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Mc Keown L, McElwaine JN, Bourke MC, Sylvest ME, Patel MR. The formation of araneiforms by carbon dioxide venting and vigorous sublimation dynamics under martian atmospheric pressure. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6445. [PMID: 33742009 PMCID: PMC7979800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The local redistribution of granular material by sublimation of the southern seasonal \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\hbox {CO}}_2$$\end{document}CO2 ice deposit is one of the most active surface shaping processes on Mars today. This unique geomorphic mechanism is hypothesised to be the cause of the dendritic, branching, spider-like araneiform terrain and associated fans and spots—features which are native to Mars and have no Earth analogues. However, there is a paucity of empirical data to test the validity of this hypothesis. Additionally, it is unclear whether some araneiform patterns began as radial and then grew outward, or whether troughs connected at mutual centres over time. Here we present the results of a suite of laboratory experiments undertaken to investigate if the interaction between a sublimating \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\hbox {CO}}_2$$\end{document}CO2 ice overburden containing central vents and a porous, mobile regolith will mobilise grains from beneath the ice in the form of a plume to generate araneiform patterns. We quantify the branching and area of the dendritic features that form. We provide the first observations of plume activity via \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\hbox {CO}}_2$$\end{document}CO2 sublimation and consequent erosion to form araneiform features. We show that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\hbox {CO}}_2$$\end{document}CO2 sublimation can be a highly efficient agent of sediment transport under present day Martian atmospheric pressure and that morphometry is governed by the Shields parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Mc Keown
- Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom.
| | - J N McElwaine
- Durham University, Durham, DH1, UK.,Planetary Science Institute, 1700 E Fort Lowell Rd, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - M C Bourke
- Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - M E Sylvest
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - M R Patel
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
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Lee C, Lawson WG, Richardson MI, Heavens NG, Kleinböhl A, Banfield D, McCleese DJ, Zurek R, Kass D, Schofield JT, Leovy CB, Taylor FW, Toigo AD. Thermal Tides in the Martian Middle Atmosphere as Seen by the Mars Climate Sounder. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 2009. [PMID: 27630378 DOI: 10.1029/2008je003302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The first systematic observations of the middle atmosphere of Mars (35km-80km) with the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) show dramatic patterns of diurnal thermal variation, evident in retrievals of temperature and water ice opacity. At the time of writing, the dataset of MCS limb retrievals is sufficient for spectral analysis within a limited range of latitudes and seasons. This analysis shows that these thermal variations are almost exclusively associated with a diurnal thermal tide. Using a Martian General Circulation Model to extend our analysis we show that the diurnal thermal tide dominates these patterns for all latitudes and all seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lee
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology
| | - W G Lawson
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology
| | - M I Richardson
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology
| | - N G Heavens
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology
| | - A Kleinböhl
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
| | - D Banfield
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University
| | - D J McCleese
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
| | - R Zurek
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
| | - D Kass
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
| | - J T Schofield
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
| | - C B Leovy
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington
| | - F W Taylor
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford
| | - A D Toigo
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University
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Piqueux S, Christensen PR. North and south subice gas flow and venting of the seasonal caps of Mars: A major geomorphological agent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Langevin Y, Bibring JP, Montmessin F, Forget F, Vincendon M, Douté S, Poulet F, Gondet B. Observations of the south seasonal cap of Mars during recession in 2004-2006 by the OMEGA visible/near-infrared imaging spectrometer on board Mars Express. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Langevin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris Sud; Orsay France
| | - J.-P. Bibring
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris Sud; Orsay France
| | - F. Montmessin
- Service d'Aéronomie; CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Verrières-le-Buisson France
| | - F. Forget
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique; CNRS/Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Paris France
| | - M. Vincendon
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris Sud; Orsay France
| | - S. Douté
- Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble; CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier; Grenoble France
| | - F. Poulet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris Sud; Orsay France
| | - B. Gondet
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale; CNRS/Université Paris Sud; Orsay France
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McCleese DJ, Schofield JT, Taylor FW, Calcutt SB, Foote MC, Kass DM, Leovy CB, Paige DA, Read PL, Zurek RW. Mars Climate Sounder: An investigation of thermal and water vapor structure, dust and condensate distributions in the atmosphere, and energy balance of the polar regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006je002790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fenton LK, Geissler PE, Haberle RM. Global warming and climate forcing by recent albedo changes on Mars. Nature 2007; 446:646-9. [PMID: 17410170 DOI: 10.1038/nature05718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For hundreds of years, scientists have tracked the changing appearance of Mars, first by hand drawings and later by photographs. Because of this historical record, many classical albedo patterns have long been known to shift in appearance over time. Decadal variations of the martian surface albedo are generally attributed to removal and deposition of small amounts of relatively bright dust on the surface. Large swaths of the surface (up to 56 million km2) have been observed to darken or brighten by 10 per cent or more. It is unknown, however, how these albedo changes affect wind circulation, dust transport and the feedback between these processes and the martian climate. Here we present predictions from a Mars general circulation model, indicating that the observed interannual albedo alterations strongly influence the martian environment. Results indicate enhanced wind stress in recently darkened areas and decreased wind stress in brightened areas, producing a positive feedback system in which the albedo changes strengthen the winds that generate the changes. The simulations also predict a net annual global warming of surface air temperatures by approximately 0.65 K, enhancing dust lifting by increasing the likelihood of dust devil generation. The increase in global dust lifting by both wind stress and dust devils may affect the mechanisms that trigger large dust storm initiation, a poorly understood phenomenon, unique to Mars. In addition, predicted increases in summertime air temperatures at high southern latitudes would contribute to the rapid and steady scarp retreat that has been observed in the south polar residual ice for the past four Mars years. Our results suggest that documented albedo changes affect recent climate change and large-scale weather patterns on Mars, and thus albedo variations are a necessary component of future atmospheric and climate studies.
