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Sensitivity of rift tectonics to global variability in the efficiency of river erosion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2115077119. [PMID: 35316131 PMCID: PMC9060524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115077119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of erosion in leveling relief mainly depends on climate and strength of exposed rocks. However, whether erosion is sufficiently efficient to influence the architecture of a tectonic plate boundary remains a topic of debate. Here, we analyze continental rift landscapes reworked by river incision to assess a globally representative range of fluvial erosion efficiency. We then simulate crustal extension exposed to surface processes acting within this documented range. We find that more efficient erosion favors the growth of half-grabens over horsts, which can explain contrasting tectonic styles across the Basin and Range province and the East African Rift. This suggests that variability in Earth’s geological structures partly reflects variability in hydrological conditions and associated surface processes. Erosion and sedimentation constantly rework topography created by tectonics but also modulate stresses in the underlying crust by redistributing surficial loads. Decades of numerical modeling further suggest that surface processes help focus deformation onto fewer, longer-lived faults at tectonic plate boundaries. However, because the surface evolution parameters used in these models are not quantitatively calibrated against real landscapes and because the history of fault activity can be difficult to infer from the geological record, the sensitivity of tectonic deformation to a realistic range of erosional efficiency remains unknown. Here, we model the growth of half-grabens, where slip on a master normal fault shapes an adjacent mountain range as it accommodates crustal stretching. We subject our simulations to fluvial incision acting at rates assessed by morphometric analysis of rivers draining natural rift systems. Increasing erosional efficiency within the geologically documented range alleviates the energy cost of topographic growth and increases the total extension that can be accommodated by half-graben master faults by as much as ∼50%. Efficient erosion favors an eventual basin-ward relocalization of strain, preventing the development of horst structures. This behavior is consistent with structural and morphometric observations across 12 normal fault-bounded ranges, suggesting that surface erodibility and climatic conditions have a measurable impact on the tectonic makeup of Earth’s plate boundaries.
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Baden CW, Shuster DL, Aron F, Fosdick JC, Bürgmann R, Hilley GE. Bridging earthquakes and mountain building in the Santa Cruz Mountains, CA. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabi6031. [PMID: 35213228 PMCID: PMC8880776 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi6031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Relative crustal motions along active faults generate earthquakes, and repeated earthquake cycles build mountain ranges over millions of years. However, the long-term summation of elastic, earthquake-related deformation cannot produce the deformation recorded within the rock record. Here, we provide an explanation for this discrepancy by showing that increases in strain facilitated by plastic deformation of Earth's crust during the earthquake cycle, in conjunction with isostatic deflection and erosion, transform relative fault motions that produce individual earthquakes to geologic deformations. We focus our study on the data-rich Santa Cruz Mountains, CA, USA and compare predicted and observed quantities for rock uplift, apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology, topographic relief, 10Be-based erosion rates, and interseismic surface velocities. This approach reconciles these disparate records of mountain-building processes, allowing us to explicitly bridge decadal measures of deformation with that produced by millions of years of plate motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis W. Baden
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA
| | - David L. Shuster
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-4767, USA
- Berkeley Geochronology Center, 2455 Ridge Road, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - Felipe Aron
- Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN), Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Departamento de Ingeniería Estructural y Geotécnica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Julie C. Fosdick
- Department of Geosciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Roland Bürgmann
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-4767, USA
| | - George E. Hilley
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA
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Reilly SB, Corl A, Wake DB. An integrative approach to phylogeography: investigating the effects of ancient seaways, climate, and historical geology on multi-locus phylogeographic boundaries of the Arboreal Salamander (Aneides lugubris). BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:241. [PMID: 26537350 PMCID: PMC4632495 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phylogeography is an important tool that can be used to reveal cryptic biodiversity and to better understand the processes that promote lineage diversification. We studied the phylogeographic history of the Arboreal Salamander (Aneides lugubris), a wide-ranging species endemic to the California floristic province. We used multi-locus data to reconstruct the evolutionary history of A. lugubris and to discover the geographic location of major genetic breaks within the species. We also used species distribution modeling and comparative phylogeography to better understand the environmental factors that have shaped the genetic history of A. lugubris. RESULTS We found six major mitochondrial clades in A. lugubris. Nuclear loci supported the existence of at least three genetically distinct groups, corresponding to populations north of the San Francisco Bay and in the Sierra Nevada, in the Santa Cruz Mountains, and in the central coast and southern California. All of the genetic breaks in mitochondrial and nuclear loci corresponded to regions where historical barriers to dispersal have been observed in other species. Geologic or water barriers likely were the most important factors restricting gene flow among clades. Climatic unsuitability during glacial maximum may have contributed to the isolation of the mitochondrial clades in the central coast and southern California. A projection of our species distribution model to a future scenario with a moderate amount of climate change suggests that most of the range of A. lugubris will remain climatically suitable, but climatic conditions in the Sierra Nevada and low elevation areas in Southern California are likely to deteriorate. CONCLUSIONS Aneides lugubris contains substantial cryptic genetic diversity as a result of historical isolation of populations. At least two (and perhaps three) evolutionarily significant units in A. lugubris merit protection; all six mitochondrial clades should be considered as management units within the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean B Reilly
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3160, USA.
