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Marjanović M, Chen J, Escartín J, Parnell-Turner R, Wu JN. Magma-induced tectonics at the East Pacific Rise 9°50'N: Evidence from high-resolution characterization of seafloor and subseafloor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401440121. [PMID: 38875145 PMCID: PMC11194548 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401440121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
At fast-spreading centers, faults develop within the axial summit trough (AST; 0 to 250 m around the axis) primarily by diking-induced deformation originating from the axial magma lens (AML). The formation of the prominent abyssal-hill-bounding faults beyond the axial high (>2,000 m) is typically associated with the unbending of the lithosphere as it cools and spreads away from the AST. The presence of faults is rarely mapped between these two thermally distinct zones, where the lithosphere is still too hot for the faults to be linked with the process of thermal cooling and outside of the AST where the accretional diking process dominates the ridge axis. Here, we reveal a remarkable vertical alignment between the distinct morphological features of the magma body and the orientation of these faults, by comparison of 3-D seismic imagery and bathymetry data collected at the East Pacific Rise (EPR) 9°50'N. The spatial coincidence and asymmetric nucleation mode of the mapped faults represent the most direct evidence for magmatically induced faulting near the ridge axis, providing pathways for hydrothermalism and magma emplacement, helping to build the crust outside of the AST. The high-resolution seafloor and subsurface images also enable revised tectonic strain estimates, which shows that the near-axis tectonic component of seafloor spreading at the EPR is an order of magnitude smaller than previously thought with close to negligible contribution of lava buried faults to spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Marjanović
- Department of Marine Geosciences, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7154, Paris75005, France
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Marine Geosciences, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7154, Paris75005, France
| | - Javier Escartín
- Laboratoire de Géologie, École Normale Supérieure/CNRS UMR 8538, L’université Paris Sciences & Lettres, Paris75005, France
| | - Ross Parnell-Turner
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Jyun-Nai Wu
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA92037
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An Equivalent Pipe Network Modeling Approach for Characterizing Fluid Flow through Three-Dimensional Fracture Networks: Verification and Applications. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14101582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The equivalent pipe network (EPN) model is an effective way to model fluid flow in large-scale fractured rock masses with a complex fracture network due to its straightforwardness and computational efficiency. This study presents the EPN model for characterizing fluid flow through three-dimensional fracture networks using the Monte-Carlo method. The EPN model is extracted from an original three-dimensional discrete fracture network (DFN) model and is used to simulate the fluid flow processes. The validity of the proposed EPN modeling approach is verified via the comparisons of permeability (k) with analytical solutions and simulation results reported in the literature. The results show that the numerically calculated k using EPN models agrees well with the analytical values of simplified DFN models and the simulation results of complex DFN models. The k increases following an exponential function with the increment of mean length of exponentially distributed fractures (u), which is strongly correlated with fracture density (P32) and average intersection length (Li). The P32 increases in an exponential way with the increment of u. The Li increases as u increases, following a power-law function. The increment of u leads to the increment of a number of long fractures in three-dimensional DFN models. A larger u results in a denser fracture network and a stronger conductivity when the number and length distribution range of fractures remain the same. The representative elementary volumes (REVs) of three-dimensional DFN models with u = 9 m and P32 = 0.4 m2/m3 are determined as 2.36 × 104 m3, 9.16 × 103 m3, and 1.26 × 104 m3 in 3 flow directions, respectively.
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Beyer RA, Nimmo F, McKinnon WB, Moore JM, Binzel RP, Conrad JW, Cheng A, Ennico K, Lauer TR, Olkin C, Robbins S, Schenk P, Singer K, Spencer JR, Stern SA, Weaver H, Young L, Zangari AM. Charon tectonics. ICARUS 2017; 287:161-174. [PMID: 28919640 PMCID: PMC5599803 DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
New Horizons images of Pluto's companion Charon show a variety of terrains that display extensional tectonic features, with relief surprising for this relatively small world. These features suggest a global extensional areal strain of order 1% early in Charon's history. Such extension is consistent with the presence of an ancient global ocean, now frozen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A. Beyer
- Sagan Center at the SETI Institute, 189 Berndardo Ave, Mountain View, California 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffet Field, CA 94035-0001, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andy Cheng
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - K. Ennico
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffet Field, CA 94035-0001, USA
| | - Tod R. Lauer
- National Optical Astronomy Observatories, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - C.B. Olkin
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | | | - Paul Schenk
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Kelsi Singer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | | | - S. Alan Stern
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - H.A. Weaver
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - L.A. Young
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
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Olive JA, Behn MD, Ito G, Buck WR, Escartín J, Howell S. Response to Comment on "Sensitivity of seafloor bathymetry to climate-driven fluctuations in mid-ocean ridge magma supply". Science 2016; 353:229. [PMID: 27418498 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tolstoy reports the existence of a characteristic 100 thousand year (ky) period in the bathymetry of fast-spreading seafloor but does not argue that sea level change is a first-order control on seafloor morphology worldwide. Upon evaluating the overlap between tectonic and Milankovitch periodicities across spreading rates, we reemphasize that fast-spreading ridges are the best potential recorders of a sea level signature in seafloor bathymetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Olive
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades NY, USA.
