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Ceolato R, Bedoya-Velásquez AE, Fossard F, Mouysset V, Paulien L, Lefebvre S, Mazzoleni C, Sorensen C, Berg MJ, Yon J. Black carbon aerosol number and mass concentration measurements by picosecond short-range elastic backscatter lidar. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8443. [PMID: 35589746 PMCID: PMC9120489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Black carbon aerosol emissions are recognized as contributors to global warming and air pollution. There remains, however, a lack of techniques to remotely measure black carbon aerosol particles with high range and time resolution. This article presents a direct and contact-free remote technique to estimate the black carbon aerosol number and mass concentration at a few meters from the emission source. This is done using the Colibri instrument based on a novel technique, referred to here as Picosecond Short-Range Elastic Backscatter Lidar (PSR-EBL). To address the complexity of retrieving lidar products at short measurement ranges, we apply a forward inversion method featuring radiometric lidar calibration. Our method is based on an extension of a well-established light-scattering model, the Rayleigh-Debye-Gans for Fractal-Aggregates (RDG-FA) theory, which computes an analytical expression of lidar parameters. These parameters are the backscattering cross-sections and the lidar ratio for black carbon fractal aggregates. Using a small-scale Jet A-1 kerosene pool fire, we demonstrate the ability of the technique to quantify the aerosol number and mass concentration with centimetre range-resolution and millisecond time-resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Ceolato
- ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab, Toulouse University, 31055, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Frédéric Fossard
- ONERA, The French Aerospace, Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, Laboratoire d'étude des microstructures, 92322, Châtillon, France
| | - Vincent Mouysset
- ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab, Toulouse University, 31055, Toulouse, France
| | - Lucas Paulien
- ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab, Toulouse University, 31055, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Claudio Mazzoleni
- Physics Department, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Christopher Sorensen
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, 1228 N. 17th St., Manhattan, KS, 66506-2601, USA
| | - Matthew J Berg
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, 1228 N. 17th St., Manhattan, KS, 66506-2601, USA
| | - Jérôme Yon
- CNRS, CORIA, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France
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2
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Moore RH, Thornhill KL, Weinzierl B, Sauer D, D'Ascoli E, Kim J, Lichtenstern M, Scheibe M, Beaton B, Beyersdorf AJ, Barrick J, Bulzan D, Corr CA, Crosbie E, Jurkat T, Martin R, Riddick D, Shook M, Slover G, Voigt C, White R, Winstead E, Yasky R, Ziemba LD, Brown A, Schlager H, Anderson BE. Biofuel blending reduces particle emissions from aircraft engines at cruise conditions. Nature 2017; 543:411-415. [PMID: 28300096 DOI: 10.1038/nature21420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aviation-related aerosol emissions contribute to the formation of contrail cirrus clouds that can alter upper tropospheric radiation and water budgets, and therefore climate. The magnitude of air-traffic-related aerosol-cloud interactions and the ways in which these interactions might change in the future remain uncertain. Modelling studies of the present and future effects of aviation on climate require detailed information about the number of aerosol particles emitted per kilogram of fuel burned and the microphysical properties of those aerosols that are relevant for cloud formation. However, previous observational data at cruise altitudes are sparse for engines burning conventional fuels, and no data have previously been reported for biofuel use in-flight. Here we report observations from research aircraft that sampled the exhaust of engines onboard a NASA DC-8 aircraft as they burned conventional Jet A fuel and a 50:50 (by volume) blend of Jet A fuel and a biofuel derived from Camelina oil. We show that, compared to using conventional fuels, biofuel blending reduces particle number and mass emissions immediately behind the aircraft by 50 to 70 per cent. Our observations quantify the impact of biofuel blending on aerosol emissions at cruise conditions and provide key microphysical parameters, which will be useful to assess the potential of biofuel use in aviation as a viable strategy to mitigate climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth L Thornhill
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA.,Science Systems and Applications, Incorporated (SSAI), Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Bernadett Weinzierl
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany.,University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Daniel Sauer
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany.,Ludwig Maximillians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Eugenio D'Ascoli
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany.,Ludwig Maximillians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jin Kim
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Michael Lichtenstern
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Monika Scheibe
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Brian Beaton
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Andreas J Beyersdorf
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA.,California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, California, USA
| | - John Barrick
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA.,Science Systems and Applications, Incorporated (SSAI), Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Dan Bulzan
- NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Chelsea A Corr
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA.,Bennington College, Bennington, Vermont, USA
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA.,NASA Postdoctoral Program, Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Tina Jurkat
