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Affiliation(s)
- Lowry A. Harper
- Southern Piedmont Conservation Research Unit J. Phil Campbell, Sr., Natural Resources Conservation Center; USDA-ARS; Watkinsville Georgia
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Redding MR, Lewis R, Waller J, Phillips F, Griffith D. Large-chamber methane and nitrous oxide measurements are comparable to the backward lagrangian stochastic method. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2013; 42:1643-1651. [PMID: 25602405 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2013.05.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of individual emission sources (e.g., animals or pen manure) within intensive livestock enterprises is necessary to test emission calculation protocols and to identify targets for decreased emissions. In this study, a vented, fabric-covered large chamber (4.5 × 4.5 m, 1.5 m high; encompassing greater spatial variability than a smaller chamber) in combination with on-line analysis (nitrous oxide [NO] and methane [CH] via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy; 1 analysis min) was tested as a means to isolate and measure emissions from beef feedlot pen manure sources. An exponential model relating chamber concentrations to ambient gas concentrations, air exchange (e.g., due to poor sealing with the surface; model linear when ≈ 0 m s), and chamber dimensions allowed data to be fitted with high confidence. Alternating manure source emission measurements using the large-chamber and the backward Lagrangian stochastic (bLS) technique (5-mo period; bLS validated via tracer gas release, recovery 94-104%) produced comparable NO and CH emission values (no significant difference at < 0.05). Greater precision of individual measurements was achieved via the large chamber than for the bLS (mean ± standard error of variance components: bLS half-hour measurements, 99.5 ± 325 μg CH s and 9.26 ± 20.6 μg NO s; large-chamber measurements, 99.6 ± 64.2 μg CH s and 8.18 ± 0.3 μg NO s). The large-chamber design is suitable for measurement of emissions from manure on pen surfaces, isolating these emissions from surrounding emission sources, including enteric emissions.
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Schäfer K, Böttcher J, Weymann D, von der Heide C, Duijnisveld WHM. Evaluation of a closed tunnel for field-scale measurements of nitrous oxide fluxes from an unfertilized grassland soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2012; 41:1383-1392. [PMID: 23099929 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2011.0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of the major greenhouse gas NO from soils are characterized by huge spatial variability. An upscaling based on conventional small-scale chamber measurements is thus questionable and may involve a considerable amount of uncertainty. In this feasibility study, we evaluated the applicability of a large, closed tunnel for field-scale measurements of NO fluxes from an unfertilized grassland soil. The tunnel, coupled to an open-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, covered 500 m. During a 2-yr campaign, concurrent closed-chamber measurements (area of 0.045 m) were performed at the tunnel plot. The tunnel system enabled high-density and precise NO concentration measurements under dry, stable, nocturnal atmospheric conditions, but higher wind speeds and rain limited its application. To calculate an unbiased, predeployment NO flux from the increase of NO concentrations during tunnel deployment, we propose a novel approach based on inverse modeling (IMQ0). We show that IMQ0 is appropriate for the specific non-steady state tunnel setup. Compared with conventional models, which were developed for gas flux calculation from concentration gradients measured in vented closed chambers, IMQ0 is most accurate. Whereas NO fluxes obtained from the tunnel measurements were generally small and at a typical background level, the chamber measurements revealed high spatial and temporal variability of NO emissions, including slight NO uptake and precipitation-triggered emission peaks. The cumulative NO fluxes of both methods differed by one order of magnitude and were smaller for the tunnel measurements. We argue that the chambers were occasionally susceptible to detection of hotspots and hot moments of NO emission. However, these emissions were evidently not representative for the field scale. Compared with available greenhouse gas measurement techniques, we conclude that the tunnel may serve as a gap-filling method between small-scale chamber and ecosystem-level micrometeorological techniques, particularly during stable nocturnal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Schäfer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
