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IRIFUNE T. Kawai-type multianvil ultrahigh-pressure technology. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 100:149-164. [PMID: 38311394 PMCID: PMC11105972 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Since the large-volume press with a double-stage multianvil system was created by the late Professor Naoto Kawai, this apparatus (Kawai-type multianvil apparatus or KMA) has been developed for higher-pressure generation, in situ X-ray and neutron observations, deformation experiments, measurements of physical properties, synthesis of high-pressure phases, etc., utilizing its large sample volume and capacity in stable and homogeneous high temperature generation compared to those of competitive diamond anvil cells. These advancements in KMA technology have been made primarily by Japanese scientists and engineers, which yielded a wealth of new experimental data on phase transitions, melting relations, and physical characteristics of minerals and rocks, leading to significant constraints on the structures, chemical compositions, and dynamics of the deep Earth. KMA technology has also been used for synthesis of novel functional materials such as nano-polycrystalline diamond and transparent nano-ceramics, opening a new research field of ultrahigh-pressure materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo IRIFUNE
- Geodynamics Research Center (GRC), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
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Chanyshev A, Ishii T, Bondar D, Bhat S, Kim EJ, Farla R, Nishida K, Liu Z, Wang L, Nakajima A, Yan B, Tang H, Chen Z, Higo Y, Tange Y, Katsura T. Depressed 660-km discontinuity caused by akimotoite-bridgmanite transition. Nature 2022; 601:69-73. [PMID: 34987213 PMCID: PMC8732283 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 660-kilometre seismic discontinuity is the boundary between the Earth’s lower mantle and transition zone and is commonly interpreted as being due to the dissociation of ringwoodite to bridgmanite plus ferropericlase (post-spinel transition)1–3. A distinct feature of the 660-kilometre discontinuity is its depression to 750 kilometres beneath subduction zones4–10. However, in situ X-ray diffraction studies using multi-anvil techniques have demonstrated negative but gentle Clapeyron slopes (that is, the ratio between pressure and temperature changes) of the post-spinel transition that do not allow a significant depression11–13. On the other hand, conventional high-pressure experiments face difficulties in accurate phase identification due to inevitable pressure changes during heating and the persistent presence of metastable phases1,3. Here we determine the post-spinel and akimotoite–bridgmanite transition boundaries by multi-anvil experiments using in situ X-ray diffraction, with the boundaries strictly based on the definition of phase equilibrium. The post-spinel boundary has almost no temperature dependence, whereas the akimotoite–bridgmanite transition has a very steep negative boundary slope at temperatures lower than ambient mantle geotherms. The large depressions of the 660-kilometre discontinuity in cold subduction zones are thus interpreted as the akimotoite–bridgmanite transition. The steep negative boundary of the akimotoite–bridgmanite transition will cause slab stagnation (a stalling of the slab’s descent) due to significant upward buoyancy14,15. X-ray diffraction experiments indicate that the depression of the Earth’s 660-kilometre seismic discontinuity beneath cold subduction zones is caused by a phase transition from akimotoite to bridgmanite, leading to slab stagnation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Chanyshev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany. .,Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Takayuki Ishii
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. .,Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing, China.
