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Marjanović M, Carbotte SM, Stopin A, Singh SC, Plessix RÉ, Marjanović M, Nedimović MR, Canales JP, Carton HD, Mutter JC, Escartín J. Insights into dike nucleation and eruption dynamics from high-resolution seismic imaging of magmatic system at the East Pacific Rise. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi2698. [PMID: 37774034 PMCID: PMC10541011 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Models of magmatic systems suggest that the architecture of crustal magma bodies plays an important role in where volcanic eruptions occur, but detailed field observations are needed to evaluate them. We present ultrahigh-resolution reflection images of magma bodies beneath a region of multiple eruptions along the East Pacific Rise derived from three-dimensional seismic surveying. The observations reveal magma bodies with elongate ridges and troughs vertically aligned with seafloor eruptive fissures that we interpret as remnant dike root zones where repeat dikes nucleate. We document a triangular feeder zone to the axially centered magma body from the off-axis source for a newly forming seamount of the Lamont chain and infer bottom-up eruption triggering due to recharge from this deeper source. The findings indicate that magma bodies are sculpted by both processes of magma recharge from below and magma extraction to the surface, leaving a morphological imprint that contributes to localization of dike nucleation and eruption sites at the East Pacific Rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Marjanović
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR7154, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne M. Carbotte
- Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Alexandre Stopin
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Satish C. Singh
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR7154, Paris, France
| | | | - Miloš Marjanović
- Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mladen R. Nedimović
- Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Juan Pablo Canales
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Hélène D. Carton
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR7154, Paris, France
- Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - John C. Mutter
- Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Javier Escartín
- Laboratoire de Géologie, École Normale Supérieure (CNRS UMR), PSL Research University, Paris, France
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Sauter D, Manatschal G, Kusznir N, Masquelet C, Werner P, Ulrich M, Bellingham P, Franke D, Autin J. Ignition of the southern Atlantic seafloor spreading machine without hot-mantle booster. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1195. [PMID: 36681722 PMCID: PMC9867738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The source of massive magma production at volcanic rifted margins remains strongly disputed since the first observations of thick lava piles in the 1980s. However, volumes of extruded and intruded melt products within rifted continental crust are still not accurately resolved using geophysical methods. Here we investigate the magma budget alongside the South Atlantic margins, at the onset of seafloor spreading, using high-quality seismic reflection profiles to accurately estimate the oceanic crustal thickness. We show that, along ~ 75% of the length of the Early-Cretaceous initial spreading centre, the crustal thickness is similar to regular oceanic thickness with an age > 100 Ma away from hot spots. Thus, most of the southernmost Atlantic Ocean opened without anomalously hot mantle, high magma supply being restricted to the Walvis Ridge area. We suggest that alternative explanations other than a hotter mantle should be favoured to explain the thick magmatic layer of seaward dipping reflectors landward of the initial mid-oceanic ridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sauter
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg, 5 Rue Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Gianreto Manatschal
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg, 5 Rue Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nick Kusznir
- School of Environmental Sciences, Liverpool University, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK
| | - Charles Masquelet
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP), Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Werner
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg, 5 Rue Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Ulrich
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg, 5 Rue Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Dieter Franke
- Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Geozentrum Hannover, Stilleweg 2, 30655, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Julia Autin
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg, 5 Rue Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France
