in the north of the Dongsha atoll; submarine parallel dunes in the northeast of the Dongsha atoll; and several seamounts in the southwest sub-basin and in the east sub-basin. In the processing step, various anomalies in the multi-beam bathymetry data were corrected. The optimal swath filtering and surface filtering methods were chosen for different scales of seafloor topography in order to restore the true geomorphological features. For the large-scale features with abrupt elevation changes, such as seamounts (heights of ~111–778 m) and submarine canyons (incision height of ~90–230 m), we applied swath filtering to remove noise from the full water depth range of the data, and then surface filtering to remove small noises in the local areas. For the reticular dunes and parallel dunes (heights of ~2–32 m), we applied only surface filtering to refine the data. Based on the geometries of the geomorphological features with different scales, the marine hydrodynamic conditions, and the regional structure in the local areas, we propose that the Shenhu submarine canyon was formed by turbidity current erosion during the Sag subsidence and the sediment collapse. The submarine reticular dunes in the north of the Dongsha atoll were built by the multi-direction dominant currents caused by the previously recognised internal solitary waves around the Dongsha atoll. The submarine parallel dunes in the northeast of the Dongsha atoll were built by the repeated washing of sediments with the influence of the tidal currents and internal solitary waves. The conical, linear and irregular seamounts identified from the bathymetry data were formed during the spreading of the southwest sub-basin and the east sub-basin. The identified seamounts in the multi-beam bathymetry data are correlated to deep magmatic activities, the Zhongnan transform fault and the NE-trending faults.
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Research on the Estimate of Gas Hydrate Saturation Based on LSTM Recurrent Neural Network. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13246536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gas hydrate saturation is an important index for evaluating gas hydrate reservoirs, and well logs are an effective method for estimating gas hydrate saturation. To use well logs better to estimate gas hydrate saturation, and to establish the deep internal connections and laws of the data, we propose a method of using deep learning technology to estimate gas hydrate saturation from well logs. Considering that well logs have sequential characteristics, we used the long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network to predict the gas hydrate saturation from the well logs of two sites in the Shenhu area, South China Sea. By constructing an LSTM recurrent layer and two fully connected layers at one site, we used resistivity and acoustic velocity logs that were sensitive to gas hydrate as input. We used the gas hydrate saturation calculated by the chloride concentration of the pore water as output to train the LSTM network. We achieved a good training result. Applying the trained LSTM recurrent neural network to another site in the same area achieved good prediction of gas hydrate saturation, showing the unique advantages of deep learning technology in gas hydrate saturation estimation.
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Chen WJ, Borsa P. Diversity, phylogeny, and historical biogeography of large-eye seabreams (Teleostei: Lethrinidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 151:106902. [PMID: 32619569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The large-eye seabreams or Monotaxinae is one of two subfamilies in the Lethrinidae, a family of perch-like coral reef fishes. Despite its widespread occurrence and its commercial interest in the tropical Indo-West Pacific (IWP), this subfamily has traditionally been considered a taxonomically difficult group. Based on 268 samples collected from all 15 known large-eye seabream species throughout their distribution ranges, we investigated the taxonomic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in the subfamily. From the results of multiple analyses on four gene markers, we confirmed the monophyly of all four genera in the subfamily (Gnathodentex, Gymnocranius, Monotaxis and Wattsia). We confirmed the occurrence of two species in the genus Monotaxis. We reported 15 delimited species within the most speciose genus Gymnocranius, four of which are potentially new species. The time-calibrated phylogenetic reconstruction enabled us to clarify the evolutionary history of the large-eye seabreams and to infer past patterns of species distribution. The most recent common ancestor to the Monotaxinae likely occurred in the central IWP ca. 32 million years ago. A burst of species diversification likely took place during the Mid- to Late Miocene, coinciding with tectonic change in the central IWP region. This gave rise to most extant lineages in Gymnocranius. The observed geographic distribution patterns in the subfamily most likely point to the central IWP as the area of origin and diversification. This was followed by multiple events of centrifugal range expansion towards either the Indian Ocean or the western Pacific Ocean, or both. Our results thus provide new support for S. Ekman's center-of-origin hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jen Chen
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Philippe Borsa
- Institut de recherche pour le développement, IRD-UMR 250, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier cedex, France.