| | - Dmitry Bondar
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Shrikant Bhat
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eun Jeong Kim
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Robert Farla
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Keisuke Nishida
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Zhaodong Liu
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ayano Nakajima
- Department of Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Bingmin Yan
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Tang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yuji Higo
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tange
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Katsura
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing, China
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Chandler B, Bernier J, Diamond M, Kunz M, Wenk HR. Exploring microstructures in lower mantle mineral assemblages with synchrotron x-rays. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/1/eabd3614. [PMID: 33523845 PMCID: PMC7775751 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding dynamics across phase transformations and the spatial distribution of minerals in the lower mantle is crucial for a comprehensive model of the evolution of the Earth's interior. Using the multigrain crystallography technique (MGC) with synchrotron x-rays at pressures of 30 GPa in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell to study the formation of bridgmanite [(Mg,Fe)SiO3] and ferropericlase [(Mg,Fe)O], we report an interconnected network of a smaller grained ferropericlase, a configuration that has been implicated in slab stagnation and plume deflection in the upper part of the lower mantle. Furthermore, we isolated individual crystal orientations with grain-scale resolution, provide estimates on stress evolutions on the grain scale, and report {110} twinning in an iron-depleted bridgmanite, a mechanism that appears to aid stress relaxation during grain growth and likely contributes to the lack of any appreciable seismic anisotropy in the upper portion of the lower mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Chandler
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- The Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joel Bernier
- Engineering Technologies Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Matthew Diamond
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Martin Kunz
- The Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hans-Rudolf Wenk
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Tange Y, Kuwayama Y, Irifune T, Funakoshi KI, Ohishi Y. P-V-Tequation of state of MgSiO3perovskite based on the MgO pressure scale: A comprehensive reference for mineralogy of the lower mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu ZJ, Sun XW, Zhang CR, Hu JB, Song T, Qi JH. Elastic Tensor and Thermodynamic Property of Magnesium Silicate Perovskite from First-principles Calculations. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/24/06/703-710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Salje EKH, Guennou M, Bouvier P, Carpenter MA, Kreisel J. High pressure ferroelastic phase transition in SrTiO₃. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:275901. [PMID: 21685556 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/27/275901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
High pressure measurements of the ferroelastic phase transition of SrTiO₃ (Guennou et al 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 054115) showed a linear pressure dependence of the transition temperature between the cubic and tetragonal phase. Furthermore, the pressure induced transition becomes second order while the temperature dependent transition is near a tricritical point. The phase transition mechanism is characterized by the elongation and tilt of the TiO₆ octahedra in the tetragonal phase, which leads to strongly nonlinear couplings between the structural order parameter, the volume strain and the applied pressure. The phase diagram is derived from the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship and is directly related to a pressure dependent Landau potential. The nonlinearities of the pressure dependent strains lead to an increase of the fourth order Landau coefficient with increasing pressure and, hence, to a tricritical-second order crossover. This behaviour is reminiscent of the doping related crossover in isostructural KMnF₃.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K H Salje
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
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Abstract
Abstract
Our knowledge of the structure of the Earth´s interior has been obtained by analysing seismic waves that travel in the Earth, and the reference Earth global models used by geophysicists are essentially seismological. Depth profiles of the seismic waves velocities reveal that the deep Earth is divided in several shells, separated by velocity and density discontinuities. The main discontinuity located at a depth of 2900 km corresponds to the transition between the mantle and the core. The Earth´s mantle can be further divided into the upper mantle and the lower mantle, with a transition zone characterised by two prominent increases in velocities observed at 410- and 660-km depths. This article will be focused on the mineral phases of the Earth´s mantle. The interpretation of seismological models in terms of chemical composition and temperature relies on the knowledge of the nature, structure and elastic properties of the candidate materials. We will describe to what extent recent advances in experimental mineral physics and X-ray diffraction have yielded essential knowledge on the structure and high-pressure high-temperature behaviour of pertinent materials, and major improvements in our understanding of the chemical and mineralogical composition of the Earth´s mantle.
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Tange Y, Takahashi E, Nishihara Y, Funakoshi KI, Sata N. Phase relations in the system MgO-FeO-SiO2to 50 GPa and 2000°C: An application of experimental techniques using multianvil apparatus with sintered diamond anvils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mosenfelder JL, Asimow PD, Frost DJ, Rubie DC, Ahrens TJ. The MgSiO3system at high pressure: Thermodynamic properties of perovskite, postperovskite, and melt from global inversion of shock and static compression data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jed L. Mosenfelder
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Paul D. Asimow
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - Daniel J. Frost
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut; Universität Bayreuth; Bayreuth Germany
| | - David C. Rubie
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut; Universität Bayreuth; Bayreuth Germany
| | - Thomas J. Ahrens
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
- Lindhurst Laboratory of Experimental Geophysics, Seismological Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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10
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Hier-Majumder S. Influence of contiguity on seismic velocities of partially molten aggregates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Litasov KD, Ohtani E, Nishihara Y, Suzuki A, Funakoshi K. Thermal equation of state of Al- and Fe-bearing phase D. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb004937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin D. Litasov
