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Borovsky JE, Valdivia JA. The Earth's Magnetosphere: A Systems Science Overview and Assessment. SURVEYS IN GEOPHYSICS 2018; 39:817-859. [PMID: 30956375 PMCID: PMC6428226 DOI: 10.1007/s10712-018-9487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A systems science examination of the Earth's fully interconnected dynamic magnetosphere is presented. Here the magnetospheric system (a.k.a. the magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere system) is considered to be comprised of 14 interconnected subsystems, where each subsystem is a characteristic particle population: 12 of those particle populations are plasmas and two (the atmosphere and the hydrogen geocorona) are neutrals. For the magnetospheric system, an assessment is made of the applicability of several system descriptors, such as adaptive, nonlinear, dissipative, interdependent, open, irreversible, and complex. The 14 subsystems of the magnetospheric system are cataloged and described, and the various types of magnetospheric waves that couple the behaviors of the subsystems to each other are explained. This yields a roadmap of the connectivity of the magnetospheric system. Various forms of magnetospheric activity beyond geomagnetic activity are reviewed, and four examples of emergent phenomena in the Earth's magnetosphere are presented. Prior systems science investigations of the solar-wind-driven magnetospheric system are discussed: up to the present these investigations have not accounted for the full interconnectedness of the system. This overview and assessment of the Earth's magnetosphere hopes to facilitate (1) future global systems science studies that involve the entire interconnected magnetospheric system with its diverse time and spatial scales and (2) connections of magnetospheric systems science with the broader Earth systems science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Borovsky
- Center for Space Plasma Physics, Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO 80301 USA
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Comparing the diurnal variations in the SuperMAG auroral electrojet indices SML and SMU. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gleisner H, Lundstedt H. Response of the auroral electrojets to the solar wind modeled with neural networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja03068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wu J, Lundstedt H. Neural network modeling of solar wind‐magnetosphere interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sitnov MI, Tsyganenko NA, Ukhorskiy AY, Brandt PC. Dynamical data-based modeling of the storm-time geomagnetic field with enhanced spatial resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja013003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. I. Sitnov
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - N. A. Tsyganenko
- Institute of Physics; University of St. Petersburg; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - A. Y. Ukhorskiy
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - P. C. Brandt
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
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Babaie T, Karimizandi R, Lucas C. Learning based brain emotional intelligence as a new aspect for development of an alarm system. Soft comput 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00500-007-0258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tsyganenko NA, Sitnov MI. Magnetospheric configurations from a high-resolution data-based magnetic field model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Tsyganenko
- Universities Space Research Association and Space Weather Laboratory; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt MD USA
| | - M. I. Sitnov
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics; University of Maryland; College Park MD USA
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Rigler EJ, Wiltberger M, Baker DN. Radiation belt electrons respond to multiple solar wind inputs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja012181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Rigler
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - M. Wiltberger
- High Altitude Observatory; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. N. Baker
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
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Chen J, Sharma AS. Modeling and prediction of the magnetospheric dynamics during intense geospace storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005ja011359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Johnson JR, Wing S. A solar cycle dependence of nonlinearity in magnetospheric activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay R. Johnson
- Plasma Physics Laboratory; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - Simon Wing
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
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Klimas AJ, Uritsky VM, Vassiliadis D, Baker DN. Reconnection and scale-free avalanching in a driven current-sheet model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Klimas
- Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - Vadim M. Uritsky
- Institute of Physics and Physics Department; St. Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Dimitris Vassiliadis
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - Daniel N. Baker
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
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Daglis IA, Kozyra JU, Kamide Y, Vassiliadis D, Sharma AS, Liemohn MW, Gonzalez WD, Tsurutani BT, Lu G. Intense space storms: Critical issues and open disputes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002ja009722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. A. Daglis
- Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing; National Observatory of Athens, Penteli; Athens Greece
| | - J. U. Kozyra
- Space Physics Research Laboratory; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Y. Kamide
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Toyokawa Japan
| | - D. Vassiliadis
- USRA at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - A. S. Sharma
- University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - M. W. Liemohn
- Space Physics Research Laboratory; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - W. D. Gonzalez
- Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais; Sao Jose dos Campos; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - G. Lu
- High-Altitude Observatory; NCAR; Boulder Colorado USA
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Uritsky VM, Klimas AJ, Vassiliadis D, Chua D, Parks G. Scale-free statistics of spatiotemporal auroral emissions as depicted by POLAR UVI images: Dynamic magnetosphere is an avalanching system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex J. Klimas