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Yu X, Liu Z. Non-mantle-plume process caused the initial spreading of the South China Sea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8500. [PMID: 32444825 PMCID: PMC7244718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mantle plume process is thought to be the prevailing dynamic mechanism for the South China Sea opening, but controversy persists due to the lack of critical evidence of magma in the initial seafloor spreading. International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 367 successfully recovered at Site U1500 the mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) representing the magma activity of the initial spreading of the South China Sea during the earliest Oligocene. Here we present the whole-rock and olivine phenocryst geochemistry of the basalts to constrain the potential influence of the Hainan mantle plume on the evolution of the South China Sea. Major and trace elemental compositions indicate that the basalts were mainly influenced by fractional crystallization of olivine and formed by melting of a spinel peridotite source without any pyroxenite in mantle source. The calculated mantle potential temperature of those most primitive basalts is much lower than plume-related MORB of Iceland, but similar to normal MORB elsewhere. Both lithological composition and mantle potential temperature clearly contradict with the mantle plume model, signifying that the mantle plume didn't exist at the earliest Oligocene. Therefore, the initial spreading of the South China Sea should be caused by non-plume processes, most likely by the westward subduction of the Pacific Plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Zhifei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Zhao M, Sibuet JC, Wu J. Intermingled fates of the South China Sea and Philippine Sea plate. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:886-890. [PMID: 34691949 PMCID: PMC8291604 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jean-Claude Sibuet
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Ifremer Centre de Brest, Plouzané Cedex, France
| | - Jonny Wu
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, USA
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Lin J, Xu Y, Sun Z, Zhou Z. Mantle upwelling beneath the South China Sea and links to surrounding subduction systems. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:877-881. [PMID: 34691947 PMCID: PMC8291476 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yigang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Huang CY, Wang P, Yu M, You CF, Liu CS, Zhao X, Shao L, Zhong G, Yumul GP. Potential role of strike-slip faults in opening up the South China Sea. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:891-901. [PMID: 34691950 PMCID: PMC8291434 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiometric dates of key rock units indicate that a remnant Late Mesozoic ocean of the Huatung Basin is still preserved today east of the South China Sea (SCS). We integrate regional geology with a Cretaceous oceanic basement in the vicinity of the Huatung Basin to reconstruct the Huatung Plate east of the Eurasian continent. Results of geophysical investigations, four expeditions of deep-sea drilling and a renaissance of regional geology allow us to propose a hypothesis that the mechanism responsible for the SCS opening was raised from strike-slip fault on the east. The hypothesis suggests that the SCS opening could highly relate to the strike-slip faults inherited from Late Mesozoic structures onshore-offshore the SE Cathaysia Block to develop rhombic-shaped extensional basins en echelon on the thinned Eurasian continental crust in the Early Cenozoic. It was followed by sinistral strike-slip movements along the boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Huatung Plate driven by oblique subduction of the Huatung Plate to the northwest coupled with slab-pull force by southward subduction of the Proto-SCS to open up the triangle-shaped oceanic East Sub-basin in the Early Oligocene (33/34 Ma). The spreading ridge then propagated southwestward in the step-over segment between the Zhongnan-Lile and the Red River strike-slip fault systems to open the triangle-shaped oceanic Southwest Sub-basin by 23 Ma. The plate boundary fault was subsequently converted into the Manila Trench when the Eocene Sierra Madre arc of the Huatung Plate had moved from the south to its present latitude by the Middle Miocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092
- Department of Earth Science, Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701
| | - Pinxian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092
| | - Mengming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092
| | - Chen-Feng You
- Department of Earth Science, Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701
| | - Char-Shine Liu
- Institute of Oceanography, Taiwan University, Taipei 10617
| | - Xixi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Lei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092
| | - Guangfa Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092
| | - Graciano P Yumul
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Banos College, Los Baños Laguna, Philippines 4031
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Mesozoic Northward Subduction Along the SE Asian Continental Margin Inferred from Magmatic Records in the South China Sea. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the Mesozoic, Southeast (SE) Asia (including South China and the South China Sea (SCS)) was located in a transitional area between the Tethyan and Pacific geotectonic regimes. However, it is unclear whether geodynamic processes in the SE Asian continental margin were controlled by Tethyan or paleo-Pacific Ocean subduction. Herein, we report ~124 Ma adakitic granodiorites and Nb-enriched basalts from the Xiaozhenzhu Seamount of the SCS. Granodiorites have relatively high Sr/Y (34.7–37.0) and (La/Yb)N (13.8–15.7) ratios, as well as low Y (9.67–9.90 μg/g) and Yb (0.93–0.94 μg/g) concentrations, typical of adakites. Their Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N values coupled with their relatively low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70541–0.70551), relatively high K2O contents (3.31–3.38 wt%), high Th/La ratios (0.33–0.40), negative εNd(t) values (−3.62 to −3.52), and their variable zircon εHf(t) values (−3.8 to +5.2) indicate that these rocks were formed by melting of subducted oceanic crust and sediments. The Nb-enriched basalts show enrichment in high field strength elements (HFSE) and have εNd(t) values of +2.90 to +2.93, as well as relatively low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.70341–0.70343, demonstrating that they were derived from a depleted-mantle (DM) source metasomatized by silicate magmas originating from melting of a subducted oceanic lithospheric slab. By combining our findings with data from other Late Mesozoic arc-related magmatic rocks and adakites from the broader study area, we propose a geotectonic model involving subduction of young oceanic lithosphere during the Late Jurassic and northward subduction of the proto-South China Sea (PSCS) along the SE Asian continental margin during the Early Cretaceous. This conceptual model better explains the two-period Mesozoic magmatism, commonly reported for the SE Asian continental margin.