- Department of Earth and Planetary Materials Science; Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Eiji Ohtani
- Department of Earth and Planetary Materials Science; Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Yu Nishihara
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Akio Suzuki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Materials Science; Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Kenichi Funakoshi
- SPring-8; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Insititute; Kouto, Hyogo Japan
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Mosenfelder JL, Asimow PD, Ahrens TJ. Thermodynamic properties of Mg2SiO4liquid at ultra-high pressures from shock measurements to 200 GPa on forsterite and wadsleyite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jb004364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Wentzcovitch RM, Karki BB, Cococcioni M, de Gironcoli S. Thermoelastic properties of MgSiO(3)-perovskite: insights on the nature of the Earth's lower mantle. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:018501. [PMID: 14754029 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.018501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have determined by means of first principles quasiharmonic calculations the elastic constants and acoustic velocities of MgSiO3 perovskite, the most abundant mineral of the Earth's lower mantle (LM), at pertinent pressures and temperatures. Using these results, along with the effects of low concentration iron alloying and the thermoelasticity of the most important secondary LM phase, MgO, we predict the isotropic elastic moduli of likely LM aggregates. Comparison with seismic values extracted from the preliminary reference Earth model indicates that the top of the LM behaves as a typical aggregate of pyrolitic composition, likewise the upper mantle. But systematic deviations that cannot be accounted for by alterations in the geotherm alone develop toward the deep LM. This result could be viewed as evidence in support of radially inhomogeneous LM models.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Wentzcovitch
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Tsuchiya T. First-principles prediction of theP-V-Tequation of state of gold and the 660-km discontinuity in Earth's mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Tsuchiya
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Meguro, Tokyo Japan
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15
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Nishiyama N, Yagi T. Phase relation and mineral chemistry in pyrolite to 2200°C under the lower mantle pressures and implications for dynamics of mantle plumes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb002216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takehiko Yagi
- Institute for Solid State Physics; University of Tokyo; Kashiwa Japan
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16
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Tsuchiya T, Kawamura K. Ab initio study of pressure effect on elastic properties of crystalline Au. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1429643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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17
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Karato SI, Karki BB. Origin of lateral variation of seismic wave velocities and density in the deep mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Seismological images of the Earth's mantle reveal three distinct changes in velocity structure, at depths of 410, 660 and 2,700 km. The first two are best explained by mineral phase transformations, whereas the third-the D" layer-probably reflects a change in chemical composition and thermal structure. Tomographic images of cold slabs in the lower mantle, the displacements of the 410-km and 660-km discontinuities around subduction zones, and the occurrence of small-scale heterogeneities in the lower mantle all indicate that subducted material penetrates the deep mantle, implying whole-mantle convection. In contrast, geochemical analyses of the basaltic products of mantle melting are frequently used to infer that mantle convection is layered, with the deeper mantle largely isolated from the upper mantle. We show that geochemical, seismological and heat-flow data are all consistent with whole-mantle convection provided that the observed heterogeneities are remnants of recycled oceanic and continental crust that make up about 16 and 0.3 per cent, respectively, of mantle volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Helffrich
- Earth and Planetary Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
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Shim SH, Duffy TS, Shen G. The post-spinel transformation in Mg2SiO4 and its relation to the 660-km seismic discontinuity. Nature 2001; 411:571-4. [PMID: 11385568 DOI: 10.1038/35079053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 660-km seismic discontinuity in the Earth's mantle has long been identified with the transformation of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 from gamma-spinel (ringwoodite) to (Mg,Fe)SiO3-perovskite and (Mg,Fe)O-magnesiowüstite. This has been based on experimental studies of materials quenched from high pressure and temperature, which have shown that the transformation is consistent with the seismically observed sharpness and the depth of the discontinuity at expected mantle temperatures. But the first in situ examination of this phase transformation in Mg2SiO4 using a multi-anvil press indicated that the transformation occurs at a pressure about 2 GPa lower than previously thought (equivalent to approximately 600 km depth) and hence that it may not be associated with the 660-km discontinuity. Here we report the results of an in situ study of Mg2SiO4 at pressures of 20-36 GPa using a combination of double-sided laser-heating and synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a diamond-anvil cell. The phase transformation from gamma-Mg2SiO4 to MgSiO3-perovskite and MgO (periclase) is readily observed in both the forward and reverse directions. In contrast to the in situ multi-anvil-press study, we find that the pressure and temperature of the post-spinel transformation in Mg2SiO4 is consistent with seismic observations for the 660-km discontinuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Shim
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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20
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Dubrovinsky LS, Saxena SK, Tutti F, Rekhi S, LeBehan T. In situ X-Ray study of thermal expansion and phase transition of iron at multimegabar pressure. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:1720-1723. [PMID: 11017609 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/1998] [Revised: 05/21/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The density of varepsilon-iron has been calculated at pressures and temperatures up to 300 GPa and 1300 K, respectively. We observe varepsilon to beta phase transition at pressures between 135 and 300 GPa and temperature above 1350 K; the pattern can be interpreted in terms of double hexagonal close-packed structure. The density calculated at high pressure and temperature (330-360 GPa and 5000-7000 K) closely matches with preliminary reference Earth model density, thereby imposing constraint on the composition of the Earth's inner core.