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Sprague AL, Boynton WV, Kerry KE, Janes DM, Kelly NJ, Crombie MK, Nelli SM, Murphy JR, Reedy RC, Metzger AE. Mars' atmospheric argon: Tracer for understanding Martian atmospheric circulation and dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fenton LK. Aeolian processes in Proctor Crater on Mars: Mesoscale modeling of dune-forming winds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Montmessin F. Origin and role of water ice clouds in the Martian water cycle as inferred from a general circulation model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004je002284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Abstract
The Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) has discovered water ice exposed near the edge of Mars' southern perennial polar cap. The surface H2O ice was first observed by THEMIS as a region that was cooler than expected for dry soil at that latitude during the summer season. Diurnal and seasonal temperature trends derived from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer observations indicate that there is H2O ice at the surface. Viking observations, and the few other relevant THEMIS observations, indicate that surface H2O ice may be widespread around and under the perennial CO2 cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N Titus
- Branch of Astrogeology, U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA.
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Malin MC, Caplinger MA, Davis SD. Observational evidence for an active surface reservoir of solid carbon dioxide on Mars. Science 2001; 294:2146-8. [PMID: 11768358 DOI: 10.1126/science.1066416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution images of the south polar residual cap of Mars acquired in 1999 and 2001 show changes in the configuration of pits, intervening ridges, and isolated mounds. Escarpments have retreated 1 to 3 meters in 1 martian year, changes that are an order of magnitude larger than can be explained by the sublimation of water ice, but close to what is expected for sublimation of carbon dioxide ice. These observations support a 35-year-old conjecture that Mars has a large surface reservoir of solid carbon dioxide. The erosion implies that this reservoir is not in equilibrium with the present environment and that global climate change is occurring on Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Malin
- Malin Space Science Systems, Post Office Box 910148, SanDiego, CA 92191-0148, USA
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Abstract
The Martian polar ice caps are regions of substantial scientific interest, being the most dynamic regions of Mars. They are volatile sinks and thus closely linked to Martian climatic conditions. Because of their scale and the precedent set by the past history of polar exploration on Earth, it is likely that an age of polar exploration will emerge on the surface of Mars after the establishment of a capable support structure at lower latitudes. Expeditions might be launched either from a lower latitude base camp or from a human-tended polar base. Based on previously presented expeditionary routes to the Martian poles, in this paper a "spiral in-spiral out" unsupported transpolar assault on the Martian north geographical pole is used as a Reference expedition to propose new types of equipment for the human polar exploration of Mars. Martian polar "ball" tents and "hover" modifications to the Nansen sledge for sledging on CO2-containing water ice substrates under low atmospheric pressures are suggested as elements for the success of these endeavours. Other challenges faced by these expeditions are quantitatively and qualitatively addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Cockell
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.
