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Labrador Sea freshening linked to Beaufort Gyre freshwater release. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1229. [PMID: 33623045 PMCID: PMC7902633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Beaufort Gyre (BG), the largest Arctic Ocean freshwater reservoir, has drastically increased its liquid freshwater content by 40% in the past two decades. If released within a short period, the excess freshwater could potentially impact the large-scale ocean circulation by freshening the upper subpolar North Atlantic. Here, we track BG-sourced freshwater using passive tracers in a global ocean sea-ice model and show that this freshwater exited the Arctic mostly through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, rather than Fram Strait, during an historical release event in 1983-1995. The Labrador Sea is the most affected region in the subpolar North Atlantic, with a freshening of 0.2 psu on the western shelves and 0.4 psu in the Labrador Current. Given that the present BG freshwater content anomaly is twice the historical analog studied here, the impact of a future rapid release on Labrador Sea salinity could be significant, easily exceeding similar fluxes from Greenland meltwater.
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Linkages between atmospheric blocking, sea ice export through Fram Strait and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32881. [PMID: 27619955 PMCID: PMC5020648 DOI: 10.1038/srep32881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key persistent component of the atmospheric dynamics, the North Atlantic blocking activity has been linked to extreme climatic phenomena in the European sector. It has also been linked to Atlantic multidecadal ocean variability, but its potential links to rapid oceanic changes have not been investigated. Using a global ocean-sea ice model forced with atmospheric reanalysis data, here it is shown that the 1962–1966 period of enhanced blocking activity over Greenland resulted in anomalous sea ice accumulation in the Arctic and ended with a sea ice flush from the Arctic into the North Atlantic Ocean through Fram Strait. This event induced a significant decrease of Labrador Sea water surface salinity and an abrupt weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) during the 1970s. These results have implications for the prediction of rapid AMOC changes and indicate that an important part of the atmosphere-ocean dynamics at mid- and high latitudes requires a proper representation of the Fram Strait sea ice transport and of the synoptic scale variability such as atmospheric blocking, which is a challenge for current coupled climate models.
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Proshutinsky A, Dukhovskoy D, Timmermans ML, Krishfield R, Bamber JL. Arctic circulation regimes. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2014.0160. [PMID: 26347536 PMCID: PMC4607701 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Between 1948 and 1996, mean annual environmental parameters in the Arctic experienced a well-pronounced decadal variability with two basic circulation patterns: cyclonic and anticyclonic alternating at 5 to 7 year intervals. During cyclonic regimes, low sea-level atmospheric pressure (SLP) dominated over the Arctic Ocean driving sea ice and the upper ocean counterclockwise; the Arctic atmosphere was relatively warm and humid, and freshwater flux from the Arctic Ocean towards the subarctic seas was intensified. By contrast, during anticylonic circulation regimes, high SLP dominated driving sea ice and the upper ocean clockwise. Meanwhile, the atmosphere was cold and dry and the freshwater flux from the Arctic to the subarctic seas was reduced. Since 1997, however, the Arctic system has been under the influence of an anticyclonic circulation regime (17 years) with a set of environmental parameters that are atypical for this regime. We discuss a hypothesis explaining the causes and mechanisms regulating the intensity and duration of Arctic circulation regimes, and speculate how changes in freshwater fluxes from the Arctic Ocean and Greenland impact environmental conditions and interrupt their decadal variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Proshutinsky
- Physical Oceanography Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Dmitry Dukhovskoy
- Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Richard Krishfield
- Physical Oceanography Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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The Arctic Ocean and Climate: A Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm085p0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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Johnson GC, Schmidtko S, Lyman JM. Relative contributions of temperature and salinity to seasonal mixed layer density changes and horizontal density gradients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jc007651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Houssais MN, Herbaut C. Atmospheric forcing on the Canadian Arctic Archipelago freshwater outflow and implications for the Labrador Sea variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jc006323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Proshutinsky A, Krishfield R, Timmermans ML, Toole J, Carmack E, McLaughlin F, Williams WJ, Zimmermann S, Itoh M, Shimada K. Beaufort Gyre freshwater reservoir: State and variability from observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jc005104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Wu B, Zhang R, Rosanne D. Arctic dipole anomaly and summer rainfall in Northeast China. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Finnis J, Holland MM, Serreze MC, Cassano JJ. Response of Northern Hemisphere extratropical cyclone activity and associated precipitation to climate change, as represented by the Community Climate System Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finnis
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - Mark C. Serreze
- National Snow and Ice Data Center; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - John J. Cassano
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