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Affiliation(s)
- LS Dubrovinsky
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Elasticity of mantle minerals (experimental studies). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/gm117p0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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22
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Karki BB, Stixrude L. Seismic velocities of major silicate and oxide phases of the lower mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Inferences of the chemical homogeneity of Earth's mantle depend on comparing laboratory-derived equations of state of mantle phases with seismically determined properties of the material in situ. A uniform chemical composition of the entire mantle has been found to be consistent with measurements, to date, of these properties for the end-member MgSiO3 perovskite phase. New pressure-volume-temperature data for silicate perovskite containing 5 mole percent Al2O3 has yielded different values of the equation of state parameters, with the bulk modulus being significantly smaller at lower mantle conditions than for aluminum-free perovskite, thus requiring adjustments in other components to match seismic observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Research and Department of Geosciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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24
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Sinelnikov YD, Chen G, Neuville DR, Vaughan MT, Liebermann RC. Ultrasonic shear wave velocities of MgSiO3 perovskite at 8 GPa and 800 K and lower mantle composition. Science 1998; 281:677-9. [PMID: 9685256 DOI: 10.1126/science.281.5377.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonic interferometric measurements of the shear elastic properties of MgSiO3 perovskite were conducted on three polycrystalline specimens at conditions up to pressures of 8 gigapascals and temperatures of 800 kelvin. The acoustic measurements produced the pressure (P) and temperature (T) derivatives of the shear modulus (G), namely ( partial differentialG/ partial differentialP)T = 1.8 +/- 0.4 and ( partial differentialG/ partial differentialT)P = -2.9 +/- 0.3 x 10(-2) gigapascals per kelvin. Combining these derivatives with the derivatives that were measured for the bulk modulus and thermal expansion of MgSiO3 perovskite provided data that suggest lower mantle compositions between pyrolite and C1 carbonaceous chondrite and a lower mantle potential temperature of 1500 +/- 200 kelvin.
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Affiliation(s)
- YD Sinelnikov
- Y. D. Sinelnikov and R. C. Liebermann, Center for High Pressure Research and Department of Geosciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2100, USA. G. Chen and M. T. Vaughan, Center for High Pressure Research and
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25
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X ray diffraction measurements in a double-stage multianvil apparatus using ADC anvils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/gm101p0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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26
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Akaogi M, Kojitani H, Matsuzaka K, Suzuki T, Ito E. Postspinel transformations in the system Mg2SiO4Fe2SiO4 element partitioning, calorimetry, and thermodynamic calculation. GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/gm101p0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Utsumi W, Weidner DJ, Liebermann RC. Volume measurement of MgO at high pressures and high temperatures. GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/gm101p0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Saxena SK, Dubrovinsky LS, Lazor P, Cerenius Y, Haggkvist P, Hanfland M, Hu J. Stability of Perovskite (MgSiO3) in the Earth's Mantle. Science 1996; 274:1357-9. [PMID: 8910272 DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5291.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Available thermodynamic data and seismic models favor perovskite (MgSiO3) as the stable phase in the mantle. MgSiO3 was heated at temperatures from 1900 to 3200 kelvin with a Nd-YAG laser in diamond-anvil cells to study the phase relations at pressures from 45 to 100 gigapascals. The quenched products were studied with synchrotron x-ray radiation. The results show that MgSiO3 broke down to a mixture of MgO (periclase) and SiO2 (stishovite or an unquenchable polymorph) at pressures from 58 to 85 gigapascals. These results imply that perovskite may not be stable in the lower mantle and that it might be necessary to reconsider the compositional and density models of the mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- SK Saxena
- S. K. Saxena, L. S. Dubrovinsky, P. Lazor, Y. Cerenius, P. Haggkvist, Theoretical Geochemistry, Institute of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. M. Hanfland, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Boite Postale 220, Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France. J. Hu, Center for High Pressure Research, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, USA
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