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Hall EG, Jordan AF, Hurst DF, Oltmans SJ, Vömel H, Kühnreich B, Ebert V. Advancements, measurement uncertainties, and recent comparisons of the NOAA frost point hygrometer. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2016; 9:4295-4310. [PMID: 28845201 PMCID: PMC5571835 DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-4295-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The NOAA frost point hygrometer (FPH) is a balloon-borne instrument flown monthly at three sites to measure water vapor profiles up to 28 km. The FPH record from Boulder, Colorado, is the longest continuous stratospheric water vapor record. The instrument has an uncertainty in the stratosphere that is < 6 % and up to 12 % in the troposphere. A digital microcontroller version of the instrument improved upon the older versions in 2008 with sunlight filtering, better frost control, and resistance to radio frequency interference (RFI). A new thermistor calibration technique was implemented in 2014, decreasing the uncertainty in the thermistor calibration fit to less than 0.01 °C over the full range of frost - or dew point temperatures (-93 to +20 °C) measured during a profile. Results from multiple water vapor intercomparisons are presented, including the excellent agreement between the NOAA FPH and the direct tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (dTDLAS) MC-PicT-1.4 during AquaVIT-2 chamber experiments over 6 days that provides confidence in the accuracy of the FPH measurements. Dual instrument flights with two FPHs or an FPH and a cryogenic frost point hygrometer (CFH) also show good agreement when launched on the same balloon. The results from these comparisons demonstrate the high level of accuracy of the NOAA FPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrys G. Hall
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Allen F. Jordan
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Dale F. Hurst
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Samuel J. Oltmans
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Holger Vömel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Earth Observation Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Benjamin Kühnreich
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Smart Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Volker Ebert
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Smart Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Hurst DF, Lambert A, Read WG, Davis SM, Rosenlof KH, Hall EG, Jordan AF, Oltmans SJ. Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder stratospheric water vapor measurements by the NOAA frost point hygrometer. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2014; 119:1612-1625. [PMID: 28845378 PMCID: PMC5571760 DOI: 10.1002/2013jd020757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Differences between stratospheric water vapor measurements by NOAA frost point hygrometers (FPHs) and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) are evaluated for the period August 2004 through December 2012 at Boulder, Colorado, Hilo, Hawaii, and Lauder, New Zealand. Two groups of MLS profiles coincident with the FPH soundings at each site are identified using unique sets of spatiotemporal criteria. Before evaluating the differences between coincident FPH and MLS profiles, each FPH profile is convolved with the MLS averaging kernels for eight pressure levels from 100 to 26 hPa (~16 to 25 km) to reduce its vertical resolution to that of the MLS water vapor retrievals. The mean FPH - MLS differences at every pressure level (100 to 26 hPa) are well within the combined measurement uncertainties of the two instruments. However, the mean differences at 100 and 83 hPa are statistically significant and negative, ranging from -0.46 ± 0.22 ppmv (-10.3 ± 4.8%) to -0.10 ± 0.05 ppmv (-2.2 ± 1.2%). Mean differences at the six pressure levels from 68 to 26 hPa are on average 0.8% (0.04 ppmv), and only a few are statistically significant. The FPH - MLS differences at each site are examined for temporal trends using weighted linear regression analyses. The vast majority of trends determined here are not statistically significant, and most are smaller than the minimum trends detectable in this analysis. Except at 100 and 83 hPa, the average agreement between MLS retrievals and FPH measurements of stratospheric water vapor is better than 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale F Hurst
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Alyn Lambert
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - William G Read
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Sean M Davis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Karen H Rosenlof
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Emrys G Hall
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Allen F Jordan
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Samuel J Oltmans
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Kunz A, Müller R, Homonnai V, Jánosi IM, Hurst D, Rap A, Forster PM, Rohrer F, Spelten N, Riese M. Extending water vapor trend observations over Boulder into the tropopause region: Trend uncertainties and resulting radiative forcing. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2013; 118:11269-11284. [PMID: 29263978 PMCID: PMC5734648 DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Thirty years of balloon-borne measurements over Boulder (40°N, 105°W) are used to investigate the water vapor trend in the tropopause region. This analysis extends previously published trends, usually focusing on altitudes greater than 16 km, to lower altitudes. Two new concepts are applied: (1) Trends are presented in a thermal tropopause (TP) relative coordinate system from -2 km below to 10 km above the TP, and (2) sonde profiles are selected according to TP height. Tropical (TP z > 14 km), extratropical (TP z < 12 km), and transitional air mass types (12 km < TP z < 14 km) reveal three different water vapor reservoirs. The analysis based on these concepts reduces the dynamically induced water vapor variability at the TP and principally favors refined water vapor trend studies in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Nonetheless, this study shows how uncertain trends are at altitudes -2 to +4 km around the TP. This uncertainty in turn has an influence on the uncertainty and interpretation of water vapor radiative effects at the TP, which are locally estimated for the 30 year period to be of uncertain sign. The much discussed decrease in water vapor at the beginning of 2001 is not detectable between -2 and 2 km around the TP. On lower stratospheric isentropes, the water vapor change at the beginning of 2001 is more intense for extratropical than for tropical air mass types. This suggests a possible link with changing dynamics above the jet stream such as changes in the shallow branch of the Brewer-Dobson circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kunz
- Institut für Energie– und Klimaforschung: Stratosphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - R. Müller
- Institut für Energie– und Klimaforschung: Stratosphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - V. Homonnai
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - I. M. Jánosi
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - D. Hurst
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - A. Rap