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Marjanović M, Singh SC, Gregory EPM, Grevemeyer I, Growe K, Wang Z, Vaddineni V, Laurencin M, Carton H, Gómez de la Peña L, Filbrandt C. Seismic Crustal Structure and Morphotectonic Features Associated With the Chain Fracture Zone and Their Role in the Evolution of the Equatorial Atlantic Region. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2020; 125:e2020JB020275. [PMID: 33282617 PMCID: PMC7685155 DOI: 10.1029/2020jb020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic transform faults and fracture zones (FZs) represent major bathymetric features that keep the records of past and present strike-slip motion along conservative plate boundaries. Although they play an important role in ridge segmentation and evolution of the lithosphere, their structural characteristics, and their variation in space and time, are poorly understood. To address some of the unknowns, we conducted interdisciplinary geophysical studies in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, the region where some of the most prominent transform discontinuities have been developing. Here we present the results of the data analysis in the vicinity of the Chain FZ, on the South American Plate. The crustal structure across the Chain FZ, at the contact between ∼10 and 24 Ma oceanic lithosphere, is sampled along seismic reflection and refraction profiles. We observe that the crustal thickness within and across the Chain FZ ranges from ∼4.6-5.9 km, which compares with the observations reported for slow-slipping transform discontinuities globally. We attribute this presence of close to normal oceanic crustal thickness within FZs to the mechanism of lateral dike propagation, previously considered to be valid only in fast-slipping environments. Furthermore, the combination of our results with other data sets enabled us to extend the observations to morphotectonic characteristics on a regional scale. Our broader view suggests that the formation of the transverse ridge is closely associated with a global plate reorientation that was also responsible for the propagation and for shaping lower-order Mid-Atlantic Ridge segmentation around the equator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Marjanović
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Satish C. Singh
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Emma P. M. Gregory
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Ingo Grevemeyer
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre of Ocean Research Kiel, RD4—Marine GeodynamicsKielGermany
| | - Kevin Growe
- Applied Geophysics ProgramTU Delft, ETH Zürich, RWTH AachenAachenGermany
| | - Zhikai Wang
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Venkata Vaddineni
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Muriel Laurencin
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Hélène Carton
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSParisFrance
| | | | - Christian Filbrandt
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre of Ocean Research Kiel, RD4—Marine GeodynamicsKielGermany
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Cannat M, Cann J, Maclennan J. Some Hard Rock Constraints on the Supply of Heat to Mid-Ocean Ridges. MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/148gm05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Macdonald KC. Linkages Between Faulting, Volcanism, Hydrothermal Activity and Segmentation on Fast Spreading Centers. FAULTING AND MAGMATISM AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm106p0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Seismic reflection images of a near-axis melt sill within the lower crust at the Juan de Fuca ridge. Nature 2009; 460:89-93. [PMID: 19571883 DOI: 10.1038/nature08095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The oceanic crust extends over two-thirds of the Earth's solid surface, and is generated along mid-ocean ridges from melts derived from the upwelling mantle. The upper and middle crust are constructed by dyking and sea-floor eruptions originating from magma accumulated in mid-crustal lenses at the spreading axis, but the style of accretion of the lower oceanic crust is actively debated. Models based on geological and petrological data from ophiolites propose that the lower oceanic crust is accreted from melt sills intruded at multiple levels between the Moho transition zone (MTZ) and the mid-crustal lens, consistent with geophysical studies that suggest the presence of melt within the lower crust. However, seismic images of molten sills within the lower crust have been elusive. Until now, only seismic reflections from mid-crustal melt lenses and sills within the MTZ have been described, suggesting that melt is efficiently transported through the lower crust. Here we report deep crustal seismic reflections off the southern Juan de Fuca ridge that we interpret as originating from a molten sill at present accreting the lower oceanic crust. The sill sits 5-6 km beneath the sea floor and 850-900 m above the MTZ, and is located 1.4-3.2 km off the spreading axis. Our results provide evidence for the existence of low-permeability barriers to melt migration within the lower section of modern oceanic crust forming at intermediate-to-fast spreading rates, as inferred from ophiolite studies.