| | - Ammon Corl
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3160, USA.
| | - David B Wake
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3160, USA.
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Dietrich WE, Bellugi DG, Sklar LS, Stock JD, Heimsath AM, Roering JJ. Geomorphic Transport Laws for Predicting Landscape form and Dynamics. PREDICTION IN GEOMORPHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/135gm09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Chase MN, Johnson EA, Martin YE. The influence of geomorphic processes on plant distribution and abundance as reflected in plant tolerance curves. ECOL MONOGR 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/11-2145.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ganti V, Passalacqua P, Foufoula-Georgiou E. A sub-grid scale closure for nonlinear hillslope sediment transport models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jf002181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Perron JT, Hamon JL. Equilibrium form of horizontally retreating, soil-mantled hillslopes: Model development and application to a groundwater sapping landscape. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jf002139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hobley DEJ, Sinclair HD, Mudd SM, Cowie PA. Field calibration of sediment flux dependent river incision. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jf001935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Taylor Perron
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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Clarke BA, Burbank DW. Evaluating hillslope diffusion and terrace riser degradation in New Zealand and Idaho. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jf001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Clarke
- Department of Earth Science; University of California; Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Douglas W. Burbank
- Department of Earth Science; University of California; Santa Barbara California USA
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Valla PG, van der Beek PA, Lague D. Fluvial incision into bedrock: Insights from morphometric analysis and numerical modeling of gorges incising glacial hanging valleys (Western Alps, France). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jf001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre G. Valla
- Laboratoire de Géodynamique des Chaînes Alpines; Université Joseph Fourier; Grenoble France
| | - Peter A. van der Beek
- Laboratoire de Géodynamique des Chaînes Alpines; Université Joseph Fourier; Grenoble France
| | - Dimitri Lague
- Géosciences Rennes; Université Rennes 1, CNRS; Rennes France
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Carretier S, Poisson B, Vassallo R, Pepin E, Farias M. Tectonic interpretation of transient stage erosion rates at different spatial scales in an uplifting block. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jf001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Allen PA. Time scales of tectonic landscapes and their sediment routing systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1144/sp296.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn regions undergoing active tectonics, the coupling between the tectonic displacement field, the overlying landscape and the redistribution of mass at the Earth's surface in the form of sediment routing systems, is particularly marked and variable. Coupling between deformation and surface processes takes place at a range of scales, from the whole orogen to individual extensional fault blocks or contractional anticlines. At the large scale, the attainment of a steady-state between the overlying topography and the prevailing tectonic conditions in active contractional orogens requires an efficient erosional system, with a time scale dependent on the vigour of the erosional system, generally in the range 106–107 years. The catchment–fan systems associated with extensional fault blocks and basins of the western USA are valuable natural examples to study the coupling between tectonic deformation, landscape and sediment routing systems. Even relatively simple coupled systems such as an extensional fault block and its associated basin margin fans have a range of time scales in response to a tectonic perturbation. These response times originate from the development of uniform (steady-state) relief during the accumulation of displacement on a normal fault (c. 106 years), the upstream propagation of a bedrock knickpoint in transverse catchments following a change in tectonic uplift rate (c. 106 years), or the relaxation times of the integrated catchment–fan system in response to changes in climatic and tectonic boundary conditions (105–106 years). The presence of extensive bedrock or alluvial piedmonts increases response times significantly. The sediment efflux of a mountain catchment is a boundary condition for far-field fluvial transport, but the fluvial system is much more than a simple transmitter of the sediment supply signal to a neighbouring depocentre. Fluvial systems appear to act as buffers to incoming sediment supply signals, with a diffusive time scale (c. 105–106 years) dependent on the length of the system and the extent of its floodplains, stream channels and proximal gravel fans. The vocabulary for explaining landscapes would benefit from a greater recognition of the importance of the repeat time and magnitude of perturbations in relation to the response and relaxation times of the landscape and its sediment routing systems. Landscapes are best differentiated as ‘buffered’ or ‘reactive’ depending on the ratio of the response time to the repeat time of the perturbation. Furthermore, landscapes may be regarded as ‘steady’ or ‘transient’ depending on the ratio of the response time to the time elapsed since the most recent change in boundary conditions. The response of tectonically and climatically perturbed landscapes has profound implications for the interpretation of stratigraphic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Allen