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Bates NR. Air-sea CO2fluxes and the continental shelf pump of carbon in the Chukchi Sea adjacent to the Arctic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jc003083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Declining salinities signify that large amounts of fresh water have been added to the northern North Atlantic Ocean since the mid-1960s. We estimate that the Nordic Seas and Subpolar Basins were diluted by an extra 19,000 +/- 5000 cubic kilometers of freshwater input between 1965 and 1995. Fully half of that additional fresh water-about 10,000 cubic kilometers-infiltrated the system in the late 1960s at an approximate rate of 2000 cubic kilometers per year. Patterns of freshwater accumulation observed in the Nordic Seas suggest a century time scale to reach freshening thresholds critical to that portion of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Curry
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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Häkkinen S, Proshutinsky A. Freshwater content variability in the Arctic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jc001940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Häkkinen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - A. Proshutinsky
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
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Knights B. A review of the possible impacts of long-term oceanic and climate changes and fishing mortality on recruitment of anguillid eels of the Northern Hemisphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 310:237-244. [PMID: 12812748 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Possible causes of declines in recruitment of European, American and Japanese eels to continental waters are reviewed. Negative correlations between the Den Oever glass eel recruitment index (DOI) and the North Atlantic Oscillation Index since 1938 are discussed, together with older anecdotal evidence. Correlations are established between the DOI and sea surface temperature anomalies at 100-250 m between 1952 and 1995 in the Sargasso Sea/Sub-Tropical Gyre (STG) spawning area. It is hypothesised that, associated with global warming trends, STG warming inhibits spring thermocline mixing and nutrient circulation, with negative impacts on productivity and hence food for leptocephalus larvae. Concurrent gyre spin-up also affects major currents and slowing of oceanic migration has probably enhanced starvation and predation losses. Local factors, such as unfavourable wind-driven currents, can also affect recruitment of glass eels on continental shelves. In contrast, evidence is discussed that indicates fishing mortality and continental climate change appear to have had lesser impacts. Similar starvation-advection explanations for declines in Japanese eel recruitment are proposed. Predictions for the future are made and multidisciplinary and integrated monitoring and research are recommended for managing eel stocks and fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Knights
- University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, W1M 8JS, London, UK.
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Brümmer B. A Fram Strait cyclone: Properties and impact on ice drift as measured by aircraft and buoys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Rothrock DA. The arctic ice thickness anomaly of the 1990s: A consistent view from observations and models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jc001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Saenko OA. North Atlantic response to the above-normal export of sea ice from the Arctic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jc001166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Reverdin G, Durand F, Mortensen J, Schott F, Valdimarsson H, Zenk W. Recent changes in the surface salinity of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jc001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Reverdin
- Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Oceanographie Spatiale; Toulouse France
| | - Fabien Durand
- Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Oceanographie Spatiale; Toulouse France
| | | | - F. Schott
- Institut für Meereskunde; Kiel Germany
| | | | - W. Zenk
- Institut für Meereskunde; Kiel Germany
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Häkkinen S. Surface salinity variability in the northern North Atlantic during recent decades. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jc000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirpa Häkkinen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
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Ekwurzel B, Schlosser P, Mortlock RA, Fairbanks RG, Swift JH. River runoff, sea ice meltwater, and Pacific water distribution and mean residence times in the Arctic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jc000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Proshutinsky AY, Johnson M. Two regimes of the Arctic's circulation from ocean models with ice and contaminants. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2001; 43:61-70. [PMID: 11601534 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(00)00234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional barotropic, coupled, ocean-ice model with a space resolution of 55.5 km and driven by atmospheric forces, river run-off, and sea-level slope between the Pacific and the Arctic Oceans, has been used to simulate the vertically averaged currents and ice drift in the Arctic Ocean. Results from 43 years of numerical simulations of water and ice motions demonstrate that two wind-driven circulation regimes are possible in the Arctic, a cyclonic and an anti-cyclonic circulation. These two regimes appear to alternate at 5-7 year intervals with the 10-15 year period. It is important to pollution studies to understand which circulation regime prevails at any time. It is anticipated that 1995 is a year with a cyclonic regime, and during this cyclonic phase and possibly during past cyclonic regimes as well, pollutants may reach the Alaskan shelf. The regime shifts demonstrated in this paper are fundamentally important to understanding the Arctic's general circulation and particularly important for estimating pollution transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Proshutinsky
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, Fairbanks 99775-7220, USA.