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Robert Martin
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Dean Riddick
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Shook
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA.,Science Systems and Applications, Incorporated (SSAI), Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Christiane Voigt
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany.,Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert White
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Edward Winstead
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA.,Science Systems and Applications, Incorporated (SSAI), Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard Yasky
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Luke D Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Anthony Brown
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hans Schlager
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
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3
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Masiol M, Harrison RM. Aircraft engine exhaust emissions and other airport-related contributions to ambient air pollution: A review. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2014; 95:409-455. [PMID: 32288558 PMCID: PMC7108289 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Civil aviation is fast-growing (about +5% every year), mainly driven by the developing economies and globalisation. Its impact on the environment is heavily debated, particularly in relation to climate forcing attributed to emissions at cruising altitudes and the noise and the deterioration of air quality at ground-level due to airport operations. This latter environmental issue is of particular interest to the scientific community and policymakers, especially in relation to the breach of limit and target values for many air pollutants, mainly nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, near the busiest airports and the resulting consequences for public health. Despite the increased attention given to aircraft emissions at ground-level and air pollution in the vicinity of airports, many research gaps remain. Sources relevant to air quality include not only engine exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from aircraft, but also emissions from the units providing power to the aircraft on the ground, the traffic due to the airport ground service, maintenance work, heating facilities, fugitive vapours from refuelling operations, kitchens and restaurants for passengers and operators, intermodal transportation systems, and road traffic for transporting people and goods in and out to the airport. Many of these sources have received inadequate attention, despite their high potential for impact on air quality. This review aims to summarise the state-of-the-art research on aircraft and airport emissions and attempts to synthesise the results of studies that have addressed this issue. It also aims to describe the key characteristics of pollution, the impacts upon global and local air quality and to address the future potential of research by highlighting research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Masiol
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Loukhovitskaya EE, Talukdar RK, Ravishankara AR. Uptake of HNO3 on aviation kerosene and aircraft engine soot: influences of H2O or/and H2SO4. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4928-36. [PMID: 23682559 DOI: 10.1021/jp401723k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of HNO3 on aviation kerosene soot (TC-1 soot) was studied in the absence and presence of water vapor at 295 and 243 K. The influence of H2SO4 coating of the TC-1 soot surface on HNO3 uptake was also investigated. Only reversible uptake of HNO3 was observed. HONO and NO2, potential products of reactive uptake of HNO3, were not observed under any conditions studied here. The uptake of nitric acid increased slightly with relative humidity (RH). Coating of the TC-1 soot surface with sulfuric acid decreased the uptake of HNO3 and did not lead to displacement of H2SO4 from the soot surface. A limited set of measurements was carried out on soot generated by aircraft engine combustor (E-soot) with results similar to those on TC-1 soot. The influence of water on HNO3 uptake on E-soot appeared to be more pronounced than on TC-1 soot. Our results suggest that HNO3 loss in the upper troposphere due to soot is not significant except perhaps in aircraft exhaust plumes. Our results also suggest that HNO3 is not converted to either NO2 or HONO upon its uptake on soot in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina E Loukhovitskaya
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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5
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Liscinsky DS, Yu Z, True B, Peck J, Jennings AC, Wong HW, Franklin J, Herndon SC, Miake-Lye RC. Measurement of naphthalene uptake by combustion soot particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4875-4881. [PMID: 23550777 DOI: 10.1021/es304912d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we designed and constructed an experimental laboratory apparatus to measure the uptake of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by soot particles. Results for the uptake of naphthalene (C10H8) by soot particles typical of those found in the exhaust of an aircraft engine are reported in this paper. The naphthalene concentration in the gas phase and naphthalene attached to the particles were measured simultaneously by a heated flame ionization detector (HFID) and a time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (ToF AMS), respectively. The uptake coefficient for naphthalene on soot of (1.11 ± 0.06) × 10(-5) at 293 K was determined by fitting the HFID and AMS measurements of gaseous and particulate naphthalene to a kinetic model of uptake. When the gaseous concentration of naphthalene is kept below the saturation limit during these experiments, the uptake of naphthalene can be considered the dry mass accommodation coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Liscinsky
- United Technologies Research Center (UTRC), East Hartford, Connecticut 06108, USA.