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK (e-mail: )
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Riihimaki CA, Anderson RS, Safran EB. Impact of rock uplift on rates of late Cenozoic Rocky Mountain river incision. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jf000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mann P. Global catalogue, classification and tectonic origins of restraining- and releasing bends on active and ancient strike-slip fault systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1144/sp290.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRestraining- and releasing bends with similar morphology and structure have been described by many previous studies of strike-slip faults in a variety of active and ancient tectonic settings. Despite the documentation of at least 49 restraining and 144 releasing bends along active and ancient strike-slip faults in the continents and oceans, there is no consensus on how these structural features are named and classified, or how their wide range of structures and morphologies are controlled by the distinctive strike-slip tectonic settings in which they form. In this overview, I have compiled published information on the strike-slip tectonic setting, size, basin and bend type, age, and models for active and ancient releasing and restraining bends. Examples of bends on strike-slip faults are compiled and illustrated from five distinctive active strike-slip settings:oceanic transforms separating oceanic crust and offsetting mid-oceanic spreading ridges;long and linear plate-boundary strike-slip fault systems separating two continental plates whose plate-boundary kinematics can be quantified for long distances along strike by a single pole of rotation (e.g. the San Andreas fault system of western North America);relatively shorter, more arcuate indent-linked strike-slip fault systems bounding escaping continental fragments in zones of continent–continent or arc–continent collision (e.g. the Anatolian plate);straight to arcuate trench-linked strike-slip fault systems bounding elongate fore-arc slivers generated in active and ancient fore-arc settings by oblique subduction (e.g. Sumatra); andcratonic strike-slip fault systems removed from active plate boundaries, formed on older crustal faults, but acting as ‘concentrators’ of intraplate stresses.By far the most common, predictable and best-studied settings for restraining and releasing bends occur in continental-boundary strike-slip fault systems, where arrays of two to eight en échelon pull-apart basins mark transtensional fault segments and single and sometimes multiple large restraining bends mark transpressional segments; fault areas of transtension versus transpression are determined by the intersection angles between small circles about the interplate pole of rotation and the trend of the strike-slip fault system. These longer and more continuous boundary strike-slip systems also exhibit a widespread pattern of ‘paired bends’ or ‘sidewall ripouts’, or adjacent zones of pull-aparts and restraining bends—that range in along-strike-scale from kilometres to hundreds of kilometres. En échelon arrays of pull-apart basins are also observed on active ‘leaky’ or transtensional oceanic transforms, but restraining bends are rarely observed. In indent-linked strike-slip settings, strike-slip fault traces bounding escaping continental fragments tend to be more arcuate, less-continuous, and more splayed – but paired bends are common. Trench-linked strike-slip fault patterns closely mimic the trends of the subduction zone; these strike-slip faults can vary from long and continuous to short and arcuate, depending on the trace of the adjacent subduction zone. Paired bends are also observed in this setting. Bends on active, cratonic strike-slip fault form isolated, seismically active structures that act as ‘stress concentrators’ for intraplate stress. Cratonic strike-slip faults are generally not associated with pull-apart basins, and therefore paired bends are not observed in this setting. The most likely geological models for the formation of releasing, restraining bends, and paired bends along boundary and trench-linked strike-slip faults include:progressive linkage of en échelon shears within a young evolving shear zone; this model is not applicable to older strike-slip fault traces that have accumulated significant, lateral fault offsets;formation of lenticular ‘sidewall ripout’ structures at scales ranging from outcrop to regional; ripouts are thought to form as a response to adherence or sticking along an adjacent and relatively straight strike-slip fault zone; this structural concept may help to explain the large number of paired bends embedded within strike-slip systems, sinusoidal curvature along the traces of many strike-slip faults, and the episodic nature of lateral shifts in the main strike-slip fault zone;interaction of propagating strike-slip faults with pre-existing crustal structures such as ancient rift basins. Propagation of new strike-slip faults and interaction with older structures may occur on plate boundary, indent-linked, and trench-linked strike-slip faults; andconcentration of regional maximum compressive stress on pre-existing, basement fault trends in stable cratonic areas can produce active restraining-bend structures; periodic release of these bend-related stress concentrations is one of the leading causes of intraplate earthquakes within otherwise stable cratons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Mann
- Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, R2200, Austin, Texas 78758, USA (e-mail: )
