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Satellite Retrieval of Microwave Land Surface Emissivity under Clear and Cloudy Skies in China Using Observations from AMSR-E and MODIS. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13193980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microwave land surface emissivity (MLSE) is an important geophysical parameter to determine the microwave radiative transfer over land and has broad applications in satellite remote sensing of atmospheric parameters (e.g., precipitation, cloud properties), land surface parameters (e.g., soil moisture, vegetation properties), and the parameters of interactions between atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystem (e.g., evapotranspiration rate, gross primary production rate). In this study, MLSE in China under both clear and cloudy sky conditions was retrieved using satellite passive microwave measurements from Aqua Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), combined with visible/infrared observations from Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmosphere reanalysis dataset of ERA-20C. Attenuations from atmospheric oxygen and water vapor, as well as the emissions and scatterings from cloud particles are taken into account using a microwave radiation transfer model to do atmosphere corrections. All cloud parameters needed are derived from MODIS visible and infrared instantaneous measurements. Ancillary surface skin temperature as well as atmospheric temperature-humidity profiles are collected from ECMWF reanalysis data. Quality control and sensitivity analyses were conducted for the input variables of surface skin temperature, air temperature, and atmospheric humidity. The ground-based validations show acceptable biases of primary input parameters (skin temperature, 2 m air temperature, near surface relative humidity, rain flag) for retrieving using. The subsequent sensitivity tests suggest that 10 K bias of skin temperature or observed brightness temperature may result in a 4% (~0.04) or 7% (0.07) retrieving error in MLSE at 23.5 GHz. A nonlinear sensitivity in the same magnitude is found for air temperature perturbation, while the sensitivity is less than 1% for 300 g/m2 error in cloud water path. Results show that our algorithm can successfully retrieve MLSE over 90% of the satellite detected land surface area in a typical cloudy day (cloud fraction of 64%), which is considerably higher than that of the 29% area by the clear-sky only algorithms. The spatial distribution of MLSE in China is highly dependent on the land surface types and topography. The retrieved MLSE is assessed by compared with other existing clear-sky AMSR-E emissivity products and the vegetation optical depth (VOD) product. Overall, high consistencies are shown for the MLSE retrieved in this study with other AMSR-E emissivity products across China though noticeable discrepancies are observed in Tibetan Plateau and Qinling-Taihang Mountains due to different sources of input skin temperature. In addition, the retrieved MLSE exhibits strong positive correlations in spatial patterns with microwave vegetation optical depth reported in the literature.
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Hu Y, Rodier S, Xu KM, Sun W, Huang J, Lin B, Zhai P, Josset D. Occurrence, liquid water content, and fraction of supercooled water clouds from combined CALIOP/IIR/MODIS measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Keihm S, Brown S, Teixeira J, Desai S, Lu W, Fetzer E, Ruf C, Huang X, Yung Y. Ocean water vapor and cloud liquid water trends from 1992 to 2005 TOPEX Microwave Radiometer data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Horváth Á, Davies R. Comparison of microwave and optical cloud water path estimates from TMI, MODIS, and MISR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Matrosov SY, Uttal T, Hazen DA. Evaluation of Radar Reflectivity–Based Estimates of Water Content in Stratiform Marine Clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0405:eorreo>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Shao H. Detecting drizzle in marine warm clouds using combined visible, infrared, and microwave satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Prigent C. Land surface skin temperatures from a combined analysis of microwave and infrared satellite observations for an all-weather evaluation of the differences between air and skin temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Ho SP. Estimates of cloud vertical structure and water amount over tropical oceans using VIRS and TMI data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Daniel JS, Solomon S, Portmann RW, Langford AO, Eubank CS, Dutton EG, Madsen W. Cloud liquid water and ice measurements from spectrally resolved near-infrared observations: A new technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Solomon
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | | | | | - E. G. Dutton
- NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - W. Madsen
- NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
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Masunaga H, Nakajima TY, Nakajima T, Kachi M, Oki R, Kuroda S. Physical properties of maritime low clouds as retrieved by combined use of Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Microwave Imager and Visible/Infrared Scanner: Algorithm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Masunaga
- Earth Observation Research Center; National Space Development Agency; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takashi Y. Nakajima