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - P. M. Forster
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - F. Rohrer
- Institut für Energie– und Klimaforschung: Troposphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - N. Spelten
- Institut für Energie– und Klimaforschung: Stratosphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - M. Riese
- Institut für Energie– und Klimaforschung: Stratosphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Randel WJ, Moyer E, Park M, Jensen E, Bernath P, Walker K, Boone C. Global variations of HDO and HDO/H2O ratios in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere derived from ACE-FTS satellite measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hurst DF, Oltmans SJ, Vömel H, Rosenlof KH, Davis SM, Ray EA, Hall EG, Jordan AF. Stratospheric water vapor trends over Boulder, Colorado: Analysis of the 30 year Boulder record. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vömel H, David DE, Smith K. Accuracy of tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor measurements by the cryogenic frost point hygrometer: Instrumental details and observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shibata T, Vömel H, Hamdi S, Kaloka S, Hasebe F, Fujiwara M, Shiotani M. Tropical cirrus clouds near cold point tropopause under ice supersaturated conditions observed by lidar and balloon-borne cryogenic frost point hygrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Whiteman DN, Russo F, Demoz B, Miloshevich LM, Veselovskii I, Hannon S, Wang Z, Vömel H, Schmidlin F, Lesht B, Moore PJ, Beebe AS, Gambacorta A, Barnet C. Analysis of Raman lidar and radiosonde measurements from the AWEX-G field campaign and its relation to Aqua validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Miloshevich LM, Vömel H, Whiteman DN, Lesht BM, Schmidlin FJ, Russo F. Absolute accuracy of water vapor measurements from six operational radiosonde types launched during AWEX-G and implications for AIRS validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lumpe J, Bevilacqua R, Randall C, Nedoluha G, Hoppel K, Russell J, Harvey VL, Schiller C, Sen B, Taha G, Toon G, Vömel H. Validation of Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III version 4 stratospheric water vapor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Milz M, von Clarmann T, Fischer H, Glatthor N, Grabowski U, Höpfner M, Kellmann S, Kiefer M, Linden A, Mengistu Tsidu G, Steck T, Stiller GP, Funke B, López-Puertas M, Koukouli ME. Water vapor distributions measured with the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding on board Envisat (MIPAS/Envisat). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Adriani A. Climatology of polar stratospheric clouds based on lidar observations from 1993 to 2001 over McMurdo Station, Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vömel H. Reply to comment by A. E. Dessler and E. M. Weinstock on “Balloon-borne observations of water vapor and ozone in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere” by H. Vömel et al. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Moore FL. Balloonborne in situ gas chromatograph for measurements in the troposphere and stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Herman RL, Drdla K, Spackman JR, Hurst DF, Popp PJ, Webster CR, Romashkin PA, Elkins JW, Weinstock EM, Gandrud BW, Toon GC, Schoeberl MR, Jost H, Atlas EL, Bui TP. Hydration, dehydration, and the total hydrogen budget of the 1999/2000 winter Arctic stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Herman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - K. Drdla
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - J. R. Spackman
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. F. Hurst
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. J. Popp
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - P. A. Romashkin
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. W. Elkins
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. M. Weinstock
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - B. W. Gandrud
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - H. Jost
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute; Sonoma California USA
| | - E. L. Atlas
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - T. P. Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
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Greenblatt JB. Tracer-based determination of vortex descent in the 1999/2000 Arctic winter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vömel H. Balloon-borne observations of water vapor and ozone in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chamberlin RA. South Pole submillimeter sky opacity and correlations with radiosonde observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Michelsen HA, Irion FW, Manney GL, Toon GC, Gunson MR. Features and trends in Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) version 3 stratospheric water vapor and methane measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tabazadeh A, Santee ML, Danilin MY, Pumphrey HC, Newman PA, Hamill PJ, Mergenthaler JL. Quantifying denitrification and its effect on ozone recovery. Science 2000; 288:1407-11. [PMID: 10827948 DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5470.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite observations indicate that extensive denitrification without significant dehydration currently occurs only in the Antarctic during mid to late June. The fact that denitrification occurs in a relatively warm month in the Antarctic raises concern about the likelihood of its occurrence and associated effects on ozone recovery in a colder and possibly more humid future Arctic lower stratosphere. Polar stratospheric cloud lifetimes required for Arctic denitrification to occur in the future are presented and contrasted against the current Antarctic cloud lifetimes. Model calculations show that widespread severe denitrification could enhance future Arctic ozone loss by up to 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tabazadeh
- NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 183-701, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., 840 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139-3794, USA. Departme
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Hintsa EJ, Weinstock EM, Anderson JG, May RD, Hurst DF. On the accuracy of in situ water vapor measurements in the troposphere and lower stratosphere with the Harvard Lyman-α hygrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wagenbach D, Legrand M, Fischer H, Pichlmayer F, Wolff EW. Atmospheric near-surface nitrate at coastal Antarctic sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd03364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Gobbi GP, Di Donfrancesco G, Adriani A. Physical properties of stratospheric clouds during the Antarctic winter of 1995. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rosenlof KH, Tuck AF, Kelly KK, Russell JM, McCormick MP. Hemispheric asymmetries in water vapor and inferences about transport in the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Portmann RW, Solomon S, Garcia RR, Thomason LW, Poole LR, McCormick MP. Role of aerosol variations in anthropogenic ozone depletion in the polar regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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