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Mantle skewness and ridge segmentation. Nature 2009; 458:E11-2; author reply E12-3. [DOI: 10.1038/nature07887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Toomey DR, Jousselin D, Dunn RA, Wilcock WSD, Detrick RS. Skew of mantle upwelling beneath the East Pacific Rise governs segmentation. Nature 2007; 446:409-14. [PMID: 17377578 DOI: 10.1038/nature05679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mantle upwelling is essential to the generation of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges, and it is generally assumed that such upwelling is symmetric beneath active ridges. Here, however, we use seismic imaging to show that the isotropic and anisotropic structure of the mantle is rotated beneath the East Pacific Rise. The isotropic structure defines the pattern of magma delivery from the mantle to the crust. We find that the segmentation of the rise crest between transform faults correlates well with the distribution of mantle melt. The azimuth of seismic anisotropy constrains the direction of mantle flow, which is rotated nearly 10 degrees anticlockwise from the plate-spreading direction. The mismatch between the locus of mantle melt delivery and the morphologic ridge axis results in systematic differences between areas of on-axis and off-axis melt supply. We conclude that the skew of asthenospheric upwelling and transport governs segmentation of the East Pacific Rise and variations in the intensity of ridge crest processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Toomey
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA.
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Singh SC, Harding AJ, Kent GM, Sinha MC, Combier V, Bazin S, Tong CH, Pye JW, Barton PJ, Hobbs RW, White RS, Orcutt JA. Seismic reflection images of the Moho underlying melt sills at the East Pacific Rise. Nature 2006; 442:287-90. [PMID: 16855587 DOI: 10.1038/nature04939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The determination of melt distribution in the crust and the nature of the crust-mantle boundary (the 'Moho') is fundamental to the understanding of crustal accretion processes at oceanic spreading centres. Upper-crustal magma chambers have been imaged beneath fast- and intermediate-spreading centres but it has been difficult to image structures beneath these magma sills. Using three-dimensional seismic reflection images, here we report the presence of Moho reflections beneath a crustal magma chamber at the 9 degrees 03' N overlapping spreading centre, East Pacific Rise. Our observations highlight the formation of the Moho at zero-aged crust. Over a distance of less than 7 km along the ridge crest, a rapid increase in two-way travel time of seismic waves between the magma chamber and Moho reflections is observed, which we suggest is due to a melt anomaly in the lower crust. The amplitude versus offset variation of reflections from the magma chamber shows a coincident region of higher melt fraction overlying this anomalous region, supporting the conclusion of additional melt at depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Singh
- Laboratoire de Géosciences Marines, IPG Paris, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France.
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Ranero CR, Morgan JP, McIntosh K, Reichert C. Bending-related faulting and mantle serpentinization at the Middle America trench. Nature 2003; 425:367-73. [PMID: 14508480 DOI: 10.1038/nature01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2002] [Accepted: 07/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The dehydration of subducting oceanic crust and upper mantle has been inferred both to promote the partial melting leading to arc magmatism and to induce intraslab intermediate-depth earthquakes, at depths of 50-300 km. Yet there is still no consensus about how slab hydration occurs or where and how much chemically bound water is stored within the crust and mantle of the incoming plate. Here we document that bending-related faulting of the incoming plate at the Middle America trench creates a pervasive tectonic fabric that cuts across the crust, penetrating deep into the mantle. Faulting is active across the entire ocean trench slope, promoting hydration of the cold crust and upper mantle surrounding these deep active faults. The along-strike length and depth of penetration of these faults are also similar to the dimensions of the rupture area of intermediate-depth earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Ranero
- GEOMAR and SFB574, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany.
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Crawford WC, Hildebrand JA, Dorman LM, Webb SC, Wiens DA. Tonga Ridge and Lau Basin crustal structure from seismic refraction data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb001435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - LeRoy M. Dorman
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography; La Jolla California USA
| | - Spahr C. Webb
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory; Palisades New York USA
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Van Avendonk HJA, Harding AJ, Orcutt JA, McClain JS. Contrast in crustal structure across the Clipperton transform fault from travel time tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Dunn RA, Toomey DR, Detrick RS, Wilcock WS. Continuous mantle melt supply beneath an overlapping spreading center on the East Pacific Rise. Science 2001; 291:1955-8. [PMID: 11239154 DOI: 10.1126/science.1057683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tomographic images of upper mantle velocity structure beneath an overlapping spreading center (OSC) on the East Pacific Rise indicate that this ridge axis discontinuity is underlain by a continuous region of low P-wave velocities. The anomalous structure can be explained by an approximately 16-kilometer-wide region of high temperatures and melt fractions of a few percent by volume. Our results show that OSCs are not necessarily associated with a discontinuity in melt supply and that both OSC limbs are supplied with melt from a mantle source located beneath the OSC. We conclude that tectonic segmentation of the ridge by OSCs is not the direct result of magmatic segmentation at mantle depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Dunn
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1272, USA.