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - Dimitris Vassiliadis
- Universities Space Research Association; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - Damien Chua
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - George Parks
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
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Sitnov MI, Sharma AS, Papadopoulos K, Vassiliadis D. Modeling substorm dynamics of the magnetosphere: from self-organization and self-organized criticality to nonequilibrium phase transitions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 65:016116. [PMID: 11800745 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.65.016116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2001] [Revised: 07/12/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Earth's magnetosphere during substorms exhibits a number of characteristic features such as the signatures of low effective dimension, hysteresis, and power-law spectra of fluctuations on different scales. The largest substorm phenomena are in reasonable agreement with low-dimensional magnetospheric models and in particular those of inverse bifurcation. However, deviations from the low-dimensional picture are also quite considerable, making the nonequilibrium phase transition more appropriate as a dynamical analog of the substorm activity. On the other hand, the multiscale magnetospheric dynamics cannot be limited to the features of self-organized criticality (SOC), which is based on a class of mathematical analogs of sandpiles. Like real sandpiles, during substorms the magnetosphere demonstrates features, that are distinct from SOC and are closer to those of conventional phase transitions. While the multiscale substorm activity resembles second-order phase transitions, the largest substorm avalanches are shown to reveal the features of first-order nonequilibrium transitions including hysteresis phenomena and a global structure of the type of a temperature-pressure-density diagram. Moreover, this diagram allows one to find a critical exponent, that reflects the multiscale aspect of the substorm activity, different from the power-law frequency and scale spectra of autonomous systems, although quite consistent with second-order phase transitions. In contrast to SOC exponents, this exponent relates input and output parameters of the magnetosphere. Using an analogy to the dynamical Ising model in the mean-field approximation, we show the connection between the data-derived exponent of nonequilibrium transitions in the magnetosphere and the standard critical exponent beta of equilibrium second-order phase transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Sitnov
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Gleisner H, Lundstedt H. A neural network-based local model for prediction of geomagnetic disturbances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja900142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gavrishchaka VV, Ganguli SB. Optimization of the neural-network geomagnetic model for forecasting large-amplitude substorm events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja900137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Weimer DR. An improved model of ionospheric electric potentials including substorm perturbations and application to the Geospace Environment Modeling November 24, 1996, event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Klimas AJ, Valdivia JA, Vassiliadis D, Baker DN, Hesse M, Takalo J. Self-organized criticality in the substorm phenomenon and its relation to localized reconnection in the magnetospheric plasma sheet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sitnov MI, Sharma AS, Papadopoulos K, Vassiliadis D, Valdivia JA, Klimas AJ, Baker DN. Phase transition-like behavior of the magnetosphere during substorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Francis NM, Cannon PS, Brown AG, Broomhead DS. Nonlinear prediction of the ionospheric parameter ƒoF2on hourly, daily, and monthly timescales. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja900005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vassiliadis D, Klimas AJ, Valdivia JA, Baker DN. TheDstgeomagnetic response as a function of storm phase and amplitude and the solar wind electric field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baker DN, Pulkkinen TI, Büchner J, Klimas AJ. Substorms: A global instability of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Klimas AJ, Vassiliadis D, Baker DN. Dstindex prediction using data-derived analogues of the magnetospheric dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98ja01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kamide Y, Baumjohann W, Daglis IA, Gonzalez WD, Grande M, Joselyn JA, McPherron RL, Phillips JL, Reeves EGD, Rostoker G, Sharma AS, Singer HJ, Tsurutani BT, Vasyliunas VM. Current understanding of magnetic storms: Storm-substorm relationships. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98ja01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Klimas AJ, Vassiliadis D, Baker DN. Data-derived analogues of the magnetospheric dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja02414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Detman TR, Vassiliadis D. Review of techniques for magnetic storm forecasting. MAGNETIC STORMS 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/gm098p0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Horton W, Doxas I. A low-dimensional energy-conserving state space model for substorm dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Vassiliadis D, Klimas AJ, Baker DN, Roberts DA. The nonlinearity of models of thevBSouth-ALcoupling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Klimas AJ, Vassiliadis D, Baker DN, Roberts DA. The organized nonlinear dynamics of the magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baker DN, Pulkkinen TI, Angelopoulos V, Baumjohann W, McPherron RL. Neutral line model of substorms: Past results and present view. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja03753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 754] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Daglis IA, Axford WI. Fast ionospheric response to enhanced activity in geospace: Ion feeding of the inner magnetotail. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja02592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vassiliadis D, Klimas AJ. On the uniqueness of linear moving-average filters for the solar wind-auroral geomagnetic activity coupling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94ja03303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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