- Earth Observation Research Center; National Space Development Agency; Tokyo Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nakajima
- Center for Climate System Research; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Misako Kachi
- Earth Observation Research Center; National Space Development Agency; Tokyo Japan
| | - Riko Oki
- Earth Observation Research Center; National Space Development Agency; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kuroda
- Center for Climate System Research; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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Masunaga H. Physical properties of maritime low clouds as retrieved by combined use of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager and Visible/Infrared Scanner 2. Climatology of warm clouds and rain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Liu G, Curry JA, Haggerty JA, Fu Y. Retrieval and characterization of cloud liquid water path using airborne passive microwave data during INDOEX. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Prigerit C, Pardo JR, Mishchenko MI, Rossow WB. Microwave polarized signatures generated within cloud systems: Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) observations interpreted with radiative transfer simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Aires F, Prigent C, Rossow WB, Rothstein M. A new neural network approach including first guess for retrieval of atmospheric water vapor, cloud liquid water path, surface temperature, and emissivities over land from satellite microwave observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Fowler LD, Randall DA. Simulation of upper tropospheric clouds with the Colorado State University general circulation model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd200074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lin B, Wielicki B, Minnis P, Rossow W. Estimation of water cloud properties from satellite microwave, infrared and visible measurements in oceanic environments: 1. Microwave brightness temperature simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lin B, Minnis P, Wielicki B, Doelling DR, Palikonda R, Young DF, Uttal T. Estimation of water cloud properties from satellite microwave, infrared and visible measurements in oceanic environments: 2. Results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Prigent C, Rossow WB, Matthews E. Microwave land surface emissivities estimated from SSM/I observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Greenwald TJ, Christopher SA, Chou J. Cloud liquid water path comparisons from passive microwave and solar reflectance satellite measurements: Assessment of sub-field-of-view cloud effects in microwave retrievals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fox NI, Illingworth AJ. The Potential of a Spaceborne Cloud Radar for the Detection of Stratocumulus Clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450-36.6.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The radar reflectivity and liquid water content of stratocumulus clouds have been computed from cloud droplet spectra recorded during more than 4000 km of cloud penetrations by an aircraft, and the probability of detecting various values of liquid water content as a function of the radar sensitivity threshold has been derived. The goal of the study is to specify the sensitivity required for any future spaceborne cloud radar. In extensive marine stratocumulus deeper than about 200 m, occasional but ubiquitous drizzle-sized droplets of up to 200 μm dominate the radar return and increase it by between 10 and 20 dB above the cloud droplet contribution to the return, making radar detection easier, although the concentration of the drizzle drops is so low that they have no effect on the liquid water content or effective radius. These occasional drizzle-sized droplets are present throughout the vertical and horizontal extent of such clouds but should evaporate within 200 m of cloud base. On occasion, the drizzle can fall farther and may yield a false measurement of cloud-base altitude, but such cases can be recognized by examining the vertical profile of reflectivity. A radar sensitivity threshold of −30 dBZ would detect 80%, 85%, and 90% of the marine stratocumulus, with a liquid water content above 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 g m−3, respectively. Because nonprecipitating drizzle droplets are rare in continental stratocumulus, the equivalent figures are reduced to 38%, 33%, and 25%. Improving the sensitivity to −40 dBZ increases detection probability to nearly 100% for both types of cloud. These figures are based on the assumption that the cloud is deep enough to fill the radar pulse volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil I. Fox
- JCMM, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Lin B, Rossow WB. Precipitation water path and rainfall rate estimates over oceans using special sensor microwave imager and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liang J, Jacob DJ. Effect of aqueous phase cloud chemistry on tropospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sheu RS, Curry JA, Liu G. Vertical stratification of tropical cloud properties as determined from satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Deblonde G, Wagneur N. Evaluation of global numerical weather prediction analyses and forecasts using DMSP special sensor microwave imager retrievals: 1. Satellite retrieval algorithm intercomparison study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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