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Lagabrielle Y, Garel E, Dauteuil O, Cormier MH. Extensional faulting and caldera collapse in the axial region of fast spreading ridges: Analog modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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White SM, Macdonald KC, Haymon RM. Basaltic lava domes, lava lakes, and volcanic segmentation on the southern East Pacific Rise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dunn RA, Toomey DR, Solomon SC. Three-dimensional seismic structure and physical properties of the crust and shallow mantle beneath the East Pacific Rise at 9°30'N. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Evidence from three-dimensional seismic reflectivity images for enhanced melt supply beneath mid-ocean-ridge discontinuities. Nature 2000; 406:614-8. [PMID: 10949299 DOI: 10.1038/35020543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the melt distribution and crustal structure across ridge-axis discontinuities is essential for understanding the relationship between magmatic, tectonic and petrologic segmentation of mid-ocean-ridge spreading centres. The geometry and continuity of magma bodies beneath features such as overlapping spreading centres can strongly influence the composition of erupted lavas and may give insight into the underlying pattern of mantle flow. Here we present three-dimensional images of seismic reflectivity beneath a mid-ocean ridge to investigate the nature of melt distribution across a ridge-axis discontinuity. Reflectivity slices through the 9 degrees 03' N overlapping spreading centre on East Pacific Rise suggest that it has a robust magma supply, with melt bodies underlying both limbs and ponding of melt beneath large areas of the overlap basin. The geometry of melt distribution beneath this offset is inconsistent with large-scale, crustal redistribution of melt away from centres of upwelling. The complex distribution of melt seems instead to be caused by a combination of vertical melt transport from the underlying mantle and subsequent focusing of melt beneath a magma freezing boundary in the mid-crust.
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Carbotte SM, Solomon A, Ponce-Correa G. Evaluation of morphological indicators of magma supply and segmentation from a seismic reflection study of the East Pacific Rise 15°30′-17°N. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Crawford WC, Webb SC, Hildebrand JA. Constraints on melt in the lower crust and Moho at the East Pacific Rise, 9°48′N, using seafloor compliance measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jb900087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Van Avendonk HJA, Harding AJ, Orcutt JA, McClain JS. A two-dimensional tomographic study of the Clipperton transform fault. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jousselin D, Nicolas A, Boudier F. Detailed mapping of a mantle diapir below a paleo-spreading center in the Oman ophiolite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Hooft EEE, Detrick RS, Kent GM. Seismic structure and indicators of magma budget along the Southern East Pacific Rise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jb02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Begnaud ML, McClain JS, Barth GA, Orcutt JA, Harding AJ. Velocity structure from forward modeling of the eastern ridge-transform intersection area of the Clipperton Fracture Zone, East Pacific Rise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb03393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chen YJ, Enriquez KD, Lonsdale P. Does the mid-ocean ridge propagate concurrently both on the seafloor and at depth? Implications from a gravity study of a large nontransform offset at 36.5°S, East Pacific Rise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Nicolas A, Boudier F, Ildefonse B. Variable crustal thickness in the Oman ophiolite: Implication for oceanic crust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang X, Cochran JR, Barth GA. Gravity anomalies, crustal thickness, and the pattern of mantle flow at the fast spreading East Pacific Rise, 9°-10°N: Evidence for three-dimensional upwelling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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