1
|
Fletcher LN, de Pater I, Orton GS, Hofstadter MD, Irwin PGJ, Roman MT, Toledo D. Ice Giant Circulation Patterns: Implications for Atmospheric Probes. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2020. [PMID: 32165773 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-019-0619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric circulation patterns derived from multi-spectral remote sensing can serve as a guide for choosing a suitable entry location for a future in situ probe mission to the Ice Giants. Since the Voyager-2 flybys in the 1980s, three decades of observations from ground- and space-based observatories have generated a picture of Ice Giant circulation that is complex, perplexing, and altogether unlike that seen on the Gas Giants. This review seeks to reconcile the various competing circulation patterns from an observational perspective, accounting for spatially-resolved measurements of: zonal albedo contrasts and banded appearances; cloud-tracked zonal winds; temperature and para-H2 measurements above the condensate clouds; and equator-to-pole contrasts in condensable volatiles (methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulphide) in the deeper troposphere. These observations identify three distinct latitude domains: an equatorial domain of deep upwelling and upper-tropospheric subsidence, potentially bounded by peaks in the retrograde zonal jet and analogous to Jovian cyclonic belts; a mid-latitude transitional domain of upper-tropospheric upwelling, vigorous cloud activity, analogous to Jovian anticyclonic zones; and a polar domain of strong subsidence, volatile depletion, and small-scale (and potentially seasonally-variable) convective activity. Taken together, the multi-wavelength observations suggest a tiered structure of stacked circulation cells (at least two in the troposphere and one in the stratosphere), potentially separated in the vertical by (i) strong molecular weight gradients associated with cloud condensation, and by (ii) transitions from a thermally-direct circulation regime at depth to a wave- and radiative-driven circulation regime at high altitude. The inferred circulation can be tested in the coming decade by 3D numerical simulations of the atmosphere, and by observations from future world-class facilities. The carrier spacecraft for any probe entry mission must ultimately carry a suite of remote-sensing instruments capable of fully constraining the atmospheric motions at the probe descent location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh N Fletcher
- 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - Imke de Pater
- 3Department of Astronomy, University of California, 501 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Glenn S Orton
- 2Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Mark D Hofstadter
- 2Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Patrick G J Irwin
- 4Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - Michael T Roman
- 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - Daniel Toledo
- 4Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma ZW, Chen T, Zhang HW, Yu MY. Effective Resistivity in Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10521. [PMID: 30002502 PMCID: PMC6043628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective resistivity relevant to collisionless magnetic reconnection (MR) in plasma is presented. It is based on the argument that pitch angle scattering of electrons in the small electron diffusion region around the X line can lead to an effective, resistivity in collisionless plasma. The effective resistivity so obtained is in the form of a power law of the local plasma and magnetic field parameters. Its validity is confirmed by direct collisionless particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. The result agrees very well with the resistivity (obtained from available data) of a large number of environments susceptible to MR: from the intergalactic and interstellar to solar and terrestrial to laboratory fusion plasmas. The scaling law can readily be incorporated into existing collisional magnetohydrodynamic simulation codes to investigate collisionless MR, as well as serve as a guide to ab initio theoretical investigations of the collisionless MR process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z W Ma
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - T Chen
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - H W Zhang
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - M Y Yu
- Institute for Fusion Theory and Simulation, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou X, Russell CT, Gosling JT, Mitchell DG. Three spacecraft observations of the geomagnetic tail during moderately disturbed conditions: Structure and evolution of the current sheet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
4
|
Kubyshkina M, Sergeev V, Tsyganenko N, Angelopoulos V, Runov A, Donovan E, Singer H, Auster U, Baumjohann W. Time-dependent magnetospheric configuration and breakup mapping during a substorm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kubyshkina
- Institute of Physics; Saint Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - V. Sergeev
- Institute of Physics; Saint Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - N. Tsyganenko
- Institute of Physics; Saint Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - V. Angelopoulos
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - A. Runov
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - E. Donovan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - H. Singer
- NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - U. Auster
- Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik der Technischen Universitaet Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
| | - W. Baumjohann
- Space Research Institute; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Graz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen C, Li X, Dunlop M, Liu ZX, Balogh A, Baker DN, Hapgood M, Wang X. Analyses on the geometrical structure of magnetic field in the current sheet based on cluster measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002ja009612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Shen
- Laboratory for Space Weather, Chinese Cluster Data and Research Center, Center for Space Science and Applied Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - X. Li
- Laboratory for Atmosphere and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder USA
| | - M. Dunlop
- Imperial College of Science; Technology, and Medicine; London UK
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire UK
| | - Z. X. Liu
- Laboratory for Space Weather, Chinese Cluster Data and Research Center, Center for Space Science and Applied Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - A. Balogh
- Imperial College of Science; Technology, and Medicine; London UK
| | - D. N. Baker
- Laboratory for Atmosphere and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder USA
| | - M. Hapgood
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire UK
| | - X. Wang
- Laboratory for Space Weather, Chinese Cluster Data and Research Center, Center for Space Science and Applied Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wanliss JA, Samson JC, Friedrich E. On the use of photometer data to map dynamics of the magnetotail current sheet during substorm growth phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
7
|
Klimas AJ, Valdivia JA, Vassiliadis D, Baker DN, Hesse M, Takalo J. Self-organized criticality in the substorm phenomenon and its relation to localized reconnection in the magnetospheric plasma sheet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
Sitnov MI, Zelenyi LM, Malova HV, Sharma AS. Thin current sheet embedded within a thicker plasma sheet: Self-consistent kinetic theory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
9
|
Sauvaud JA, Popescu D, Delcourt DC, Parks GK, Brittnacher M, Sergeev V, Kovrazhkin RA, Mukai T, Kokubun S. Sporadic plasma sheet ion injections into the high-altitude auroral bulge: Satellite observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
10
|
Kubyshkina MV, Sergeev VA, Pulkkinen TI. Hybrid Input Algorithm: An event-oriented magnetospheric model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
11
|
Rastätter L, Hesse M, Schindler K. Hall-MHD modeling of near-Earth magnetotail current sheet thinning and evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
12
|
Shinohara I, Nagai T, Fujimoto M, Terasawa T, Mukai T, Tsuruda K, Yamamoto T. Low-frequency electromagnetic turbulence observed near the substorm onset site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98ja01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
Thomsen MF, McComas DJ, Reeves GD, Weiss LA. An observational test of the Tsyganenko (T89a) model of the magnetospheric field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja02318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
14
|
Birn J, Hesse M. Details of current disruption and diversion in simulations of magnetotail dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
15
|
Sergeev VA, Pulkkinen TI, Pellinen RJ. Coupled-mode scenario for the magnetospheric dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja03192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
16
|
|