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12
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Constraining Mantle Heterogeneity beneath the South China Sea: A New Perspective on Magma Water Content. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9070410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The nature of upper mantle is important to understand the evolution of the South China Sea (SCS); thus, we need better constrains on its mantle heterogeneity. Magma water concentration is a good indicator, but few data have been reported. However, the rarity of glass and melt inclusions and the special genesis for phenocrysts in SCS basalts present challenges to analyzing magmatic water content. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the water variations through the characteristics of partial melting and magma crystallization. We evaluated variations in Fe depletion, degree of melt fractions, and mantle source composition along the fossil spreading ridge (FSR) using SCS basalt data from published papers. We found that lava from the FSR 116.2° E, FSR 117.7° E, and non-FSR regions can be considered normal lava with normal water content; in contrast, lava from the FSR 117° E-carbonatite and 114.9–115.0° E basalts have higher water content and show evidence of strong Fe depletion during the fractional crystallization after elimination of the effects of plagioclase oversaturation. The enriched water in the 117° E-carbonatite basalts is contained in carbonated silicate melts, and that in the 114.9–115.0° E basalts results from mantle contamination with the lower continental crust. The lava from the 117° E-normal basalt has much lower water content because of the lesser influence of the Hainan plume. Therefore, there must be a mantle source compositional transition area between the southwestern and eastern sub-basins of the SCS, which have different mantle evolution histories. The mantle in the west is more affected by contamination with continental materials, while that in the east is more affected by the Hainan mantle plume.
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Giant Submarine Landslide in the South China Sea: Evidence, Causes, and Implications. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse7050152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Submarine landslides can be tremendous in scale. They are one of the most important processes for global sediment fluxes and tsunami generation. However, studies of prodigious submarine landslides remain insufficient. In this review paper, we compile, summarize, and reanalyze the results of previous studies. Based on this reanalysis, we discover the giant Baiyun–Liwan submarine slide in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea. We describe three concurrent pieces of evidence from ~23 Ma to 24 Ma, the Oligocene–Miocene boundary, for this landslide: the shoreward shift of the shelf break in the Baiyun Sag, the slump deposition to the southeast, and the abrupt decrease in the accumulation rate on the lower continental slope. This landslide extends for over 250 km, and the total affected area of the slide is up to ~35,000–40,000 km2. The scale of the landslide is similar to that of the Storegga slide, which has long been considered to be the largest landslide on earth. We suggest that strike–slip movement along the Red River Fault and ridge jump of the South China Sea caused the coeval Baiyun–Liwan submarine slide. The identification of the giant landslide will promote the understanding of not only its associated geohazards but also the steep rise of the Himalayan orogeny and marine engineering. More attention needs to be paid to areas with repeated submarine landslides and offshore installations.
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14
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LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Clinopyroxenes in Basaltic Pyroclastic Rocks from the Xisha Islands, Northwestern South China Sea. MINERALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/min8120575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cenozoic volcanic rocks were recently discovered during full-coring kilometer-scale major scientific drilling in the Xisha Islands, northwestern South China Sea. A systematic mineralogical study of these samples was performed for this paper. The results show that the volcanic rock samples are basaltic pyroclastic. The major elements demonstrate that the clinopyroxenes are diopside and fassaite, which contain high Al2O3 (5.33–11.2 wt. %), TiO2 (2.13–4.78 wt. %) and CaO (22.5–23.7 wt. %). Clinopyroxenes have high REE abundances (104–215 ppm) and are strongly enriched in LREE (LREE/HREE = 3.56–5.14, La/YbN = 2.61–5.1). Large-ion lithophile elements show depleted characteristics. Nb/Ta shows obvious fractionation features: Nb is lightly enriched, relative to primitive mantle, but Ta is heavily depleted, relative to primitive mantle. The parental magma of the basaltic pyroclastic rocks belongs to a silica-undersaturated alkaline series, characterized by a high temperature, low pressure, and low oxygen fugacity. The AlIV content increases with decreasing Si concentration. The Si-unsaturated state causes Si-Al isomorphic replacement during the formation of clinopyroxene. The electric charge imbalance caused by the replacement of Si by Al is mainly compensated by Fe3+. The clinopyroxene discrimination diagrams show that the parental magma formed in an intraplate tectonic setting environment.