| | - M D Behn
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole MA, USA
| | - G Ito
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI, USA
| | - W R Buck
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades NY, USA
| | - J Escartín
- CNRS, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris, France
| | - S Howell
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI, USA
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5
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Olive JA, Behn MD, Ito G, Buck WR, Escartín J, Howell S. Response to Comment on "Sensitivity of seafloor bathymetry to climate-driven fluctuations in mid-ocean ridge magma supply". Science 2016; 352:1405. [PMID: 27313035 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Huybers et al present new bathymetric spectra from an intermediate-spreading ridge as evidence for a primary contribution of sea level cycles to the morphology of the seafloor. Although we acknowledge the possibility that sea level-modulated magmatic constructions may be superimposed on a first-order tectonic fabric, we emphasize the difficulty of deciphering these different contributions in the frequency domain alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Olive
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
| | - M D Behn
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - G Ito
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - W R Buck
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - J Escartín
- CNRS, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris, France
| | - S Howell
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
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6
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Olive JA, Behn MD, Ito G, Buck WR, Escartín J, Howell S. Sensitivity of seafloor bathymetry to climate-driven fluctuations in mid-ocean ridge magma supply. Science 2015; 350:310-3. [PMID: 26472905 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have proposed that the bathymetric fabric of the seafloor formed at mid-ocean ridges records rapid (23,000 to 100,000 years) fluctuations in ridge magma supply caused by sealevel changes that modulate melt production in the underlying mantle. Using quantitative models of faulting and magma emplacement, we demonstrate that, in fact, seafloor-shaping processes act as a low-pass filter on variations in magma supply, strongly damping fluctuations shorter than about 100,000 years. We show that the systematic decrease in dominant seafloor wavelengths with increasing spreading rate is best explained by a model of fault growth and abandonment under a steady magma input. This provides a robust framework for deciphering the footprint of mantle melting in the fabric of abyssal hills, the most common topographic feature on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Olive
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades NY, USA.
| | - M D Behn
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole MA, USA
| | - G Ito
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI, USA
| | - W R Buck
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades NY, USA
| | - J Escartín
- CNRS, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris, France
| | - S Howell
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI, USA
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Kirby S, Engdahl RE, Denlinger R. Intermediate-Depth Intraslab Earthquakes and Arc Volcanism as Physical Expressions of Crustal and Uppermost Mantle Metamorphism in Subducting Slabs. SUBDUCTION TOP TO BOTTOM 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm096p0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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8
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Searle RC, Escartín J. The Rheology and Morphology of Oceanic Lithosphere and Mid-Ocean Ridges. MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Macdonald KC. Linkages Between Faulting, Volcanism, Hydrothermal Activity and Segmentation on Fast Spreading Centers. FAULTING AND MAGMATISM AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm106p0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Structure of Modern Oceanic Crust and Ophiolites and Implications for Faulting and Magmatism at Oceanic Spreading Centers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm106p0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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11
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Perfit MR, Chadwick WW. Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges: Constraints from Volcanological and Geochemical Investigations. FAULTING AND MAGMATISM AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm106p0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Scheirer DS, Macdonald KC. Near-axis seamounts on the flanks of the East Pacific Rise, 8°N to 17°N. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb02769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Cormier MH, Macdonald KC, Wilson DS. A three-dimensional gravity analysis of the East Pacific Rise from 18° to 21°30′S. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Gordon RG. Plate motions, crustal and lithospheric mobility, and paleomagnetism: Prospective viewpoint. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Tolstoy M, Cowen JP, Baker ET, Fornari DJ, Rubin KH, Shank TM, Waldhauser F, Bohnenstiehl DR, Forsyth DW, Holmes RC, Love B, Perfit MR, Weekly RT, Soule SA, Glazer B. A sea-floor spreading event captured by seismometers. Science 2006; 314:1920-2. [PMID: 17124289 DOI: 10.1126/science.1133950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Two-thirds of Earth's surface is formed at mid-ocean ridges, yet sea-floor spreading events are poorly understood because they occur far beneath the ocean surface. At 9 degrees 50'N on the East Pacific Rise, ocean-bottom seismometers recently recorded the microearthquake character of a mid-ocean ridge eruption, including precursory activity. A gradual ramp-up in activity rates since seismic monitoring began at this site in October 2003 suggests that eruptions may be forecast in the fast-spreading environment. The pattern culminates in an intense but brief (approximately 6-hour) inferred diking event on 22 January 2006, followed by rapid tapering to markedly decreased levels of seismicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tolstoy