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Cunningham WD, Mann P. Tectonics of strike-slip restraining and releasing bends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1144/sp290.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. D. Cunningham
- Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LEI 7RH, UK (e-mail: )
| | - P. Mann
- Institute of Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, 10100 Burnet Road, R2200, Austin, Texas 78758, USA (e-mail: )
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Chen YC, Sung Q, Chen CN. Stream-power incision model in non-steady-state mountain ranges: An empirical approach. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-006-2194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huang X, Niemann JD. An evaluation of the geomorphically effective event for fluvial processes over long periods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jf000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjiang Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Niemann
- Department of Civil Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Hales TC, Abt DL, Humphreys ED, Roering JJ. A lithospheric instability origin for Columbia River flood basalts and Wallowa Mountains uplift in northeast Oregon. Nature 2005; 438:842-5. [PMID: 16341011 DOI: 10.1038/nature04313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Flood basalts appear to form during the initiation of hotspot magmatism. The Columbia River basalts (CRB) represent the largest volume of flood basalts associated with the Yellowstone hotspot, yet their source appears to be in the vicinity of the Wallowa Mountains, about 500 km north of the projected hotspot track. These mountains are composed of a large granitic pluton intruded into a region of oceanic lithosphere affinity. The elevation of the interface between Columbia River basalts and other geological formations indicates that mild pre-eruptive subsidence took place in the Wallowa Mountains, followed by syn-eruptive uplift of several hundred metres and a long-term uplift of about 2 km. The mapped surface uplift mimics regional topography, with the Wallowa Mountains in the centre of a 'bull's eye' pattern of valleys and low-elevation mountains. Here we present the seismic velocity structure of the mantle underlying this region and erosion-corrected elevation maps of lava flows, and show that an area of reduced mantle melt content coincides with the 200-km-wide topographic uplift. We conclude that convective downwelling and detachment of a compositionally dense plutonic root can explain the timing and magnitude of Columbia River basalt magmatism, as well as the surface uplift and existence of the observed melt-depleted mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Hales
- Department of Geological Sciences, 1272 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Marius Mudd
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee USA
| | - David Jon Furbish
- Departments of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Civil and Environmental Engineering; Vanderbilt University; Nashville Tennessee USA
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Roering JJ, Almond P, Tonkin P, McKean J. Constraining climatic controls on hillslope dynamics using a coupled model for the transport of soil and tracers: Application to loess-mantled hillslopes, South Island, New Zealand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jf000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Roering
- Department of Geological Sciences; University of Oregon; Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Peter Almond
- Soil and Physical Sciences Group, Soil, Plant, and Ecological Sciences Division; Lincoln University; Canterbury New Zealand
| | - Philip Tonkin
- Soil and Physical Sciences Group, Soil, Plant, and Ecological Sciences Division; Lincoln University; Canterbury New Zealand
| | - James McKean
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture; Boise Idaho USA
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Lavé J, Burbank D. Denudation processes and rates in the Transverse Ranges, southern California: Erosional response of a transitional landscape to external and anthropogenic forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jf000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Lavé
- Department of Geosciences; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - D. Burbank
- Department of Geosciences; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
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23
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Collins DBG. Modeling the effects of vegetation-erosion coupling on landscape evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jf000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Duvall A. Tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel profiles and processes in coastal California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jf000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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van der Beek P, Bishop P. Cenozoic river profile development in the Upper Lachlan catchment (SE Australia) as a test of quantitative fluvial incision models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb002125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter van der Beek
- Laboratoire de Géodynamique des Chaînes Alpines; Université Joseph Fourier; Grenoble France
| | - Paul Bishop
- Department of Geography and Topographic Science; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
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26