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Jolivet L, Faccenna C, Becker T, Tesauro M, Sternai P, Bouilhol P. Mantle Flow and Deforming Continents: From India-Asia Convergence to Pacific Subduction. TECTONICS 2018; 37:2887-2914. [PMID: 31007341 PMCID: PMC6472563 DOI: 10.1029/2018tc005036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The formation of mountain belts or rift zones is commonly attributed to interactions between plates along their boundaries, but the widely distributed deformation of Asia from Himalaya to the Japan Sea and other back-arc basins is difficult to reconcile with this notion. Through comparison of the tectonic and kinematic records of the last 50 Ma with seismic tomography and anisotropy models, we show that the closure of the former Tethys Ocean and the extensional deformation of East Asia can be best explained if the asthenospheric mantle transporting India northward, forming the Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau, reaches East Asia where it overrides the westward flowing Pacific mantle and contributes to subduction dynamics, distributing extensional deformation over a 3,000-km wide region. This deep asthenospheric flow partly controls the compressional stresses transmitted through the continent-continent collision, driving crustal thickening below the Himalayas and Tibet and the propagation of strike-slip faults across Asian lithosphere further north and east, as well as with the lithospheric and crustal flow powered by slab retreat east of the collision zone below East and SE Asia. The main shortening direction in the deforming continent between the collision zone and the Pacific subduction zones may in this case be a proxy for the direction of flow in the asthenosphere underneath, which may become a useful tool for studying mantle flow in the distant past. Our model of the India-Asia collision emphasizes the role of asthenospheric flow underneath continents and may offer alternative ways of understanding tectonic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Jolivet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS‐INSU, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris, ISTeP UMR 7193ParisFrance
| | | | - Thorsten Becker
- UTIGUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
- DGSUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
- JSGUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
| | - Magdala Tesauro
- Dipartimento di Matematica e GeoscienzeUniversita degli studi di TriesteTriesteItaly
| | - Pietro Sternai
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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Advokaat EL, Marshall NT, Li S, Spakman W, Krijgsman W, van Hinsbergen DJJ. Cenozoic Rotation History of Borneo and Sundaland, SE Asia Revealed by Paleomagnetism, Seismic Tomography, and Kinematic Reconstruction. TECTONICS 2018; 37:2486-2512. [PMID: 30333679 PMCID: PMC6175333 DOI: 10.1029/2018tc005010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
SE Asia comprises a heterogeneous assemblage of fragments derived from Cathaysia (Eurasia) in the north and Gondwana in the south, separated by suture zones representing closed former ocean basins. The western part of the region comprises Sundaland, which was formed by Late Permian-Triassic amalgamation of continental and arc fragments now found in Indochina, the Thai Penisula, Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra. On Borneo, the Kuching Zone formed the eastern margin of Sundaland since the Triassic. To the SE of the Kuching Zone, the Gondwana-derived continental fragments of SW Borneo and East Kalimantan accreted in the Cretaceous. South China-derived fragments accreted to north of the Kuching Zone in the Miocene. Deciphering this complex geodynamic history of SE Asia requires restoration of its deformation history, but quantitative constraints are often sparse. Paleomagnetism may provide such constraints. Previous paleomagnetic studies demonstrated that Sundaland and fragments in Borneo underwent vertical axis rotations since the Cretaceous. We provide new paleomagnetic data from Eocene-Miocene sedimentary rocks in the Kutai Basin, east Borneo, and critically reevaluate the published database, omitting sites that do not pass widely used, up-to-date reliability criteria. We use the resulting database to develop an updated kinematic restoration. We test the regional or local nature of paleomagnetic rotations against fits between the restored orientation of the Sunda Trench and seismic tomography images of the associated slabs. Paleomagnetic data and mantle tomography of the Sunda slab indicate that Sundaland did not experience significant vertical axis rotations since the Late Jurassic. Paleomagnetic data show that Borneo underwent a ~35° counterclockwise rotation constrained to the Late Eocene and an additional ~10° counterclockwise rotation since the Early Miocene. How this rotation was accommodated relative to Sundaland is enigmatic but likely involved distributed extension in the West Java Sea between Borneo and Sumatra. This Late Eocene-Early Oligocene rotation is contemporaneous with and may have been driven by a marked change in motion of Australia relative to Eurasia, from eastward to northward, which also has led to the initiation of subduction along the eastern Sunda trench and the proto-South China Sea to the south and north of Borneo, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shihu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wim Spakman
- Department of Earth SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Centre of Earth Evolution and DynamicsUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Wout Krijgsman
- Department of Earth SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
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Yi L, Jian Z, Liu X, Zhu Y, Zhang D, Wang Z, Deng C. Astronomical tuning and magnetostratigraphy of Neogene biogenic reefs in Xisha Islands, South China Sea. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2018; 63:564-573. [PMID: 36658843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic reefs are one of two major depositional types in the South China Sea, and are constructed by coral, algae and bryozoa. The West Pacific is a major area of biogenic reef development and plays a critical role in the global carbon cycle. However, the lack of geochronological studies in previous works inhibits our understanding of their contributions. Herein, we conduct a cyclostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic study on Neogene biogenic reefs using the XK-1 core that was drilled at the Shidao Island, Xisha (Paracel) Islands. The main findings of this study are: (1) the establishment of reliable magentostratigraphy for Ledong, Huangliu, Meishan and Sanya Formations; (2) the magnetic susceptibility variation can be inferred as growth index and tuned to the 405-ka long eccentricity cycle; (3) the astronomical geochronology suggests that the bottom ages for Ledong, Yinggehai, Huangliu, Meishan, and Sanya Formations are 2.2 Ma, 5.7 Ma, 10.4 Ma, 16.6 Ma, and 24.3 Ma, respectively; and (4) Earth's eccentricity and obliquity played predominant roles in biogenic reef establishment on orbital to tectonic timescales. Thus, the reported geochronology offers an opportunity to test the contributions of various factors and hypothesize their roles in the global carbon cycle in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Zhimin Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- China National Offshore Oil Corporation Ltd., Zhanjiang Branch, Zhanjiang 524057, China