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21
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Häkkinen S, Geiger CA. Simulated low-frequency modes of circulation in the Arctic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jc900003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Meier WN, Maslanik JA, Fowler CW. Error analysis and assimilation of remotely sensed ice motion within an Arctic sea ice model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jc900268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Goldner DR. On the uncertainty of the mass, heat, and salt budgets of the Arctic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jc900256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Reverdin G, Verbrugge N, Valdimarsson H. Upper ocean variability between Iceland and Newfoundland, 1993-1998. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jc900182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Polyakov IV, Proshutinsky AY, Johnson MA. Seasonal cycles in two regimes of Arctic climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jc900208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Goosse H, Fichefet T. Importance of ice-ocean interactions for the global ocean circulation: A model study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jc900215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Parkinson CL, Cavalieri DJ, Gloersen P, Zwally HJ, Comiso JC. Arctic sea ice extents, areas, and trends, 1978-1996. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jc900082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Zhang Y, Maslowski W, Semtner AJ. Impact of mesoscale ocean currents on sea ice in high-resolution Arctic ice and ocean simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jc900158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Brümmer B, Hoeber H. A mesoscale cyclone over the Fram Strait and its effects on sea ice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Walsh JE, Portis DH. Variations of precipitation and evaporation over the North Atlantic Ocean, 1958–1997. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Kwok R, Rothrock DA. Variability of Fram Strait ice flux and North Atlantic Oscillation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jc900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Licciardi JM, Teller JT, Clark PU. Freshwater routing by the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation. MECHANISMS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AT MILLENNIAL TIME SCALES 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/gm112p0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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34
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An overview of coastal ocean models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/ce056p0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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35
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Saucier FJ, Dionne J. A 3-D coupled ice-ocean model applied to Hudson Bay, Canada: The seasonal cycle and time-dependent climate response to atmospheric forcing and runoff. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jc02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Bacon S. Decadal variability in the outflow from the Nordic seas to the deep Atlantic Ocean. Nature 1998. [DOI: 10.1038/29736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Gohin F, Cavanié A, Ezraty R. Evolution of the passive and active microwave signatures of a large sea ice feature during its 2½-year drift through the Arctic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jc03333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Harder M, Lemke P, Hilmer M. Simulation of sea ice transport through Fram Strait: Natural variability and sensitivity to forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jc02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Proshutinsky AY, Johnson MA. Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jc00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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42
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Steele M, Thomas D, Rothrock D, Martin S. A simple model study of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance, 1979-1985. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jc01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Thomas D, Martin S, Rothrock D, Steele M. Assimilating satellite concentration data into an Arctic sea ice mass balance model, 1979-1985. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jc01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Häkkinen S. Seasonal simulation of the Southern Ocean coupled ice-ocean system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jc02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Small-scale physical processes in the Arctic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/ce049p0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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46
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Gascard JC, Richez C, Rouault C. New insights on large-scale oceanography in Fram Strait: The West Spitsbergen Current. COASTAL AND ESTUARINE STUDIES 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/ce049p0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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47
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Häkkinen S. Simulated interannual variability of the Greenland Sea deep water formation and its connection to surface forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94jc01900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Visbeck M, Fischer J, Schott F. Preconditioning the Greenland Sea for deep convection: Ice formation and ice drift. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jc01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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