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Yule D. Complexities of the San Andreas fault near San Gorgonio Pass: Implications for large earthquakes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tucker GE, Whipple KX. Topographic outcomes predicted by stream erosion models: Sensitivity analysis and intermodel comparison. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. E. Tucker
- School of Geography and the Environment; Oxford University; Oxford UK
| | - K. X. Whipple
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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Champel B. Growth and lateral propagation of fault-related folds in the Siwaliks of western Nepal: Rates, mechanisms, and geomorphic signature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Roering JJ, Kirchner JW, Dietrich WE. Hillslope evolution by nonlinear, slope-dependent transport: Steady state morphology and equilibrium adjustment timescales. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hovius N, Stark CP, Hao-Tsu C, Jiun-Chuan L. Supply and Removal of Sediment in a Landslide-Dominated Mountain Belt: Central Range, Taiwan. THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY 2000; 108:73-89. [PMID: 10618191 DOI: 10.1086/314387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A strong coupling between hillslope and valley systems is often inferred for mountain landscapes dominated by bedrock landsliding. We reveal the nature of this link using data sets on landsliding and sediment transport from two montane catchments draining the eastern Central Range of Taiwan. Here, the magnitude-frequency distribution of landslides can be modeled by a robust power law, but this scale invariance is not mirrored in the sediment discharge at the mountain front. Instead, downstream sediment loads reflect a complex response to both sediment supply and ambient hydraulic conditions. The rivers do not transport significant amounts of sediment unless it is provided by hillslope mass wasting in the catchment. Removal of landslide debris is a function of the transport capacity of the stream at the site of entry; thus, there is a dual supply and transport control on sediment loads in bedrock-floored streams. Over a monitoring period of >25 yr, the bulk of the sediment leaving the mountain belt was supplied by climate-triggered mass wasting. Peaks in water discharge were always closely followed by sediment load maxima, and the rapid decay of the latter indicates an effective removal of most supply. Where an important part of a catchment's sediment yield is derived from interfluves, sediment transport cannot simply be estimated from known water discharge time series, using a sediment rating curve, but requires instead a detailed knowledge of the spatial and temporal patterns of hillslope mass wasting and sediment transfer into the fluvial system.
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Willett SD. Orogeny and orography: The effects of erosion on the structure of mountain belts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 703] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Whipple KX, Tucker GE. Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: Implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1355] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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van der Beek P, Braun J. Controls on post-mid-Cretaceous landscape evolution in the southeastern highlands of Australia: Insights from numerical surface process models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jb900060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Densmore AL, Ellis MA, Anderson RS. Landsliding and the evolution of normal-fault-bounded mountains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Weissel JK, Seidl MA. Inland propagation of erosional escarpments and river profile evolution across the southeast Australian passive continental margin. RIVERS OVER ROCK: FLUVIAL PROCESSES IN BEDROCK CHANNELS 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/gm107p0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sklar L, Dietrich WE. River longitudinal profiles and bedrock incision models: Stream power and the influence of sediment supply. RIVERS OVER ROCK: FLUVIAL PROCESSES IN BEDROCK CHANNELS 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/gm107p0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Pazzaglia FJ, Gardner TW, Merritts DJ. Bedrock fluvial incision and longitudinal profile development over geologic time scales determined by fluvial terraces. RIVERS OVER ROCK: FLUVIAL PROCESSES IN BEDROCK CHANNELS 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/gm107p0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Bedrock landsliding is a dominant geomorphic process in a number of high-relief landscapes, yet is neglected in landscape evolution models. A physical model of sliding in beans is presented, in which incremental lowering of one wall simulates baselevel fall and generates slides. Frequent small slides produce irregular hillslopes, on which steep toes and head scarps persist until being cleared by infrequent large slides. These steep segments are observed on hillslopes in high-relief landscapes and have been interpreted as evidence for increases in tectonic or climatic process rates. In certain cases, they may instead reflect normal hillslope evolution by landsliding.
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Affiliation(s)
- AL Densmore
- A. L. Densmore, R. S. Anderson, B. G. McAdoo, Institute of Tectonics and Department of Earth Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. M. A. Ellis, Center for Earthquake Research and Information, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Kooi H, Beaumont C. Large-scale geomorphology: Classical concepts reconciled and integrated with contemporary ideas via a surface processes model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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