| | - Youhua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Daojun Zhang
- China National Offshore Oil Corporation Ltd., Zhanjiang Branch, Zhanjiang 524057, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wang
- China National Offshore Oil Corporation Ltd., Zhanjiang Branch, Zhanjiang 524057, China
| | - Chenglong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Ali JR. Geological data indicate that the interpretation for the age-calibrated phylogeny for the Kurixalus-genus frogs of South, South-east and East Asia (Lv et al., 2018) needs to be rethought. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 145:106053. [PMID: 29448062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, Lv et al. (2018) published an age-calibrated phylogenetic tree for the Kurixalus frogs, members of which occur across parts of South, South-east and East Asia. A clade on Taiwan, represented by Kurixalus idiootocus and the Kurixalus eiffingeri species complex, is deemed to have been resident since the middle Cenozoic; its closest congeners are in southern Indochina (not in the adjacent parts of south-east China), and the split between the two is dated at 32.8 Ma. Furthermore, a sub-population of Kurixalus eiffingeri is believed to have colonized islands in the western Ryukyus c. 13.5 Ma. There is, however, a problem with this scenario: the landmass regarded as modern-day Taiwan has existed only for 4-5 million years (it results from a young and ongoing tectonic-plate collision). Assuming the Kurixalus phylogeny and the dating of its branchings are correct, then a palaeobiogeographical scenario involving an older, alternative land surface with later transfer to Taiwan, possibly involving over-water dispersal, would reconcile the biology, but testing this may be difficult/impossible. If the ages of the nodes in the proposed tree are found to be significantly overestimated, the geology and biology might more easily be accommodated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Ali
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Yan Q, Shi X, Metcalfe I, Liu S, Xu T, Kornkanitnan N, Sirichaiseth T, Yuan L, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Hainan mantle plume produced late Cenozoic basaltic rocks in Thailand, Southeast Asia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2640. [PMID: 29422658 PMCID: PMC5805767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraplate volcanism initiated shortly after the cessation of Cenozoic seafloor spreading in the South China Sea (SCS) region, but the full extent of its influence on the Indochina block has not been well constrained. Here we present major and trace element data and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotope ratios of late Cenozoic basaltic lavas from the Khorat plateau and some volcanic centers in the Paleozoic Sukhothai arc terrane in Thailand. These volcanic rocks are mainly trachybasalts and basaltic trachyandesites. Trace element patterns and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic compositions show that these alkaline volcanic lavas exhibit oceanic island basalt (OIB)-like characteristics with enrichments in both large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and high field strength elements (HFSEs). Their mantle source is a mixture between a depleted Indian MORB-type mantle and an enriched mantle type 2 (EMII). We suggest that the post-spreading intraplate volcanism in the SCS region was induced by a Hainan mantle plume which spread westwards to the Paleozoic Sukhothai arc terrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanshu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China.
| | - Xuefa Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China.
| | - Ian Metcalfe
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Shengfa Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Taoyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Narumol Kornkanitnan
- Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center Upper Gulf of Thailand, 120/1 Bangyapraek, Meuang, Samut sakhon, 74000, Thailand
| | - Thanyapat Sirichaiseth
- Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center Upper Gulf of Thailand, 120/1 Bangyapraek, Meuang, Samut sakhon, 74000, Thailand
| | - Long Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China
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Landscape response to progressive tectonic and climatic forcing in NW Borneo: Implications for geological and geomorphic controls on flood hazard. Sci Rep 2017; 7:457. [PMID: 28352115 PMCID: PMC5428868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical models have simulated the consequences of uplift and orographic-precipitation on the evolution of orogens whereas the effects of these forcings on ridgelines and consequent topography of natural landscapes remain equivocal. Here we demonstrate the feedback of a terrestrial landscape in NW Borneo subject to uplift and precipitation gradient owing to orographic effect, and leading to less-predictable flooding and irreversible damages to life and property. Disequilibrium in a large catchment recording the lowest rainfall rates in Borneo, and adjacent drainage basins as determined through χ, a proxy for steady–state channel elevation, is shown to result in dynamic migration of water divide from the windward-side of the orogen towards the leeward-side to attain equilibrium. Loss of drainage area in the leeward-side reduces erosion rates with progressive shortening resulting in an unstable landscape with tectonic uplift, gravity faults and debris flows. 14C dating of exhumed cut-and-fill terraces reveal a Mid–Pleistocene age, suggesting tectonic events in the trend of exhumation rates (>7 mm a−1) estimated by thermochronology, and confirmed by morphotectonic and sedimentological analyses. Our study suggests that divide migration leads to lowered erosion rates, channel narrowing, and sediment accretion in intermontane basins on the leeward-side ultimately resulting in enhanced flooding.