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Łapiński A, Spanget-Larsen J, Waluk J, Radziszewski JG. Vibrations of nitrous oxide: Matrix isolation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of twelve N2O isotopomers. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1383031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Galle B, Samuelsson J, Svensson BH, Borjesson G. Measurements of methane emissions from landfills using a time correlation tracer method based on FTIR absorption spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2001; 35:21-25. [PMID: 11352015 DOI: 10.1021/es0011008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Methane is an important climate gas contributing significantly to global warming. A large part of the anthropogenic emissions of methane comes from landfills. Due to the biogenic origin of these emissions and the inhomogeneous characteristics of landfills and their soil cover, these emissions show large spatial variation. Thus, development of reliable and cost-effective methods for measurements of these emissions is an important task and a challenge to the scientific community. Traditionally, field chamber methods have been used but also different area integrating methods based on downwind plume measurements. These measurements have been supported by meteorological data either directly from local measurements or by controlled release of tracer gas from the landfill providing the dispersion characteristics of the plume. In this paperwe describe a method,the Time Correlation Tracer method, combining controlled tracer gas release from the landfill with time-resolved concentration measurements downwind the landfill using FTIR absorption spectroscopy. The method has been tested and used on measurements at a landfill in southern Sweden over the past 1.5 years. The method has proven to be a usable method for measurements of total methane emission from landfills, and under favorable meteorological conditions we estimate an achievable accuracy of 15-30%. The real time analysis capability of the FTIR makes it possible to judge the success of the measurement already on site and to decide whether more measurements are necessary. The measurement strategy is relatively simple and straightforward, and one person can make a measurement from a medium sized landfill (1-4 ha) within a few days to a week depending on the meteorological situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Galle
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Weitz AM, Keller M, Linder E, Crill PM. Spatial and temporal variability of nitrogen oxide and methane fluxes from a fertilized tree plantation in Costa Rica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Experimental designs appropriate for flux determination in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5117(98)80026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Methods for stable gas flux determination in aquatic and terrestrial systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5117(98)80023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Roscoe HK, Clemitshaw KC. Measurement Techniques in Gas-Phase Tropospheric Chemistry: A Selective View of the Past, Present, and Future. Science 1997. [DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5315.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Howard K. Roscoe
- H. K. Roscoe, British Antarctic Survey/Natural Environment Research Council, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
- K. C. Clemitshaw, Centre for Environmental Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Kevin C. Clemitshaw
- H. K. Roscoe, British Antarctic Survey/Natural Environment Research Council, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
- K. C. Clemitshaw, Centre for Environmental Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
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McKelvy ML, Britt TR, Davis BL, Gillie JK, Lentz LA, Leugers A, Nyquist RA, Putzig CL. Infrared Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/a1960003c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne L. McKelvy
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, Michigan Division, Midland, Michigan 48667
| | - Thomas R. Britt
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, Michigan Division, Midland, Michigan 48667
| | - Bradley L. Davis
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, Michigan Division, Midland, Michigan 48667
| | - J. Kevin Gillie
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, Michigan Division, Midland, Michigan 48667
| | - L. Alice Lentz
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, Michigan Division, Midland, Michigan 48667
| | - Anne Leugers
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, Michigan Division, Midland, Michigan 48667
| | - Richard A. Nyquist
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, Michigan Division, Midland, Michigan 48667
| | - Curtis L. Putzig
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, Michigan Division, Midland, Michigan 48667
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Smith KA, Clayton H, Arab JRM, Christensen S, Ambus P, Fowler D, Hargreaves KJ, Skiba U, Harris GW, Wienhold FG, Klemedtsson L, Galle B. Micrometeorological and chamber methods for measurement of nitrous oxide fluxes between soils and the atmosphere: Overview and conclusions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ambus P, Christensen S. Measurement of N2O emission from a fertilized grassland: An analysis of spatial variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Clayton H, Arah JRM, Smith KA. Measurement of nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized grassland using closed chambers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smith KA, Scott A, Galle B, Klemedtsson L. Use of a long-path infrared gas monitor for measurement of nitrous oxide flux from soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Arah JRM, Crichton IJ, Smith KA, Clayton H, Skiba U. Automated gas chromatographic analysis system for micrometeorological measurements of trace gas fluxes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hargreaves KJ, Skiba U, Fowler D, Arah J, Wienhold FG, Klemedtsson L, Galle B. Measurement of nitrous oxide emission from fertilized grassland using micrometeorological techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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