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6
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Popovicheva OB, Persiantseva NM, Kireeva ED, Khokhlova TD, Shonija NK. Quantification of the Hygroscopic Effect of Soot Aging in the Atmosphere: Laboratory Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2010; 115:298-306. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109238x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Hwang SM, Cooke JA, De Witt KJ, Rabinowitz MJ. Determination of the rate coefficients of the SO2
+ O + M → SO3
+ M reaction. INT J CHEM KINET 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Burkhardt U, Kärcher B. Process-based simulation of contrail cirrus in a global climate model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Shonija NK, Popovicheva OB, Persiantseva NM, Savel'ev AM, Starik AM. Hydration of aircraft engine soot particles under plume conditions: Effect of sulfuric and nitric acid processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Talukdar RK, Loukhovitskaya EE, Popovicheva OB, Ravishankara AR. Uptake of HNO3 on Hexane and Aviation Kerosene Soots. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:9643-53. [PMID: 16884198 DOI: 10.1021/jp060556u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The uptake of HNO(3) on aviation kerosene (TC-1) soot was measured as a function of temperature (253-295 K) and the partial pressure of HNO(3), and the uptake of HNO(3) on hexane soot was studied at 295 K and over a limited partial pressure of HNO(3). The HNO(3) uptake was mostly reversible and did not release measurable amounts of gas-phase products such as HONO, NO(3), NO(2) or N(2)O(5). The heat of adsorption of HNO(3) on soot was dependent on the surface coverage. The isosteric heats of adsorption, Delta(0)H(isosteric), were determined as a function of coverage. Delta(0)H(isosteric) values were in the range -16 to -13 kcal mol(-1). The heats of adsorption decrease with increasing coverage. The adsorption data were fit to Freundlich and to Langmuir-Freundlich isotherms. The heterogeneity parameter values were close to 0.5, which suggested that a HNO(3) molecule can occupy two sites on the surface with or without being dissociated and that the soot surface could be nonuniform. Surface FTIR studies on the interaction of soot with HNO(3) did not reveal formation of any minor product such as organic nitrate or nitro compound on the soot surface. Using our measured coverage, we calculate that the partitioning of gas-phase nitric acid to black carbon aerosol is not a significant loss process of HNO(3) in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit K Talukdar
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
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11
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Leavitt AJ, Wyrwas RB, Wallace WT, Serrano DS, Arredondo MG, Leslie LM, Khan FA, Whetten RL. Efficient Low-Temperature Oxidation of Carbon-Cluster Anions by SO2. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:6218-22. [PMID: 16833961 DOI: 10.1021/jp050087g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-cluster anions, CN-, are very reactive toward SO2 (sticking probability of 0.012 +/- 0.005 for C27- at 25 degrees C), in contrast to their inertness toward other common atmospheric gases and pollutants. In flow reactor experiments at ambient temperature and near atmospheric pressure, primary adsorption of SO2 by the carbon cluster anions, N = 4-60, yields CNSO2- or CN-1S-. The inferred elimination of neutral CO2 is also detected as meta-stable decay in collision-induced dissociation. At higher temperatures, the reaction of SO2 with nascent carbon clusters yields CN-1SO- as well as undetected CO. The size-dependent initial reactivity reflects the previously established structural transitions (i.e., from chain to cyclic to cage structures). Such carbon clusters are formed in sooting flames and may act as nuclei for the formation of primary soot particles and serve as models for the local structural features of active soot particle sites for black-carbon soot. The facile generation of reactive carbon-sulfide and -sulfinate units may therefore have implications for understanding the health and environmental effects attributed to the coincidence of soot and SO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Leavitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, Georgia 30118, USA.