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Rapid conversion of an oceanic spreading center to a subduction zone inferred from high-precision geochronology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7359-E7366. [PMID: 27821756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609999113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Where and how subduction zones initiate is a fundamental tectonic problem, yet there are few well-constrained geologic tests that address the tectonic settings and dynamics of the process. Numerical modeling has shown that oceanic spreading centers are some of the weakest parts of the plate tectonic system [Gurnis M, Hall C, Lavier L (2004) Geochem Geophys Geosys 5:Q07001], but previous studies have not favored them for subduction initiation because of the positive buoyancy of young lithosphere. Instead, other weak zones, such as fracture zones, have been invoked. Because these models differ in terms of the ages of crust that are juxtaposed at the site of subduction initiation, they can be tested by dating the protoliths of metamorphosed oceanic crust that is formed by underthrusting at the beginning of subduction and comparing that age with the age of the overlying lithosphere and the timing of subduction initiation itself. In the western Philippines, we find that oceanic crust was less than ∼1 My old when it was underthrust and metamorphosed at the onset of subduction in Palawan, Philippines, implying forced subduction initiation at a spreading center. This result shows that young and positively buoyant, but weak, lithosphere was the preferred site for subduction nucleation despite the proximity of other potential weak zones with older, denser lithosphere and that plate motion rapidly changed from divergence to convergence.
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Clift PD. Assessing effective provenance methods for fluvial sediment in the South China Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1144/sp429.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSediment is delivered by the rivers of SE Asia to the South China Sea where it provides an archive of continental environmental conditions since the Eocene. Interpreting this archive is complicated because sediment may be derived from a number of unique sources and the rivers themselves have experienced headwater capture that also affects their composition. A number of methods exist to constrain provenance, but not all work well in this area. Anthropogenic impacts, most notably agriculture, mean that the modern rivers contain more weathered materials than they did up until about 3000 years ago. The rivers have also changed their bulk chemistry and clay mineralogy in response to climate change, so that these proxies, as well as Sr isotopes, are generally unreliable provenance indicators. Nd isotopes resolve influx from Luzon, but many other sources in SE Asia have similar values and clear resolution of end members can be difficult. Instead, thermochronology methods are best suited, especially apatite fission track, which shows more diversity in the sources than either U–Pb zircon or Ar/Ar muscovite dating. Nonetheless, even fission track is best used as part of a multiproxy approach if a robust quantitative budget is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Clift
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA (e-mail: )
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Mantle wedge infiltrated with saline fluids from dehydration and decarbonation of subducting slab. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:9663-8. [PMID: 23716664 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Slab-derived fluids play an important role in heat and material transfer in subduction zones. Dehydration and decarbonation reactions of minerals in the subducting slab have been investigated using phase equilibria and modeling of fluid flow. Nevertheless, direct observations of the fluid chemistry and pressure-temperature conditions of fluids are few. This report describes CO2-bearing saline fluid inclusions in spinel-harzburgite xenoliths collected from the 1991 Pinatubo pumice deposits. The fluid inclusions are filled with saline solutions with 5.1 ± 1.0% (wt) NaCl-equivalent magnesite crystals, CO2-bearing vapor bubbles, and a talc and/or chrysotile layer on the walls. The xenoliths contain tremolite amphibole, which is stable in temperatures lower than 830 °C at the uppermost mantle. The Pinatubo volcano is located at the volcanic front of the Luzon arc associated with subduction of warm oceanic plate. The present observation suggests hydration of forearc mantle and the uppermost mantle by slab-derived CO2-bearing saline fluids. Dehydration and decarbonation take place, and seawater-like saline fluids migrate from the subducting slab to the mantle wedge. The presence of saline fluids is important because they can dissolve more metals than pure H2O and affect the chemical evolution of the mantle wedge.