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Smith DE, Zuber MT, Frey HV, Garvin JB, Head JW, Muhleman DO, Pettengill GH, Phillips RJ, Solomon SC, Zwally HJ, Banerdt WB, Duxbury TC, Golombek MP, Lemoine FG, Neumann GA, Rowlands DD, Aharonson O, Ford PG, Ivanov AB, Johnson CL, McGovern PJ, Abshire JB, Afzal RS, Sun X. Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter: Experiment summary after the first year of global mapping of Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Malin MC, Edgett KS. Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary cruise through primary mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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James PB, Cantor BA, Davis S. Mars Orbiter Camera observations of the Martian south polar cap in 1999-2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Boynton WV, Bailey SH, Hamara DK, Williams MS, Bode RC, Fitzgibbon MR, Ko W, Ward MG, Sridhar KR, Blanchard JA, Lorenz RD, May RD, Paige DA, Pathare AV, Kring DA, Leshin LA, Ming DW, Zent AP, Golden DC, Kerry KE, Lauer HV, Quinn RC. Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer: Part of the Mars Volatile and Climate Surveyor integrated payload. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Kieffer HH, Titus TN, Mullins KF, Christensen PR. Mars south polar spring and summer behavior observed by TES: Seasonal cap evolution controlled by frost grain size. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Jakosky BM, Mellon MT, Kieffer HH, Christensen PR, Varnes ES, Lee SW. The thermal inertia of Mars from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Thomas PC, Malin MC, Edgett KS, Carr MH, Hartmann WK, Ingersoll AP, James PB, Soderblom LA, Veverka J, Sullivan R. North-south geological differences between the residual polar caps on Mars. Nature 2000; 404:161-4. [PMID: 10724162 DOI: 10.1038/35004528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polar processes can be sensitive indicators of global climate, and the geological features associated with polar ice caps can therefore indicate evolution of climate with time. The polar regions on Mars have distinctive morphologic and climatologic features: thick layered deposits, seasonal CO2 frost caps extending to mid latitudes, and near-polar residual frost deposits that survive the summer. The relationship of the seasonal and residual frost caps to the layered deposits has been poorly constrained, mainly by the limited spatial resolution of the available data. In particular, it has not been known if the residual caps represent simple thin frost cover or substantial geologic features. Here we show that the residual cap on the south pole is a distinct geologic unit with striking collapse and erosional topography; this is very different from the residual cap on the north pole, which grades into the underlying layered materials. These findings indicate that the differences between the caps are substantial (rather than reflecting short-lived differences in frost cover), and so support the idea of long-term asymmetry in the polar climates of Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Thomas
- Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Vasavada AR, Williams JP, Paige DA, Herkenhoff KE, Bridges NT, Greeley R, Murray BC, Bass DS, McBride KS. Surface properties of Mars' polar layered deposits and polar landing sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smrekar S, Catling D, Lorenz R, Magalhães J, Moersch J, Morgan P, Murray B, Presley M, Yen A, Zent A, Blaney D. Deep Space 2: The Mars Microprobe Mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Forget F, Hourdin F, Fournier R, Hourdin C, Talagrand O, Collins M, Lewis SR, Read PL, Huot JP. Improved general circulation models of the Martian atmosphere from the surface to above 80 km. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 816] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Herkenhoff KE, Vasavada AR. Dark material in the polar layered deposits and dunes on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998je000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smith DE, Zuber MT, Solomon SC, Phillips RJ, Head JW, Garvin JB, Banerdt WB, Muhleman DO, Pettengill GH, Neumann GA, Lemoine FG, Abshire JB, Aharonson O, Brown CD, Hauck SA, Ivanov AB, McGovern PJ, Zwally HJ, Duxbury TC. The global topography of Mars and implications for surface evolution. Science 1999; 284:1495-503. [PMID: 10348732 DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5419.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 714] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Elevations measured by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter have yielded a high-accuracy global map of the topography of Mars. Dominant features include the low northern hemisphere, the Tharsis province, and the Hellas impact basin. The northern hemisphere depression is primarily a long-wavelength effect that has been shaped by an internal mechanism. The topography of Tharsis consists of two broad rises. Material excavated from Hellas contributes to the high elevation of the southern hemisphere and to the scarp along the hemispheric boundary. The present topography has three major drainage centers, with the northern lowlands being the largest. The two polar cap volumes yield an upper limit of the present surface water inventory of 3.2 to 4.7 million cubic kilometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Smith
- Earth Sciences Directorate, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
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Smith DE, Zuber MT, Frey HV, Garvin JB, Head JW, Muhleman DO, Pettengill GH, Phillips RJ, Solomon SC, Zwally HJ, Banerdt WB, Duxbury TC. Topography of the northern hemisphere of Mars from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter. Science 1998; 279:1686-92. [PMID: 9497281 DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5357.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The first 18 tracks of laser altimeter data across the northern hemisphere of Mars from the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft show that the planet at latitudes north of 50 degrees is exceptionally flat; slopes and surface roughness increase toward the equator. The polar layered terrain appears to be a thick ice-rich formation with a non-equilibrium planform indicative of ablation near the periphery. Slope relations suggest that the northern Tharsis province was uplifted in the past. A profile across Ares Vallis channel suggests that the discharge through the channel was much greater than previously estimated. The martian atmosphere shows significant 1-micrometer atmospheric opacities, particularly in low-lying areas such as Valles Marineris.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Smith
- Earth Sciences Directorate, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
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