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12
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Flentje H. Water vapor heterogeneity related to tropopause folds over the North Atlantic revealed by airborne water vapor differential absorption lidar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Alcala-Jornod C, Rossi MJ. Chemical Kinetics of the Interaction of H2O Vapor with Soot in the Range 190 K ≤ T ≤ 300 K: A Diffusion Tube Study. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp040365w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Alcala-Jornod
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Institut des Sciences et Technologie de l'Environnement (ISTE/ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M. J. Rossi
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Institut des Sciences et Technologie de l'Environnement (ISTE/ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Aubin DG, Abbatt JP. Adsorption of Gas-Phase Nitric Acid to n-Hexane Soot: Thermodynamics and Mechanism. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036105g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Aubin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Jonathan P. Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6
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15
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Fluckiger B, Rossi MJ. Common Precursor Mechanism for the Heterogeneous Reaction of D2O, HCl, HBr, and HOBr with Water Ice in the Range 170−230 K: Mass Accommodation Coefficients on Ice. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021956u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Fluckiger
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Institut des Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement (ISTE), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel J. Rossi
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Institut des Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement (ISTE), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Salgado MS, Rossi MJ. Flame soot generated under controlled combustion conditions: Heterogeneous reaction of NO2 on hexane soot. INT J CHEM KINET 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schumann U. Influence of fuel sulfur on the composition of aircraft exhaust plumes: The experiments SULFUR 1–7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Salgado Muñoz MS, Rossi MJ. Heterogeneous reactions of HNO3with flame soot generated under different combustion conditions. Reaction mechanism and kinetics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b203912p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Adams PJ. Predicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brock CA, Schröder F, Kärcher B, Petzold A, Busen R, Fiebig M. Ultrafine particle size distributions measured in aircraft exhaust plumes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hunton DE, Ballenthin JO, Borghetti JF, Federico GS, Miller TM, Thorn WF, Viggiano AA, Anderson BE, Cofer WR, McDougal DS, Wey CC. Chemical ionization mass spectrometric measurements of SO2emissions from jet engines in flight and test chamber operations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zondlo MA, Hudson PK, Prenni AJ, Tolbert MA. Chemistry and microphysics of polar stratospheric clouds and cirrus clouds. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2000; 51:473-99. [PMID: 11031290 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.51.1.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ice particles found within polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and upper tropospheric cirrus clouds can dramatically impact the chemistry and climate of the Earth's atmosphere. The formation of PSCs and the subsequent chemical reactions that occur on their surfaces are key components of the massive ozone hole observed each spring over Antarctica. Cirrus clouds also provide surfaces for heterogeneous reactions and significantly modify the Earth's climate by changing the visible and infrared radiation fluxes. Although the role of ice particles in climate and chemistry is well recognized, the exact mechanisms of cloud formation are still unknown, and thus it is difficult to predict how anthropogenic activities will change cloud abundances in the future. This article focuses on the nucleation, chemistry, and microphysical properties of ice particles composing PSCs and cirrus clouds. A general overview of the current state of research is presented along with some unresolved issues facing scientists in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Zondlo
- Advanced Study Program and Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA.
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23
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Schröder F, Brock CA, Baumann R, Petzold A, Busen R, Schulte P, Fiebig M. In situ studies on volatile jet exhaust particle emissions: Impact of fuel sulfur content and environmental conditions on nuclei mode aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Detwiler AG, Johnson LR, Schauer AG. Exploratory analysis of the distribution of condensation nuclei in the northern hemisphere upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during the late 1970s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Bekki S, David C, Law K, Smith DM, Coelho D, Thovert JF, Adler PM. Uptake on fractal particles: 2. Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Schumann U, Schlager H, Arnold F, Ovarlez J, Kelder H, Hov Ø, Hayman G, Isaksen ISA, Staehelin J, Whitefield PD. Pollution from aircraft emissions in the North Atlantic flight corridor: Overview on the POLINAT projects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bieberbach G, Fuelberg HE, Thompson AM, Schmitt A, Hannan JR, Gregory GL, Kondo Y, Knabb RD, Sachse GW, Talbot RW. Mesoscale numerical investigations of air traffic emissions over the North Atlantic during SONEX flight 8: A case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Strawa AW, Drdla K, Ferry GV, Verma S, Pueschel RF, Yasuda M, Salawitch RJ, Gao RS, Howard SD, Bui PT, Loewenstein M, Elkins JW, Perkins KK, Cohen R. Carbonaceous aerosol (soot) measured in the lower stratosphere during POLARIS and its role in stratospheric photochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pósfai M, Anderson JR, Buseck PR, Sievering H. Soot and sulfate aerosol particles in the remote marine troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Petzold A, Döpelheuer A, Brock CA, Schröder F. In situ observations and model calculations of black carbon emission by aircraft at cruise altitude. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Koehler BG, Nicholson VT, Roe HG, Whitney ES. A Fourier transform infrared study of the adsorption of SO2on n-hexane soot from −130° to −40°C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yu F, Turco RP, Kärcher B. The possible role of organics in the formation and evolution of ultrafine aircraft particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jensen EJ, Ackerman AS, Stevens DE, Toon OB, Minnis P. Spreading and growth of contrails in a sheared environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kent GS, Trepte CR, Lucker PL. Long-term Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment I and II measurements of upper tropospheric aerosol extinction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yu F, Turco RP. The formation and evolution of aerosols in stratospheric aircraft plumes: Numerical simulations and comparisons with observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gleitsmann G, Zellner R. A modeling study of the formation of cloud condensation nuclei in the jet regime of aircraft plumes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kärcher B, Busen R, Petzold A, Schröder FP, Schumann U, Jensen EJ. Physicochemistry of aircraft-generated liquid aerosols, soot, and ice particles: 2. Comparison with observations and sensitivity studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lukachko SP, Waitz IA, Miake-Lye RC, Brown RC, Anderson MR. Production of sulfate aerosol precursors in the turbine and exhaust nozzle of an aircraft engine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kärcher B. Physicochemistry of aircraft-generated liquid aerosols, soot, and ice particles: 1. Model description. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Andronache C, Chameides WL. Interactions between sulfur and soot emissions from aircraft and their role in contrail formation: 2. Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tremmel HG, Schlager H, Konopka P, Schulte P, Arnold F, Klemm M, Droste-Franke B. Observations and model calculations of jet aircraft exhaust products at cruise altitude and inferred initial OH emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd03451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ström J, Ohlsson S. In situ measurements of enhanced crystal number densities in cirrus clouds caused by aircraft exhaust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ström J, Ohlsson S. Real-time measurement of absorbing material in contrail ice using a counterflow virtual impactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jensen EJ, Toon OB, Kinne S, Sachse GW, Anderson BE, Chan KR, Twohy CH, Gandrud B, Heymsfield A, Miake-Lye RC. Environmental conditions required for contrail formation and persistence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Petzold A, Busen R, Schröder FP, Baumann R, Kuhn M, Ström J, Hagen DE, Whitefield PD, Baumgardner D, Arnold F, Borrmann S, Schumann U. Near-field measurements on contrail properties from fuels with different sulfur content. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Andronache C, Chameides WL. Interactions between sulfur and soot emissions from aircraft and their role in contrail formation: 1. Nucleation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kärcher B. Heterogeneous chemistry in aircraft wakes: Constraints for uptake coefficients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Heland J, Schäfer K. Analysis of aircraft exhausts with Fourier-transform infrared emission spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 1997; 36:4922-4931. [PMID: 18259296 DOI: 10.1364/ao.36.004922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Because of the worldwide growth in air traffic and its increasing effects on the atmospheric environment, it is necessary to quantify the direct aircraft emissions at all altitudes. In this study Fourier-transform infrared emission spectroscopy as a remote-sensing multi-component-analyzing technique for aircraft exhausts was investigated at ground level with a double pendulum interferometer and a line-by-line computer algorithm that was applied to a multilayer radiative transfer problem. Initial measurements were made to specify the spectral windows for traceable compounds, to test the sensitivity of the system, and to develop calibration and continuum handling procedures. To obtain information about the radial temperature and concentration profiles, we developed an algorithm for the analysis of an axial-symmetric multilayered plume by use of the CO(2) hot band at approximately 2400 cm(-1). Measurements were made with several in-service engines. Effects that were due to engine aging were detected but have to be analyzed systematically in the near future. Validation measurements were carried out with a conventional propane gas burner to compare the results with those obtained with standard measurement equipment. These measurements showed good agreement to within +/-20% for the CO and NO(x) results. The overall accuracy of the system was found to be +/-30%. The detection limits of the system for a typical engine plume (380 degrees C, ? = 50 cm) are below 0.1% for CO(2), ~0.7% for H(2)O, ~20 ppmv (parts per million by volume) for CO, and ~90 ppmv for NO.
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Konopka P, Vogelsberger W. Köhler equation for finite systems: A simple estimation of possible condensation mechanisms in aircraft contrails. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Clement
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, Etobicoke, Canada
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