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LI AC, HUANG J, JIANG HY, WAN SM. Sedimentary Evolution in the Northern Slope of the South China Sea Since the Oligocene and Its Response to Tectonics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjg2.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An-Chun LI
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment; Institute of Oenology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao; 266071; China
| | | | | | - Shi-Ming WAN
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment; Institute of Oenology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao; 266071; China
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ZHAO ZX, SUN Z, XIE H, YAN CZ, LI YP. Cenozoic Subsidence and Lithospheric Stretching Deformation of the Baiyun Deepwater Area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjg2.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen SUN
- Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou; 510301; China
| | | | - Cheng-Zhi YAN
- Institute of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Branch; China National Offshore Oil Corporation; Guangzhou; 510240; China
| | - Yuan-Ping LI
- Institute of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Branch; China National Offshore Oil Corporation; Guangzhou; 510240; China
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SUN Z, ZHAO ZX, LI JB, ZHOU D, WANG ZW. Tectonic Analysis of the Breakup and Bollision Unconformities in the Nansha Block. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjg2.1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen SUN
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Guangzhou; 510301; China
| | - Zhong-Xian ZHAO
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Guangzhou; 510301; China
| | - Jia-Biao LI
- The Second Institute of Oceanography; State Oceanic Administration; Hangzhou; 310012; China
| | - Di ZHOU
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Guangzhou; 510301; China
| | - Zhang-Wen WANG
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Guangzhou; 510301; China
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DING WW, LI JB. Seismic Stratigraphy, Tectonic Structure and Extension Factors Across the Dangerous Grounds: Evidence from Two Regional Multi-Channel Seismic Profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjg2.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kirby S, Engdahl RE, Denlinger R. Intermediate-Depth Intraslab Earthquakes and Arc Volcanism as Physical Expressions of Crustal and Uppermost Mantle Metamorphism in Subducting Slabs. SUBDUCTION TOP TO BOTTOM 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm096p0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Westaway R. Crustal volume balance during the India-Eurasia collision and altitude of the Tibetan Plateau: A working hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nissen SS, Hayes DE, Buhl P, Diebold J, Bochu Y, Zeng W, Chen Y. Deep penetration seismic soundings across the northern margin of the South China Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hayes DE, Nissen SS, Buhl P, Diebold J, Bochu Y, Zeng W, Chen Y. Throughgoing crustal faults along the northern margin of the South China Sea and their role in crustal extension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Nissen SS, Hayes DE, Bochu Y, Zeng W, Chen Y, Nu X. Gravity, heat flow, and seismic constraints on the processes of crustal extension: Northern margin of the South China Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dyment J, Cande SC, Arkani-Hamed J. Skewness of marine magnetic anomalies created between 85 and 40 Ma in the Indian Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Leloup PH, Harrison TM, Ryerson FJ, Wenji C, Qi L, Tapponnier P, Lacassin R. Structural, petrological and thermal evolution of a Tertiary ductile strike-slip shear zone, Diancang Shan, Yunnan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb02791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fournier M, Jolivet L, Huchon P, Sergeyev KF, Oscorbin LS. Neogene strike-slip faulting in Sakhalin and the Japan Sea opening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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The propagation of seafloor spreading in the southwestern subbasin, South China Sea. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cenozoic stratigraphy of Taiwan: Window into rifting, stratigraphy and paleoceanography of South China Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tracing the life history of a marginal sea—On “The South China Sea Deep” Research Program. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Passive seismic experiment and ScS wave splitting in the southwestern subbasin of South China Sea. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Magnetic recording of the Cenozoic oceanic crustal accretion and evolution of the South China Sea basin. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Xu Y, Wei J, Qiu H, Zhang H, Huang X. Opening and evolution of the South China Sea constrained by studies on volcanic rocks: Preliminary results and a research design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang X, Hutchinson DR, Wu S, Yang S, Guo Y. Elevated gas hydrate saturation within silt and silty clay sediments in the Shenhu area, South China Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wan S, Clift PD, Li A, Li T, Yin X. Geochemical records in the South China Sea: implications for East Asian summer monsoon evolution over the last 20 Ma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1144/sp342.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe reconstruct past changes in the East Asian summer monsoon over the last 20 Ma using samples from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1146 of Leg 184 in the northern South China Sea based on the major (Al, Ca, Na, K, Ti, etc.) and trace element (Rb, Sr, and Ba) geochemistry of terrigenous sediments. This study and combined review suggests that the long-term evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon is similar to that of the Indian summer monsoon, but distinct from the East Asian winter monsoon. Generally, the Asian summer monsoon intensity has decreased gradually from its maximum in the Early Miocene. In contrast, the Asian winter monsoon shows a phased enhancement since 20 Ma bp. Moreover, our study shows that the long-term intensities of the Asian summer and winter monsoons may have different forcing factors. Specifically, the winter monsoon is strongly linked to phased uplift of Tibetan plateau and to Northern Hemispheric Glaciation. In contrast, global cooling since 20 Ma bp may have largely reduced the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere and thus weakened the Asian summer monsoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Wan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Peter D. Clift