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
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16
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Ranero CR, Morgan JP, McIntosh K, Reichert C. Bending-related faulting and mantle serpentinization at the Middle America trench. Nature 2003; 425:367-73. [PMID: 14508480 DOI: 10.1038/nature01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2002] [Accepted: 07/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The dehydration of subducting oceanic crust and upper mantle has been inferred both to promote the partial melting leading to arc magmatism and to induce intraslab intermediate-depth earthquakes, at depths of 50-300 km. Yet there is still no consensus about how slab hydration occurs or where and how much chemically bound water is stored within the crust and mantle of the incoming plate. Here we document that bending-related faulting of the incoming plate at the Middle America trench creates a pervasive tectonic fabric that cuts across the crust, penetrating deep into the mantle. Faulting is active across the entire ocean trench slope, promoting hydration of the cold crust and upper mantle surrounding these deep active faults. The along-strike length and depth of penetration of these faults are also similar to the dimensions of the rupture area of intermediate-depth earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Ranero
- GEOMAR and SFB574, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany.
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17
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Cochran JR, Kurras GJ, Edwards MH, Coakley BJ. The Gakkel Ridge: Bathymetry, gravity anomalies, and crustal accretion at extremely slow spreading rates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb001830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Cochran
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University; Palisades New York USA
| | - Gregory J. Kurras
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Ocean Earth Science and Technology; University of Hawaii; Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Margo H. Edwards
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology; University of Hawaii; Honolulu Hawaii USA
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18
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Clifton AE, Schlische RW. Fracture populations on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland: Comparison with experimental clay models of oblique rifting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy W. Schlische
- Wright Labs, Department of Geological Sciences; Rutgers University; Piscataway New Jersey USA
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19
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Prockter LM. Morphology of Europan bands at high resolution: A mid-ocean ridge-type rift mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Dunn RA, Toomey DR, Detrick RS, Wilcock WS. Continuous mantle melt supply beneath an overlapping spreading center on the East Pacific Rise. Science 2001; 291:1955-8. [PMID: 11239154 DOI: 10.1126/science.1057683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tomographic images of upper mantle velocity structure beneath an overlapping spreading center (OSC) on the East Pacific Rise indicate that this ridge axis discontinuity is underlain by a continuous region of low P-wave velocities. The anomalous structure can be explained by an approximately 16-kilometer-wide region of high temperatures and melt fractions of a few percent by volume. Our results show that OSCs are not necessarily associated with a discontinuity in melt supply and that both OSC limbs are supplied with melt from a mantle source located beneath the OSC. We conclude that tectonic segmentation of the ridge by OSCs is not the direct result of magmatic segmentation at mantle depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Dunn
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1272, USA.
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21
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Escartín J, Cowie PA, Searle RC, Allerton S, Mitchell NC, MacLeod CJ, Slootweg AP. Quantifying tectonic strain and magmatic accretion at a slow spreading ridge segment, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 29°N. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jb900097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Dilek Y, Thy P. Structure, petrology and seafloor spreading tectonics of the Kizildag Ophiolite, Turkey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1998.148.01.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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23
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Pockalny RA, Fox PJ, Fornari DJ, Macdonald KC, Perfit MR. Tectonic reconstruction of the Clipperton and Siqueiros Fracture Zones: Evidence and consequences of plate motion change for the last 3 Myr. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb03391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Sauter D, Nafziger JM, Whitechurch H, Munschy M. Segmentation and morphotectonic variations of the Central Indian Ridge (21°10′S-22°25′S). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Weiland CM, Macdonald KC. Geophysical study of the East Pacific Rise 15°N-17°N: An unusually robust segment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Shaw WJ, Lin J. Models of ocean ridge lithospheric deformation: Dependence on crustal thickness, spreading rate, and segmentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Brooks BA, Allmendinger RW, de la Barra IG. Fault spacing in the El Teniente Mine, central Chile: Evidence for nonfractal fault geometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Macdonald KC, Fox PJ, Alexander RT, Pockalny R, Gente P. Volcanic growth faults and the origin of Pacific abyssal hills. Nature 1996. [DOI: 10.1038/380125a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Cowie PA, Malinverno A, Ryan WBF, Edwards MH. Quantitative fault studies on the East Pacific Rise: A comparison of sonar imaging techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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