- School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, Kings College, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Anchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tiegang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xuebo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Jolivet L, Tamaki K, Fournier M. Japan Sea, opening history and mechanism: A synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb03463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Queano KL, Ali JR, Milsom J, Aitchison JC, Pubellier M. North Luzon and the Philippine Sea Plate motion model: Insights following paleomagnetic, structural, and age-dating investigations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jb004506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Simoes M, Avouac JP, Chen YG, Singhvi AK, Wang CY, Jaiswal M, Chan YC, Bernard S. Kinematic analysis of the Pakuashan fault tip fold, west central Taiwan: Shortening rate and age of folding inception. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Huang W, Wang P. Statistics of sediment mass in the South China Sea: Method and results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11707-007-0012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mann P. Global catalogue, classification and tectonic origins of restraining- and releasing bends on active and ancient strike-slip fault systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1144/sp290.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRestraining- and releasing bends with similar morphology and structure have been described by many previous studies of strike-slip faults in a variety of active and ancient tectonic settings. Despite the documentation of at least 49 restraining and 144 releasing bends along active and ancient strike-slip faults in the continents and oceans, there is no consensus on how these structural features are named and classified, or how their wide range of structures and morphologies are controlled by the distinctive strike-slip tectonic settings in which they form. In this overview, I have compiled published information on the strike-slip tectonic setting, size, basin and bend type, age, and models for active and ancient releasing and restraining bends. Examples of bends on strike-slip faults are compiled and illustrated from five distinctive active strike-slip settings:oceanic transforms separating oceanic crust and offsetting mid-oceanic spreading ridges;long and linear plate-boundary strike-slip fault systems separating two continental plates whose plate-boundary kinematics can be quantified for long distances along strike by a single pole of rotation (e.g. the San Andreas fault system of western North America);relatively shorter, more arcuate indent-linked strike-slip fault systems bounding escaping continental fragments in zones of continent–continent or arc–continent collision (e.g. the Anatolian plate);straight to arcuate trench-linked strike-slip fault systems bounding elongate fore-arc slivers generated in active and ancient fore-arc settings by oblique subduction (e.g. Sumatra); andcratonic strike-slip fault systems removed from active plate boundaries, formed on older crustal faults, but acting as ‘concentrators’ of intraplate stresses.By far the most common, predictable and best-studied settings for restraining and releasing bends occur in continental-boundary strike-slip fault systems, where arrays of two to eight en échelon pull-apart basins mark transtensional fault segments and single and sometimes multiple large restraining bends mark transpressional segments; fault areas of transtension versus transpression are determined by the intersection angles between small circles about the interplate pole of rotation and the trend of the strike-slip fault system. These longer and more continuous boundary strike-slip systems also exhibit a widespread pattern of ‘paired bends’ or ‘sidewall ripouts’, or adjacent zones of pull-aparts and restraining bends—that range in along-strike-scale from kilometres to hundreds of kilometres. En échelon arrays of pull-apart basins are also observed on active ‘leaky’ or transtensional oceanic transforms, but restraining bends are rarely observed. In indent-linked strike-slip settings, strike-slip fault traces bounding escaping continental fragments tend to be more arcuate, less-continuous, and more splayed – but paired bends are common. Trench-linked strike-slip fault patterns closely mimic the trends of the subduction zone; these strike-slip faults can vary from long and continuous to short and arcuate, depending on the trace of the adjacent subduction zone. Paired bends are also observed in this setting. Bends on active, cratonic strike-slip fault form isolated, seismically active structures that act as ‘stress concentrators’ for intraplate stress. Cratonic strike-slip faults are generally not associated with pull-apart basins, and therefore paired bends are not observed in this setting. The most likely geological models for the formation of releasing, restraining bends, and paired bends along boundary and trench-linked strike-slip faults include:progressive linkage of en échelon shears within a young evolving shear zone; this model is not applicable to older strike-slip fault traces that have accumulated significant, lateral fault offsets;formation of lenticular ‘sidewall ripout’ structures at scales ranging from outcrop to regional; ripouts are thought to form as a response to adherence or sticking along an adjacent and relatively straight strike-slip fault zone; this structural concept may help to explain the large number of paired bends embedded within strike-slip systems, sinusoidal curvature along the traces of many strike-slip faults, and the episodic nature of lateral shifts in the main strike-slip fault zone;interaction of propagating strike-slip faults with pre-existing crustal structures such as ancient rift basins. Propagation of new strike-slip faults and interaction with older structures may occur on plate boundary, indent-linked, and trench-linked strike-slip faults; andconcentration of regional maximum compressive stress on pre-existing, basement fault trends in stable cratonic areas can produce active restraining-bend structures; periodic release of these bend-related stress concentrations is one of the leading causes of intraplate earthquakes within otherwise stable cratons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Mann
- Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, R2200, Austin, Texas 78758, USA (e-mail: )
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